10 1016@s1473 30991630519 9 differentiate between bacterial and viral infections

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Articles

A host-protein based assay to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections in preschool children (OPPORTUNITY): a double-blind, multicentre, validation study Chantal B van Houten, Joris A H de Groot, Adi Klein, Isaac Srugo, Irena Chistyakov, Wouter de Waal, Clemens B Meijssen, Wim Avis, Tom F W Wolfs, Yael Shachor-Meyouhas, Michal Stein, Elisabeth A M Sanders, Louis J Bont

Summary Background A physician is frequently unable to distinguish bacterial from viral infections. ImmunoXpert is a novel assay combining three proteins: tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interferon gamma induced protein-10 (IP-10), and C-reactive protein (CRP). We aimed to externally validate the diagnostic accuracy of this assay in differentiating between bacterial and viral infections and to compare this test with commonly used biomarkers. Methods In this prospective, double-blind, international, multicentre study, we recruited children aged 2–60 months with lower respiratory tract infection or clinical presentation of fever without source at four hospitals in the Netherlands and two hospitals in Israel. A panel of three experienced paediatricians adjudicated a reference standard diagnosis for all patients (ie, bacterial or viral infection) using all available clinical and laboratory information, including a 28-day follow-up assessment. The panel was masked to the assay results. We identified majority diagnosis when two of three panel members agreed on a diagnosis and unanimous diagnosis when all three panel members agreed on the diagnosis. We calculated the diagnostic performance (ie, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value) of the index test in differentiating between bacterial (index test positive) and viral (index test negative) infection by comparing the test classification with the reference standard outcome. Findings Between Oct 16, 2013 and March 1, 2015, we recruited 777 children, of whom 577 (mean age 21 months, 56% male) were assessed. The majority of the panel diagnosed 71 cases as bacterial infections and 435 as viral infections. In another 71 patients there was an inconclusive panel diagnosis. The assay distinguished bacterial from viral infections with a sensitivity of 86∙7% (95% CI 75∙8–93∙1), a specificity of 91∙1% (87∙9–93∙6), a positive predictive value of 60∙5% (49∙9–70∙1), and a negative predictive value of 97∙8% (95∙6–98∙9). In the more clear cases with unanimous panel diagnosis (n=354), sensitivity was 87∙8% (74∙5–94∙7), specificity 93∙0% (89∙6–95∙3), positive predictive value 62∙1% (49∙2–73∙4), and negative predictive value 98∙3% (96∙1–99∙3). Interpretation This external validation study shows the diagnostic value of a three-host protein-based assay to differentiate between bacterial and viral infections in children with lower respiratory tract infection or fever without source. This diagnostic based on CRP, TRAIL, and IP-10 has the potential to reduce antibiotic misuse in young children. Funding MeMed Diagnostics.

Introduction The proportion of bacterial infections is low in children presenting at the hospital emergency department with fever without source (range, 0·02–0·7%) and acute respiratory tract infections (26·5–28·3%).1,2 Unfortunately, it is often not possible to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial disease on the basis of clinical judgment alone. Consequentially, antibiotics are prescribed almost twice as often as required in children with acute respiratory tract infections in the USA.1 Antibiotic overuse is associated with antibiotic resistance expansion, causing 25 000 deaths in Europe annually.3,4 Conversely, it is estimated that 22–47% of all patients with a bacterial infection fail to get antibiotic treatment within the recommended timeframe due to delayed or missed diagnosis, leading to medical complications and increased mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1∙15).5–7 These data

create an incentive to introduce diagnostic tools that can aid in distinguishing between bacterial and non-bacterial causes of infection. A study by Oved and colleagues8 showed that a novel host–response-based diagnostic assay, ImmunoXpert, distinguishes bacterial infection from viral infection with high accuracy. This assay integrates the concentrations of three biomarkers: tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), interferon gamma induced protein-10 (IP-10), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The diagnostic value of TRAIL is noteworthy since its dynamics are complementary to traditionally studied bacteria-induced proteins such as CRP and procalcitonin; TRAIL concentrations increase in viral infection and decrease during bacterial infection. A systematic review9 by Kapasi and colleagues showed that the study8 from Oved and colleagues describing our index test was of

www.thelancet.com/infection Published online December 21, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30519-9

Lancet Infect Dis 2016 Published Online December 21, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(16)30519-9 See Online/Comment http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(16)30536-9 Division of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases (C B van Houten MD, T F W Wolfs PhD, E A M Sanders PhD, L J Bont PhD), and Division Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care (J A H de Groot PhD), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Hadera, Israel (A Klein MD); Department of Paediatrics, Bnai Zion Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel (I Srugo MD, I Chistyakov MD); Department of Paediatrics, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, Netherlands (W de Waal PhD); Department of Paediatrics, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, Netherlands (C B Meijssen MD); Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, Netherlands (W Avis MD); Department of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Ruth Rappaport Children’s Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel (Y Shachor-Meyouhas MD); and Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel (M Stein MD) Correspondence to: Dr Louis Bont, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, PO Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, Netherlands l.bont@umcutrecht.nl

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