Exhibition [Drawing with Light]

DESIGN PROPOSAL DOCUMENT

DCO20003 ° Information Design 102246848 ° Man-Ning Wang [Amanda] Wed midday ° Hayden Goodall Due ° 07/11/2021

DCO20003 ° Information Design

introduction summary As an effective and efficient means of visual communication, photography has distinct aesthetic capabilities and a long-lasting history which can be dated back to the 5th century BC, when Mozi discovered the natural phenomenon of Camera Obscura.

However, not until the early 19th century had it been studied widely and deeply due to the rapid development of optics and chemistry.

In order to record images projected in the camera obscura, the significant invention of the [light-sensitive material] came into being, followed by various chemical compounds that could sensitize, develop, and fix the image, enabling it to be stored permanently and shortening the exposure time. The most important technical process that contributed to the next stage of the film camera included the Daguerreotype, Calotype, Wet plate, and Dry plate process.

In 1888, photography started to be economically viable for the public when Kodak introduced the world’s first commercial camera, and then the Polaroid shocked the market again in 1948 for its first instant camera. With more and more optical brands emerging in Japan, photography has evolved into the digital format within only a few decades, and today, we can easily take countless images through our mobile phones in a second.

The name of my exhibition is [Drawing with Light], which comes from the original Greek meaning of the word [Photography]. With the target audience of young adults (who are interested in the history of the camera or just passionate about taking good pictures) in mind, I divide the hall into 3 sections covered by 13 panels and various interactive designs, and in total it would take about 50-70 minutes to visit The first section includes 7 panels and a real camera obscura room. Starting from asking a question [What is photography?], the first 2 panels introduce the ancestor and the principle of the camera, while the other 5 present different photography techniques in time sequence, detailly covering the process and the progress between each other.

Both the second and the third sections include 3 panels, with the topic on [Camera Evolution] and [The most iconic images] respectively. Following the timeline of the Dry plate process (panel 7), panels 8-10 would introduce remarkable cameras and brands from the film era to the digital age, while panels 11-13 would demonstrate several significant photos including [the first], [the war], and [the most expensive] ones.

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Process Summary

Week 5 [Exhibition research] Explorations of different countries' exhibition design including Japan, America, Netherlands, South Korea, and England

Week 7 [Narrative] Started to build the exhibition plan and wrote the narrative of the first section [the history] that includes 7 panels, asking for the Hayden's proofreading

Week 6 [Topic research] Chose to work on the topic of photography and carefully studied its history in the 19th century, covering different photography processes and breakthroughs

Week 9 [Location and floor plan] Decided the final location and built the initial floor plan, at the same time, created a style guild to determine the typeface, colour palette, and image style

Week 8 [Image collection] Continued to do more research on the second and the third section, meanwhile collecting images of the remarkable cameras and iconic photographs

Week 11 [Floor plan] Finalized the floor plan and kept working on the panel design, refined the first section, and added more interactive installations

Week 10 [Draft] Completed the summary and built six panels for the draft submission, sharing ideas and asking Hayden's feedback on class

Week 13 [Final proposal] Finished all 13 panels design with 2D silhouette graphics and 3D exhibition mockups, applying major design elements on different promotion media

Week 12 [Logotype] Experimented with the logotype design after a discussion with Hayden, built a 3D floor plan, and tried to make some simple mockups by using Adobe Illustrator

DCO20003 ° Information Design

2D floor plan [4]

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[6] [2.5]

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Entrance [7] [2] [8]

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Exit

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Section 1 [Photograph history] [1] What is photography?

[2] Camera obscura [2.5] Camera obscura room [3] Heliography [4] Daguerreotype v.s Calotype [5] Cyanotype & Blueprint [6] Collodion wet plate process [7] Dry plate process

Section 2 [Camera evolution] [8] Cameras for everyone [9] The Digital Age [10] Top camera brands in 2021 Section 3 [Iconic photographs] [11] The first [12] The war [13] The most expensive

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3D floor plan

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

What is Photography?

270cm

500cm

Logo | Showing the exhibition theme [Drawing with light] with an emblem logo, corresponding with the first panel

Background | Using an image of Eclipse owing to its connection with [light] and camera obscura, which was used by ancients to safely observe the Celestial event

Question | Encouraging visitors to ponder, how incredible it is when we capture a moment with a camera

The word | Disassembling the greek word graphically to make it more impressive

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Script What is photography?

The term The word [photography] literally means [drawing with light].

It was supposedly first coined by the British scientist Sir John Herschel in 1839 from the Greek words [φωτόγραφή] The meaning Photography is a method to record the image of an object through the action of radiant energy and especially [light] on sensitive material, such as film or an optical sensor.

The magic About 500 years ago, information could only be relayed by word of mouth, the written text, or at most, by illustrations and paintings. Suddenly, the advent of photography brought the first and only way to fully replicate human vision, with no tampering, no exaggeration, and even no error.

The technology leading to this important breakthrough essentially combines two sciences: [optics] Converging light rays to form an image inside a camera [chemistry] Enabling an image to be recorded permanently onto a light-sensitive surface.

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

Camera Obscura

270cm

550cm

Timeline | Introducing the brief history of camera obscura from the 5th century BC to the 17th century

Illustration | Visually indicating how the light works in a dark chamber (camera obscura)

Principle | Simply explaining the natural physics of the pinhole effect with three written steps

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Script Camera obscura The ancestor of the camera Photography hinged on the discovery of camera obscura, a natural phenomenon that after creating a hole in the wall of a darkroom, images of objects outside the room would be projected upside down on the opposite wall.

This concept was documented early in the 5th century BC by Mozi, yet it was not until the 17th century that the actual term [Camera Obscura] was coined by Johannes Kepler.

Timeline 5th century BC Mozi °Chinese philosopher° Discovered the camera obscura which he called [a collecting place] 4th century BC Aristotle °Greek philosopher° Recorded the phenomenon in the book [Problems] 11th century Alhazen °Arab physicist° Thoroughly studied and documented the concept 12th-15th century Application: Large rooms used for viewing solar eclipses safely 16th century Application: Portable tents used as a drawing aid with convex lens and a mirror for artists 17th century Johannes Kepler °German astronomer° First used the term [camera obscura], a Latin word literally meaning [dark room].

The principle 1. A dark room with a tiny hole that allows light in from the outside.

2. The light passes through the tiny hole onto the wall in front of it, projecting an inverted image of what's outside the room.

3. The inverted image proves the natural law of physics that light travels in straight lines.

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

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Heliography

270cm

600cm

Great men | Through all panels, using the degree symbol and different colours to consistently inform each great man's country and profession after their name

Symbol | Embedding the exhibition logo of the camera lens in the panel design

Process | Breaking down the complicated photography process into several short sentences

Timeline | Presenting the major events with a vertical timeline, inspired by the EV level indicator in the DSLR

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Script Notable discovery of Light sensitive material In 1727, Johann Heinrich Schulze °German professor of anatomy° discovered that the darkening in the sunlight of various substances mixed with silver nitrate was caused by light, instead of heat.

Heliography The breakthrough Up until the early 1800s, portable camera obscuras were primarily used for drawing, while it changed dramatically in 1822 when Nicéphore Niépce °French inventor° invented the photographic process called [Heliography] The process 1. Oil an engraving to make it transparent 2. Place it on a plate coated with lavender oil and a light-sensitive solution of Bitumen of Judea 3. Expose the setup to sunlight by using a camera obscura 4. Wait for the bitumen to harden in the exposed areas 5. Wash away unexposed areas with the solvent.

6. Result in a permanent, accurate copy of the engraving The first permanent photograph Between 1826 and 1827, Niépce succeeded in projecting the image onto a pewter plate and produced the world's earliest surviving photograph [View from the Window at Le Gras]. The exposure time was about eight hours, during which the sun moved from east to west so that it appears to shine on both sides of the building.

19th century 1822 - Heliography 1839 - Daguerreotype 1841 - Calotype 1842 - Cyanotype 1851 - Collodion wet plate process 1854 - Ambrotype 1856 - Tintype 1871 - Dry plate process

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

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Daguerreotype & Calotype

270cm

600cm

Map | World map of Europe covering the entire panel

Country | Highlighting France and the UK as they were two major countries that made the history of photography

Table | Building a table to clearly compare two photography types invented in the same period of time

Analysis | Detailly analyzing their features (naming, exposure time, and image type) as well as pros and cons

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Script Daguerreotype After Niepce suddenly died in 1833, Louis Daguerre °French physicist and scene painter° continued to experiment with exposing images onto metal plates. He then announced the Daguerreotype in 1839, which became the first commercially successful photographic process.

The process 1. Polish a silver-coated copper plate 2. Sensitize the plate in a closed box over iodine vapour 3. Load it in a camera and expose it to light 4. Develop the latent image plate over hot mercury 5. Fix it by using a solution of salt to remove the remaining silver iodine 6. Result in only 1 negative image on the silver plate that reflects a positive looking Calotype As early as 1834, William Henry Fox Talbot °British scholar and inventor° produced the first negative image [Latticed Window at Lacock Abbey] on a paper coated with silver nitrate. Talbot however moved on to other endeavors and not until 1841 did he return to create the Calotype that competed with Daguerre’s breakthrough.

The process 1. Brush a sheet of paper with a solution of silver nitrate and let it dry 2. Soak the paper in a solution of potassium iodide to produce silver iodide 3. Coat the paper with a solution of Gallo-nitrate of silver 4. Expose this sensitized paper in the camera 5 .Wash it in silver nitrate mixture to develop a visible image 6. Stabilize the image in hyposulphite of soda 7. Leave a negative paper image that could generate multiple positive prints Comparison Naming Where ° when Exposure time Image type Advantage

Disadvantage

Inventor's name France ° 1839 3-15 minutes Positive ° on silver plate Superior quality of detail Crystal clear, Unique Delicate, Chemical hazard Not duplicatable, Fragile

Greek term for [beautiful image] Great Britain ° 1841 Within 1 minute Negative ° on paper Unlimited print copies Practical, Economical, Inferior quality, Blurry and soft Paper texture with flaws

DCO20003 ° Information Design

Cyanotype & Blueprint

270cm

600cm

Blueprint | Adjusting the color and value of the architectural blueprint to make it fit in the background of this panel

Digital book | Displaying the world's first photo book digitally, retrieved from the website of the New York Public Library

Touch screen | Through direct touch, visitors can easily browse the pages with their finger

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Script Cyanotype & Blueprint In 1819, Sir John Herschel °English astronomer and chemist° discovered the action of hyposulphite of soda on otherwise insoluble silver salts, which led to the use of [hypo] as a fixing agent in Talbot’s Calotype. He then developed the Cyanotype process in 1842, a non-silver technology used to print images.

The process 1. Mix Ferric Ammonium Citrate with Potassium Ferrocyanide 2. Brush the compound on paper and let it dry 3.Put it in contact with a negative plate 4. Expose them to strong sunlight or UV light 5. Wash the print in running water until it turns silvery blue and let it dry 6. Result in a stable, to-scale Prussian Blue copy also referred to as a [blueprint], which was highly applied to the reproduction of technical and engineering drawings The first photo book In 1843, Anna Atkins °English botanical artist° published the first book to contain photographs and became the first female photographer in the world.

The book [Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions] documented thousands of the fern specimens, illustrated exclusively with handwritten text and a limited number of copies.

Swipe left to the next page

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

Collodion Wet Plate

270cm

500cm

Frame | Installing large frames for visitors to stand behind and take a portrait with the retro style in the 1850s

Filter | Adding glass filters on the frames to make the portraits look more like the actual Ambrotype and Tintype

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Script Collodion wet plate process In 1851, Frederick Scott Archer °English sculptor° introduced the revolutionary collodion process to make glass negatives that have the precision of Daguerreotype and the reproducibility of Calotype.

It reduced the exposure time to only a few seconds and became known as the invention of Ambrotype as well as Tintype Ambrotype 1854

by Jams Ambrose 1. Underexpose a glass plate through the wet-collodion process 2. Place the glass negative against a dark background 3. The dark backing creates a positive image Tintype 1856

by Hamiltion Smith 1. Apply collodion process to a thin, black-enameled metal plate 2. Expose it immediately before the wet plate turns dries 3. The negative image appears positive on the black plate

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

Dry plate process

270cm

400cm

Dry plate camera | Setting a real Dry plate camera in the exhibition hall for visitors to experience the large size of the old camera

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Script Dry plate process In 1871, Richard Maddox °English physician° invented the Dry plate process that optimized the chemical hazard and time limitation of the Collodion process.

The coated dry plates could be produced massively and purchased whenever needed, rather than being prepared or developed along with the exposure.

This technique led to a whole new industry of photography that is economically viable for everyone.

The process 1. Coat the glass plate with a gelatin emulsion of silver bromide 2. Dry the sensitized plate and store it away from light 3. Expose the plate within a handheld camera as the exposure times decrease

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

cameras for everyone

270cm

500cm

Price | The price of each camera at the time they were introduced, making them stand out by installing 3D text on the table

Desk | A long desk for camera display, with name and profession of the designers printed on the front side

Film camera | Displaying physical objects (4 important film cameras produced 100 years ago) to make the exhibition more intriguing

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Script Cameras for everyone In the short span of 50 years, photography had evolved from bulky plates to the celluloid film, thereby enabling everyone to capture daily scenes that had previously only been taken by professional photographers.

1888 Kodak No.1 by [Kodak] ° The first commercial camera °A wooden box with one shutter speed and a fixed-focus lens, carried 100 films ° Flourished on the slogan [You press the button; we do the rest] $25, Designed by George Eastman °American entrepreneur° 1900 The Brownie by [Kodak] ° The first mass-market camera °An affordable and easy-to-use box camera, remained for sale in various forms until the 1960s ° Introduced along with the concept of [snapshot] to the masses and even children $1, Designed by Frank Brownell °Canadian camera inventor° 1925 The Leica I by [Leica] ° The first commercially successful 35mm camera ° Expensive, A small compact lightweight camera that cemented 35mm film as the standard for high-end still photography cameras ° Spawned several competitors due to the quick success $480, Designed by Oskar Barnack °German engineer and hiker° 1948 Polaroid Land Model 95 by [Polaroid] ° The first instant photo camera °A folding camera for self-processing film packs of 3 ¼ by 4 ¼ inches ° Minimized the time between taking photographs and viewing images to less than [a minute] $89.75, Designed by Edwin Land °American scientist and inventor°

DCO20003 ° Information Design

The digital age

270cm

500cm

Dot points | Listing the remarkable feature and breakthrough of each camera by using dot points

Timeline | Following the timeline, visitors will move from right to left and create a smooth traffic flow

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Script The Digital Age The invention of CCD replaced the film in cameras and allowed digital photography to take off in the 1970s. The arrival of digital cameras and smartphones has made photography mainstream, while it continues to evolve in the age of social media today.

1975 Kodak Digital Camera by [Kodak] ° The first-ever digital camera ° An 8-pound camera in a printer size ° Recorded 0.01 megapixel black and white photos to a cassette tape in [23 seconds] Designed by Steve Sasson °American electrical engineer° 1991 Kodak DCS 100 by [Kodak] ° The first commercial DSLR ° A basic Nikon F3 SLR camera body with a modified motor drive unit MD-4 ° Connected to a separate digital storage unit [DSU] via an interconnected cable Designed by James McGarvey °American product Architect° $20,000 1994 QuickTake 100 by [Apple] ° The first color digital camera less than $1,000 ° A fixed 50mm equivalent F2 lens with an optical viewfinder and an LCD display to view the settings ° Packed a 640x480-pixel CCD and could store [8 images] in the internal memory card Designed by Apple and Kodak °American companies° $749 1999 Kyocera VP-210 °Visual Phone° by [Kyocera] ° The world’s first color camera phone ° A mobile phone embedded with a 0.11-megapixel front camera ° Could store up to 20 still photos and send images at a [2fps rate] Designed by Philippe Kahn °French engineer° $325

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

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Top camera brands in 2021

900cm

Strength and weakness | Analyzing the strength and weaknesses of the brands, which are specialized in different techniques respectively.

Brandmark | Showing the original black and white logo of each brand that visitors may be familiar with

Percentage | Applying colour on both the floor and the panel based on the percentage of different brands' market share

Camera | Presenting the best sell cameras of each brand in 2021

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Script Top camera brands in 2021 Canon Established in 1937 ° 47.9% Market share The first company to produce a camera with: [a micro-computer] [an eye-controlled AF] [an image-stabilized lens] + New iterations of Dual-Pixel autofocus, allowing for ultra-fast focusing in Live View + Professional DSLRs including the well-known 1D X series, 5D series, and Rebel series - Currently lagging in the mirrorless area Sony Established in 1946 ° 22.1% Market share The largest manufacturer of digital sensors in the world, even supplying its main competitors including Nikon, Fujifilm, and Panasonic + Dominating the mirrorless industry + Producing around 70% of the world’s smartphone camera sensors - Weak ergonomics of small camera bodies combined with small grips Nikon Established in 1917 ° 13.7% Market share The most vaunted imagining company caters more to the specialist group than the mass market + Incredible image quality and dynamic range capabilities + Expertise in imaging technologies including matrix metering, colour recognition, and optical VR - Struggling with the phase-detection focusing technology of its DSLRs Fujifilm Established in 1934 ° 5.6% Market share The first company to develop a consumer digital camera in 1988 + Investing heavily in color science to mimic the look of Fuji classic films + Distinctive retro-style aesthetics, creating high-quality digital cameras featuring mechanical dials and an old-timey film look - Unable to compete with the top 3 leading players in terms of innovation Panasonic Established in 1918 ° 4.4% Market share The world's largest electronics maker in the 20th century, going on to become the producer of Lumix digital cameras in 2001 + Specializing in video recording with 4K razor-sharp quality + Known for its Micro Four Thirds cameras, which conveniently can also work with Olympus lenses

DCO20003 ° Information Design

Iconic photographs [The first]

270cm

800cm

Heading | Emphasizing the image title by using square brackets, inspired by the screen display of the digital camera

Timeline | Highlighting the most significant moments of the photo history from the first selfie to the first digital image

Introduction | Describing the background of each image with 1-2 sentences of connotation

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Script Iconic photographs [The first] 1839 [The first selfie]

By Robert Cornelius °American pioneer in photography° A portrait captured by Cornelius himself, he was able to complete the entire Daguerreotype alone as the exposure time took up to 15 minutes.

1840 [The first moon photograph] John William Draper 1845 [The first sun photograph] Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault 1861 [The first color photograph]

By James Clerk Maxwell °Scottish mathematical physicist° ° An image of a tartan ribbon photographed three times through red, blue, and yellow filters, then be combined into one color composite to mimic the way our eyes process color.

1878 [The first animated image sequence]

By Eadweard Muybridge °British expat and photographer° ° The high-speed imaging at 1 ms interframe time, with 12 cameras attached to a shutter release system dictated by the horse’s galloping path.

To settle the question: Does a horse lift all four hooves off the ground when galloping? And proved that [Yes! It does!]

1957 [The first digital photograph]

By Russell Kirsch °American engineer° A 176*176 pixel digital image converting the analogue photograph of Kirch's infant son into a tiny digital file by using an early computer.

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

Iconic photographs [The war]

270cm

1400cm

Introduction | Briefly introducing the influence of each image brought by different photojournalists

Scale | Scaling up all photographs to more than 1 meter height to reveal the horror of the War

Photograph | Adjusting the color palette and light of the original grayscale photos to make them coherent with the exhibition style

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Script Iconic photographs [The war] 1862 ° The Dead of Antietam ° The first time that dead soldiers were photographed on a battlefield ° It exposed real terror of the Civil War, which had only been presented in paintings before Photographed by Alexander Gardner °Scottish photographer° 1943 ° Warsaw Ghetto Boy ° One of the most famous photographs of the Holocaust ° It revealed the heart-wrenching story that the boy, as millions of Jews, was to die at the hands of the Nazis Photographed by Franz Konrad °Austrian commander of Nazi° 1945 ° Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima ° One of the best-known photographs of World War II that received the Pulitzer Prize ° It became the centerpiece of a war-bond poster that helped raise $26 billion for America Photographed by Joe Rosenthal °American Associated Press photographer° 1945 ° V-J Day in Times Square ° The most iconic image of celebration at the end of World War II ° It recorded the inspiring moment in Times Square when news broke of Japan’s surrender Photographed by Alfred Eisenstaedt °American photojournalist° 1968 ° Saigon Execution ° The most influential photograph of the Vietnam War ° It was shown around the world and displayed at anti-war demonstrations in the US Photographed by Eddie Adams °American photojournalist° 1972 ° Napalm Girl ° The symbolic image recording the atrocities of the Vietnam War ° It depicted the naked girl who had ripped off her burning clothes while fleeing from the napalm attack Photographed by Nick Ut °Vietnamese photographer°

DCO20003 ° Information Design

Iconic photographs [The most expensive]

270cm

1000cm

Price | Associated with panels 8 and 9, adding the three-dimensional design on the price of each image to make it more eye-catching

Scale | Scaling down the photo size yet remaining the original proportion so that visitors can easily compare the size difference among them

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Script Iconic photographs [The most expensive] Top 1 ° Rhein II Andreas Gursky °German photographer° ° Price at $4,338,500 ° Photographed in 1999 / Sold in 2011 Top 2 ° Spiritual America Richard Prince °American painter° ° Price at $3,973,000 ° Photographed in 1981 / Sold in 2014 Top 3 ° Untitled #96 Cindy Sherman °American female artist° ° Price at $3,890,500 ° Photographed in 1981 / Sold in 2011 Top 4 ° To Her Majesty Gilbert & George °Italian and English artists° ° Price at $3,765,276 ° Photographed in 1973 / Sold in 2008 Top 5 ° Untitled (Cowboy) Richard Prince °American painter° ° Price at $3,749,000 ° Photographed in 1988 / Sold in 2014 Top 6 ° Dead Troops Talk Jeff Wall °Canadian artists° ° Price at $3.666,500 ° Photographed in 1992 / Sold in 2012 Top 7 ° 99 Cent II Diptych Andreas Gurdsky °German photographer° ° Price at $3.346,456 ° Photographed in 2001 / Sold in 2007

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DCO20003 ° Information Design

promotion

Banner | Applying exhibition photos and the logo on the banner, which would be hung on the building of the Tun District Art Center

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promotion

Ticket | Exhibition tickets designed like the thrditional film in the camera

IG filter | Creating a series of Instagram filters for visitors to easily take a retro selfie, with different glass plate frames and filters

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Reference [Panel 1] Merriam Webster (n.d.) Definition of photofraphy. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/photography Rosenblem, N. (2020) History of Photography. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/photography/Development-of-stereoscopic-photography THE BIRTH OF PHOTOGRAPHY (n.d.) Mapoleon.org. Retrieved from https://www.napoleon.org/en/young-historians/napodoc/the-birth-of-photography/ ‘Eclipse’ [Image]. (2018). Unsplash. Retrieved from https://unsplash.com/photos/F-pSZO_jeE8 ‘Optics’ [Image]. (2020). Unsplash. Retrieved from https://unsplash.com/photos/iEDbSqqxHyk ‘Chemistry’ [Image]. (2018). Unsplash. Retrieved from https://unsplash.com/photos/lQGJCMY5qcM [Panel 2] Ensch, S. (n.d.) ‘A Brief History of Photography. Iceland photo tours. Retrieved from https://iceland-photo-tours.com/articles/landscape-and-nature-photography/a-brief-history-of-photography ‘Camera Obscura’ [Image]. (2012). Retrieved from https://1stpersontech.wordpress.com/2012/03/10/shooting-formats-0-1-camera-obscura/ ‘Mozi’ [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-mo/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90 ‘Corpus Aristotelicum’ [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle) ‘IBN AL-HAYTHAM: BRILLIANT MAN WHO DEVELOPED THE FIRST CAMERA OBSCURA’ [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://independentpress.cc/ibn-al-haytham-brilliant-man-who-developed-the-first-camera-obscura/2021/02/25/ ‘Johannes Kepler’ [Image]. (n.d.). Network Meteorology. Retrieved from https://www.meteorologiaenred.com/en/johannes-kepler.html [Panel 3] ‘Johann Heinrich Schulze’ [Image]. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/photohistorytimeline/44291152720 Foster, E [Image]. (1921). ‘Camera Obscura’. CLIP ART ETC. Retrieved from https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/49700/49736/49736_cam_obscura.htm ‘View from the Window at Le Gras, Nicéphore Niépce’ [Image]. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lithography-heliography-photography-part-ii-mark-barbour ‘Joseph Nicéphore Niépce’ [Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce..jpg [Panel 4] Library of congress. (n.d.) ‘The Daguerreotype Medium’. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/collections/daguerreotypes/articles-and-essays/the-daguerreotype-medium/ The Ultimate History Project. (n.d.) ‘Capturing the perfect image’. Retrieved from https://www.loc.gov/collections/daguerreotypes/articles-and-essays/the-daguerreotype-medium/ Harvard university. (n.d.) ‘Calotype negative’. Retrieved from https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/saltprintsatharvard/calotype-negative University of Glasgow (n.d.) ‘Calotype Process’. Retrieved from https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/library/files/special/ha/text/calotype.html Leigh, S. (n.d.) ‘Advantages & disadvantages of the calotype & daguerreotype’. E How. Retrieved from https://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8488577_advantages-disadvantages-calotype-daguerreotype.html ‘File:Europe blank laea location map.svg’ [Image]. (2010). Wikimedia comment. Retrieved from https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg ‘The first negative image’ [Image]. (1835). Better Photography. Retrieved from http://www.betterphotography.in/perspectives/great-masters/henry-fox-talbot/26261/ ‘Positive image printed from the first negative’ [Image]. (1835). Not Quite in Focus. Retrieved from https://notquiteinfocus.com/2013/12/20/a-brief-history-of-photography-part-3-the-birth-of-the-negative/ ‘The First Picture of People’ [Image]. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/first-picture-of-people-2013-10 ‘An oak tree in winter, Lacock’ [Image]. (1842). Retrieved from https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/invention-of-photography

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