Master thesis

Integrating Bottom-up Adaptation approaches within the German city’s climate adaptation framework: case studying the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) adaptation in Stuttgart.

A Thesis submitted in the Partial Fulfillment for the Requirement of the Degree of Master of Science in Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design

by Yilin Lai

Examined by

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jan Dieterle Professor of Landscape Planning and Ecology University of Stuttgart

09/15/2019

Advise by

Prof. Dr. h.c. Dieter Spath Institute Director Fraunhofer IAO and IAT University of Stuttgart

Signature

MSc. Sophie Mok Fraunhofer IAO University of Stuttgart

Disclaimer

This dissertation is submitted to University of Stuttgart - Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning (USTUTT) for the degree of Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design (IUSD), in accordance to IUSD USTUTT regulations.

The work included in this thesis was carried out by the author during the period from March - August 2019.

The author confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. Any disputes regarding the copy right of the content is the sole responsibility of the author.

The author holds the right to publish the content in any other format.

09/15/2019 Yilin Lai

Signature

Acknowledgements

I want to thank my supervisor Jan and Sophie for their generous support, encouragement, guidance and valuable knowledge input to shape this research.

Additionally, Franziska, whose work has inspired this research and continue giving penetrating suggestions based on her knowledge on this field throughout the process.

I also thank prof, Jore Birkerman, his input in the initial phase facilitated the research structure. Arron, who selflessly helped me reach out to the community to conduct this research, and carefully reminded me of its social dynamic.

My colleagues from both IUSD VII and VIII intakes, who offered discussion, support and stress release, shared their own though and experience but in a neutral tone. Gratefully thank all my interviewees from the Stuttgart city department and Leonhardsvorstadt community for their time, knowledge and trust to be in part of the research.

Moreover, my family, mother and sister, who sent me trust and guidance remotely when the process became difficult; similarly, Josh, who always offer immediate support and endless patient.

So I can present this research.

09/15/2019 Yilin Lai

I

II

Abstract Title: Integrating Bottom-up Adaptation approaches within the German city’s climate adaptation framework: case studying the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) adaptation in Stuttgart.

By -Yilin Lai

The Urban heat island effect (UHI) is the occurrence when the temperature in the city is higher than the surrounding rural area. (Founda and Santamouris 2017) The main factors of the UHI are the surface of the built-up environment that accumulate solar radiation and the waste heat generated from human activities. Besides, the trend of climate change has intensified the UHI effect and is increasing the frequency of extreme weather. In Stuttgart, the UHI effect intensified due to the geographic location and air pollution. The risk of UHI impacts all sectors and at all levels, especially for human health. The Europe heatwave in 2013 led to 2000 heat-related deaths, while the majority of the victims are socioeconomically vulnerable elders.

Stuttgart is one of the pioneer cities to incorporate climate factors into urban planning, since 1938. However, these top-down adapting approaches are not cost-efficient and hard to address the local vulnerability timely and scaleup. Further, local knowledge and local leads adapting action could react to the local impacts in time but this strength needs support from the government to serve long term UHI adaption.

This research explores the barriers and enablers for integrating the bottom-up adapting approaches withing the municipality policy. The study divided into three parts; started from the UHI risk and capacity assessment, in this case, the community of Leonhardsviertel was chosen and the local adapting measure and the susceptibility were examined; secondly, the municipal‘s constrains in localising its adaptation plan was understood. Last, discussed the barriers and enablers for community-led action and the role of different sectors in address the local vulnerability. Concluded that community empowerment, cross-sectors and multi-level cooperations are the keys in building local capacity and reinforcing the overall resilience of the city toward UHI.

Keywords – Urban heat island(UHI), Bottom-up adaptation, integrated climate ad-

aptation.

III

IV

Table of Contents

1.Introduction

3

2 Theoretical background and

9

2.1 UHI: Cause and impact at the local scale 2.1.1 What is UHI? What is the cause?

9 9

2.1.2 UHI and climate change

13

2.1.3 Impact and vulnerability of UHI.

15

2.2 UHI adaptation: adaptation and risk management

18

2.2.1 What is adaptation?

18

2.2.2 UHI adaptation hard measure

19

2.2.3 UHI adaptation soft measure and risk management

22

2.2.4 Adaptation planning framework: Top-down vs bottom-up

24

2.2.5 The integrated adaptation pathway

25

2.3 Chapter conclusion: the conceptual framework

3 The spatial context:case of Stuttgart

27 33

3.1 UHI in Stuttgart

33

3.2 Climate change in Stuttgart

34

3.2.1 Climate change in Stuttgart region

34

3.2.2 The city’s vulnerability and the impact of rising temperature

35

3.3 Heat adaptation in Stuttgart

36

3.3.1 Stuttgart’s urban climatology and UHI adaptation history.

36

3.3.2 Stuttgart’s UHI adaptation govemence and and actors

39

3.4 Chapter conclusion

40 V

4 Research question and Methodology

45

4.1 Research question

45

4.2 Research strategy

46

4.3 Data collecting method and analysis.

46

4.4 Sampling group selection

47

4.4.1 Case study community selection

47

4.4.2 Case study group selection

49

4.5 Limitation of the research

50

5 Community level analysis

55

5.1 Case study community: Leonhardsvorstadt

55

5.2 Vulnerability and Susceptibility of the Leonhardsvorstadt

58

5.2.1 Vulnerability: Impact of heat 5.2.2 Susceptibility: access to cool-spot and public infrastructure.

5.3 Community’s adaptation capacity for hard measures.

61 64

5.3.1 Open public space: Street, squared, park, parking lot.

64

5.3.2 Private open space: courtyard, backyard, parking lot.

67

5.3.3 Building scale: Green roof, façade and facade design.

69

5.3.4 Conclusion

71

5.4 Community’s adaptation capacity for soft measures.

5.4.1 Awareness

73 73

5.4.2 Social Service

75

5.4.3 Behavioral responses and building operation

76

5.4.4 Risk management

77

5.4.5 Conclusion

78

6 City level analysis

85

6.1 The implementation of Stuttgart’s climate adaptation plan.

85

6.2 City’s adaptation capacity for hard measure

88

6.2.1 Public open space:street,square, park and public transport station

88

6.2.2 Private open space: courtyard, backyard, parking lot.

90

6.2.3 Building scale: green roof, façade and facade design.

92

6.2.4 Conclusion

93

6.3 City’s adaptation capacity for soft measures.

VI

58

96

6.3.2 Social Service

98

6.3.3 Behavioral responses and building operation

99

6.3.4 Risk management

100

6.3.5 Conclusion

102

7 Recommendation and Discussion 7 .1 Bottom-up adaptation measure chart and barrier categories.

107 107

7.2.1 Barriers and enablers of existing hard measures in open space.

112

7.2.3 Barriers and enablers of existing hard measures for building

118

7.2.4 Barriers and enablers of suggested hard measures for building.

121

7.2.5 Conclusion: enablers for bottom-up hard adaptation.

124

7.3 Bottom-up adaptation soft measure.

126

7.3.1 Barriers and enablers. for existing adaptation practices

126

7.3.2 Barriers and enablers. for suggested measures

129

7.3.3 Conclusion: enablers for bottom-up soft adaptation

133

7.4 Recommendation :Address vulnerability from bottom-up

135

7.4.1 Integrated bottom-up adaptation measures for elderly

135

7.4.2 Integrated bottom-up adaptation measures for family

138

7.4.3 Integrated bottom-up adaptation measures for VUL group and CBO 142 7.4.4 Conclusion 7.5 Toward integrated UHI adaptation

8 Conclusion and Outlook

146 147 153

8.1 Conclusion

153

8.2 Limitation and Outlook

157

References 161 ANNEX 1

166

VII

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig. 1 Energy balance of the city (Energiebilanz der Stadt

12

Fig. 2 Idealized vertical structure of the urban atmosphere in difference scale

12

Fig. 3 Germany’s change in mean annual temperature [°C]

14

Fig. 4 Factors affecting human thermoregulation and the risk of heat illness

16

Fig. 5 How does heat impact health?

16

Fig. 6 Integrated framework for risk assessment and adaptation planning

26

Fig. 7 Conceptual framework-Integrated UHI adaptation scheme

28

Fig. 8: Development of mean annual air temperatures in Stuttgart-Hohenheim since 1878 35 Fig. 9: Research strategy scheme.

45

Fig. 10 Result of mapping analysis for the case study community:Leonhardsvorstadt.

48

Fig. 11: Leonhardsvorstadt and the ongoing upgrading project

55

Fig. 12: The CityTree installation

57

Fig. 13: location of the public infrastructure

63

Fig. 14: community’s open space

64

Fig. 15: Street along B14

64

Fig. 16: Leonhardsplatz

64

Fig. 17: Map of the community’s open space.

65

Fig. 18: Community’s street festival

66

Fig. 19: Moveable shading from the local restaurant

66

Fig. 20: Open space around the church

66

Fig. 21: Shading alley for service usage

67

Fig. 22: BMH courtyard. Source: Caritas Stuttgart. 67 Fig. 23: Private green courtyard

67

Fig. 24: Courtyard as parking lot

68

Fig. 25: Interviewee share the city KG program’s flyer

68

Fig. 26: Summarising community’s challenges for hard adaptation

72

Fig. 16: Summarising barriers for soft adaptation

80

Fig. 28: Summarising the implementation of Stuttgart’s UHI adaptation

87

Fig. 30 Illustration of the temporary shading structure at Marktplatz

94

Fig. 29: Summarising Stuttgart city’s challenges for hard adaptation

95

Fig. 31: City’s flyer for soft adaptation

96

Fig. 32: City’s flyer for the private green program

96

Fig. 33: Summarising city’s barriers for soft adaptation

103

Fig. 34: Categorization of the adaptation barriers and enablers. 110 Fig. 35: Mapping the barriers of existing adaptation- practices in open space VIII

114

Fig. 36: Mapping the barriers of suggested measure for open space

115

Fig. 37: Mapping the barriers of existing adaptation- practices in building scale 118 Fig. 38: Mapping the barriers of suggested adaptation measure for building scale. 121 Fig. 39: Mapping the barriers of exiting soft adaptation

126

Fig. 40: Mapping the barriers of suggested soft adaptation

129

Fig. 41: Integrated bottom-up adaptation scheme for elders

136

Fig. 41: Integrated bottom-up adaptation scheme for elders

138

Fig. 43: Integrated bottom-up adaptation scheme for CBO and VUL group 142 Fig. 44: Flyer for GQP program

149

Fig. 45: Flyer for Soziale Stadt program

149

IX

LIST OF TABLE

Tab. 1 UHI urban scale factors catalogue and impact.

20

Tab. 2: UHI adaptation Strategies catalogue

32

Tab. 3: UHI adaptation hard measure and scale

32

Tab. 4: UHI adaptation soft measure and Susceptible

34

Tab. 5 Characteristic of both approaches

35

Tab. 6: The UHI and climate relative project for Stuttgart city

49

Tab. 7: Comparing heat-related measure from AVHS and KLIMAKS

51

Tab. 8: Susceptibility catalogue for community

73

Tab. 9: Selected hard measure for open space.

113

Tab. 11: Selected hard measure for soft measures

113

Tab. 13: Summary of the barriers and enablers for existing adaptation measure

128

Tab. 14: Summary of the barriers and enablers for suggested measure

128

Tab. 15: Summary of the barriers and enablers for existing soft adaptation.

137

Tab. 16: Summary of the barriers and enablers for suggested soft adaptation.

138

X

XI

BW

State of Baden-Württemberg

EU

European Union

IPCC

International panel om climate change

KG

KOMMUNALES GRÜNPROGRAMM

NGO

None government organisation

UHI

Urban heat island

HW

Heatwaves

DWD

German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst)

AVHS

Climate change– adaptation and mitigation: the challenge facing urban climatology

KLIMAKS.

Climate adaptation concept Stuttgart

KLIMAMORO

Vulnerability Report of the Stuttgart Region

AHM

Adaptation hard measure

ASM

Adaptation soft measure

MUN

Municipality

STAG

Stuttgart trams AG

EPCD

Department of Environmental Protection, Sector of Climatology(Stadtklimatologie)

GCFD

Department of Garden, Cemetery and forest.

UDD

Urban Development Department

BD

Building department

UPHD

Urban planning and housing Department

PHD

Public Health department(Gesundheitsamt)

CD

Communication department

SD Program&

Social-warfare Department (Sozialamt)

policy

XII

ED

Education department

CED

Civil Engineering Department

CPD

Civil protection department

DOL

Department for labour

MD

Mobil department

SMD

Sewage management department

PT

Public Transportation/ Public transpot

INFRA

Infrastructure

POOS

Privat open space

POS

Public open space

DIST

District

COMM

community

NBH

Neighbourhood

BLD

Building

INDV

Individual

CO

Company / Business owner

CBO

Community-based organisation

SI

Social organisation

org

Organisation

Inst

institution

VUL

Vulnerable group

SE

Single elderly

AC

air-condition

AFFD

affected

IMP

Implementation

RES

Resources

ATTI

Attitude

EXAM

Examining

XIII

XIV

INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction

1

CHAPTER 01

2

INTRODUCTION

1.Introduction

The urban heat island effect (UHI) is the occurrence when the temperature in the city is higher than the surrounding rural area. (Founda and Santamouris 2017) The main factors of the UHI are the surfaces of the built-up environment that accumulate solar radiation and the waste heat generated from human activities. Besides, the trend of climate change has intensified the UHI effect and is increasing the frequency of extreme weather. In Stuttgart, the UHI effect intensified due to the geographic location and air pollution. The risk of UHI impacts all sectors and at all levels, especially for human health.

The heatwaves in Chicago and Europe in 1995 and 2013 have respectively led to 739 and 2000 heat-related deaths. The majority of the victims were elderly that are socioeconomically vulnerable.

Stuttgart is one of the pioneer cities to incorporate climate factors into urban planning. Since 1938, the Stuttgart city established a climate department and gradually incorporated responding climate factors into zoning code, building regulations. These top-down strategies are not cost-efficient for timely reacting to the local impacts and are challenging to scaleup which indicates a need for local and effortless measures in addressing the local vulnerability from the bottom-up. However, without the cooperation with the top-down process, this local knowledge and strength can not be put into greater use for long term UHI adaption.

3

CHAPTER 01

This research explores the challenges and possibility of integrating the bottom-up UHI approaches withing the municipality adaptation policy. In doing so, the study divides into three parts; it starts by conducting a UHI risk and capacity assessment at the community and city level. In this case, the Leonhardsviertel community has been chosen. By examining the current local adapting practices and the susceptibility of the vulnerable group, the study can propose further vital measures for the community. Secondly, the constraints on the current municipality adaptation plan will be understood.

Last, the barriers and enablers of both levels will discuss towards creating a dialogue between the city and the community, defining the roles of different sectors in bottom-up adaption. The study concludes what potential of these local lead actions holds in building local capacity and reinforcing the overall resilience of the city toward UHI.

4

INTRODUCTION

5

6

2 Theoretical background and conceptual framework

7

CHAPTER 02

8

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2 Theoretical background and conceptual framework

2.1 UHI: Cause and impact at the local scale

This chapter is about to give a theoretical background of Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) and its impact, Firstly, the cause of the phenomena, how it differs from case to case; Secondly, the interrelationship between UHI and climate change along with how it is in Germany; Thirdly, UHI’s impact, human health in particular and its corresponding sensitivities and vulnerability. Finally, giving an overview of the first focus of this research-the interrelationship between UHI and human-health.

2.1.1 What is UHI? What is the cause?

The Urban heat island effect (UHI) is the meteorological phenomenon that the city’s air temperature is higher than the surrounding rural area; owing to various factors that alter urban climatology and compose ‘Urban Heat Island’ (UHI).(Founda & Santamouris 2017) ; at the high of these temperature variances between the city and surrounding could up to 12 ° C depending on the numbers of involving factors.

UHI factors range from region to urban scale. In the regional level, it is defying by the location, town size, hills factors, water body and humidity, wind speed and air corridors. (Climate Atlas Region Stuttgart(Klimaatlas Region Stuttgart) 2008)(Walker, Adger & Russel 2015, p 19)At the urban scale, the

9

CHAPTER 02

land use, urban density and human activities that shift the city’s heat store capacity, energy flow and cooling capacity and reshape the urban climate(Founda & Santamouris 2017)

Density of the city

Land use Surface of the city

Human activities

Land use/ surface of city

Density of the city

Human activities

Urban desert

Urban canyon

Waste heat

Albedo of city’s surface

Sky view factor

Air pollution

Urban water body

Local wind speed

Haze

Tab 1 UHI urban scale factors catalogue and impact.

Source: Y. Lai, organize from (Icaza 2017) and literature.

Land use Land use determines the presence of urban water body, greenery and the surface of the city that directly affect available evaporation cooling effect and the thermal storage. ‘Vegetation reduces the near-surface air temperature on average by 1 to 4.7°C, particularly during night-time when the UHI intensity is high’(Kleerekoper et al., 2012; Li & Norford, 2016). (Icaza 2017) Albedo is ‘the index representing the surface reflectivity. It indicates the fraction of shortwave radiation that is reflected from land surfaces into the atmosphere’. (Icaza 2017) Hence, the urban artificial surface such as paving, building exterior and the material of other infrastructure that decay albedo index and increase the heat storage capacity of the city. Alter these nature element into other synthetic material will increase the overall temperature in the city. (Founda & Santamouris 2017)Consequently leads to more frequent hot days and tropical nights in urban areas. (Barriopedro et al., 2011; IPCC, 2012; European Environment Agency, 2012; (Walker, Adger & Russel 2015, p 18) 10

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Density of the city The configuration of the buildings determines the width of the street and the high of the surrounding building mould the urban canyon and Sky view factor (SVF). Further, this canyon-like environment forms its microclimate, due to its physical seating alters the angle of the sunlight, ground and building albedo as well as wind speed, fresh air exchange rate and air quality. (Oke, 1988) (City and wind,2014 ) SVF referred ‘the ratio of the amount of the sky seen from a given point to that potentially available’,(Oke, 1987) ‘These values range from 0 for full obstruction to 1 for completely open areas.’(Icaza 2017) while the lower SVF means, the less of heat release from the building to the sky.

Human activities Human activities generate waste heat in many different ways that increase the energy budget in the urban area. (Fig. 1); including traffic, industrial site, construction,etc. Moreover, transportation and industrial activities cause air pollution and increase the density of haze that interrupts the percentage of heat release to the atmosphere. Consequently intensify the UHI, especially during heatwave event.‘Air pollution played a positive role in 2003 (heatwave). The respective roles of temperature and ozone in the excess mortality are difficult to assess’ (Brücker, Therre & Hoile 2005, p 147). Further, potentially increasing usage of air-condition (AC) that cause energy consumption more waste heat.

Heatwave and the relationship with UHI Heatwave(HW) is’ extended periods of time, typically forty- eight to seven wty-two hours and longer, with excessive heat and humidity’ (Carlson 2008) which cause human ‘abnormally and uncomfortably’.{WGI, II}(IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report 2014, p 124) The HW event positively synergy with the UHI. Due to the numerous factors that increase the city’s thermal capacitance, the city may increase the released sensible heat than the surrounding area; results in increasing the relative temperature with the rural and intensify UHI. (Founda & Santamouris 2017) an average UHI magnitude by up to 3.5 to 8 °C was observed during the heatwave in the coastal area during HW. (Founda & Santamouris 2017) 11

CHAPTER 02

Fig. 1 Energy balance of the city (Energiebilanz der Stadt

Source: Klimaatlas Region Stuttgart 2008,P. 2

Fig. 2 Idealized vertical structure of the urban atmosphere in difference scale Source:World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006; Roth 2013, p 144.

12

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.2 UHI and climate change

Climate change refers to ‘all change of the climate condition over a long period of time, where it is caused by natural variability or direct and indirect result of human activities’.(IPCC: AR4 2007, p 6) The natural variability refed to natural internal and external processes such as solar cycles, volcanic eruptions; and the human activities refer to ‘anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use’ which alternate the composition of the atmospheric. (IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report 2014, p 120) The changing climate involving climate elements such as ‘air temperature, precipitation, drought, hot days, tropical nights, strong winds, snow days, and influence potential flood areas’.(Federal Environment Agency 2015) According to the projection of the Federal Environment Agency’s, Germany‘s annual average temperature may increase in 1.5-2.5 degrees in the near future (2021 to 2050) and 3.5-4 degree in distant future (2071 to 2100) at the southern Germany area, additionally, will increase 15 and 40 hot days in Northern and Southwest Germany and tropical nights will in growing up to 20 nights for south. For precipitation, a slight decrease in the summer and an increasing trend for the winter is expected in the nearly future; however, for the distant future, the summer precipitation may reduce of 20 per cent and with 15-30 per cent of rainfall increasing for the winter term; thereby the dry periods may increase two to four episodes per year.

To conclude the result of Germany’s climate impact modelling, a warmer climate with more frequent of a hot day, tropical night, drought and rainfall are predicted in the future. (Federal Environment Agency 2015) Which means the combined impact of climate change will result in a more frequent heatwave that intensifies the UHI effect.

13

CHAPTER 02

Fig. 3 Germany’s change in mean annual temperature [°C] in compared with 1961-1990 for the scenarios A2, A1B and B1 [MPI-M, CEC 2007]. Period shown: 1950 – 2090.

Source: German federal cabinet,2008

14

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.3 Impact and vulnerability of UHI.

Impact of climate Referred to the consequences of climate change on natural and human systems. ‘Depending on the consideration of adaptation, one can distinguish between potential impacts and residual impacts’. (IPCC TAR, 2001) (Ellina Levina, Dennis Tirpak,OECD 2006) Vulnerability ‘a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed’ in which it ‘compass variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.’(IPCC: AR4 2007, p 6) {WGII} (IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report 2014, p 128) Susceptibility Often refers to factors inherent to physical predisposition (e.g., genetics), In the study of climate change mitigation and adaptation, it refers to “effect modifiers” as individual-level or area-level factors related to susceptibility or vulnerability. (Michelle,B,L., Zanobetti & Dominici 2013) Impact of heat: Human health

Climate change influence many fields, in which, the soil, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, transport and transport infrastructure, building industry, Industry and Commerce, energy industry, tourism industry and human health are heat-related. (Federal Environment Agency 2015). Among all these fields, human health has a direct impact on human society.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and global heat health information network (GHHIN) has categories the effect on the heat on health and human’s wellbeing in to direct and indirect. The immediate impact is heat-related illness, hospitalisation and death. The indirect effect of temperature on human health, including the implications for health service, increasing risk of accident, increasing risk of outbreak disease, potential disruption of infrastructure that relates to social well-being. (Fig.4) (WHO 2008)

15

CHAPTER 02

Fig. 4 How does heat impact health?

Source: Heat and health: Information and public health advice (WHO 2018)Fig. 5

Factors affecting human thermoregulation and the risk of heat illness Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe, in press. (WHO 2008, p 3)

A variant heat-related illness that can occur under different increasing temperature, including heat rash, heat oedema, heat syncope, heat cramps and heat exhaustion.

The human body release heat through infrared rays, water or air circulating across the skin, conduction through direct skin contact with cooler objects, evaporation 16

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

of sweat. Excessive heat exposure increases the stress for the organism; the cardiovascular system is mainly. When the outside temperature is higher than the skin the only heat release measure is sweating (evaporation); therefore, any factor that hampers evaporation, such as high ambient humidity, reduced air currents or medicines will result in elevated body temperature that can culminate in life-threatening heatstroke or aggravate chronic medical conditions in vulnerable individuals(WHO 2008, p 3). (Fig.5)

Vulnerability and Susceptibility

The reason for heat-health risk categorising into three: ‘the individual conditions, the level of exposure to the heat, and the adapting ability for hot weather conditions’, which determine individual vulnerability toward heat(WHO 2008, p 4).

Individual conditions and ability to adapt ‘The elderly, infants and children, people with chronic diseases, people taking certain medications’ are the social group that classifies as vulnerable to heat (WHO 2008, pp 4–5). They have relatively less adapting ability to heat due to their physical condition, compared to a healthy person.

The socioeconomic status also influences an individual’s ability in heat adaptation.’ Social isolation also indicates a higher level of vulnerability to the health effect of heat and other extreme climate events. Due to social networks can play a role in coping heat-related hazard’(WHO 2008, p 5). Research for the Chicago heatwave in 1995 revealed that the neglected parts of the city, criminal and construct a negative social landscape are the main reason cause high heat-related mortality rate concentrated at the specific community (Klinenberg 2002 ) (Carlson 2008) .

The heatwave Chicago in 1995 and Europe in 2003, caused about 800 and 20,000 people death respectively; most of the analyse that base on these two events found out ‘ loss of autonomy and social isolation played a significant role in the risk factors for the elderly.’ (Brücker et al. 2005, p. 147). In France, the age distribution for heat-related mortality rate shows 70% for the 75-94 year age group, and at 120% for people over 94 years; but no significant im17

CHAPTER 02

pact of heat on deaths for infants and children(Brücker, Therre & Hoile 2005, p 148). The main reason these elderly have mostly been effect by heat is living alone, without being able to receive necessary care such as adequate hydration or call for medical support during the heatwave, and therefore may die at home without being admitted to hospital(Brücker et al. 2005, p. 171).Residents in urban area have a higher risk in heatwaves. Which mostly due to the built environment that retains heat and increasing the average air temperature.’ and residents of northern cities in the U.S. are at a higher risk of mortality from excessive heat than residents of southern village’ (Carlson 2008) .

2.2 UHI adaptation: adaptation and risk management To continue with the previous discussion for the challenge of UHI, heatwave and its risk and vulnerability for human-health. This section will introduce the concept of adaptation, what adaptation measures in a different level can cope with heat-risk and mitigate UHI, how adaptation been planed in different levels, and how to integrate them. In constructing the backbone of this research.

2.2.1 What is adaptation?

Adaptation:Adaptation is ‘the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.’ {WGII, III} (IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report 2014, p 118) ; and ‘iterative and on average proceeds autonomously, often in response to climate change impacts that have been experienced in a local or regional context.’

(Berrang-Ford et al., 2011; Preston et al., 2011; Huggel et al., 2014).

(Walker, Adger & Russel 2015, p 20) Capacity: ‘A combination of all the strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or the effects of a disaster; may include physical, institutional, social or economic means as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such as leadership and management.’ (UN/ISDR , 2004) (Ellina Levina , Dennis Tirpak,OECD 2006)

18

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Resilience: ‘Resilience The ability of a social or ecological system to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organization, and the capacity to adapt to stress and change.’ (IPCC: AR4 2007, p 880)” Adaptation measures are several action/options that are part of climate adaptation strategies; base on the nature of the measure it can categorise as hard and soft. A hard measure referred to physical intervention is adapted to the impact of climate. Adaptation hard measure (AHM) for UHI in this research will related to all measure (physical intervention or policy)(Climate-ADAPT); while a soft measure is ‘behavioural, managerial and policy approaches.’

(Alessio Capriolo,Francesca Giordano,Rosa Anna Mascolo); including ‘policy, legal, social, management and financial measures.’ which influence ‘human behaviour and styles of governance.’ and that can alter human behaviour and styles of governance’ that enhancing adaptation capacity also the awareness toward climate change issues (Climate-ADAPT).

Depending on the involving investment, sectors and capability to cope with the risk, adaptation action could classify into no-regret, low regret and high regret; a no-regret options are creating social and economic benefit whether a human or climate influence event happened (IPCC: AR4 2007, p 878); a low regret involving relatively low-cost but will not be sufficient for future climate condition; a high regret adaptation requires higher-level or large-scale planning, with irreversible high investments that aim to be long-lived with the changing climate(World Bank 2010).

2.2.2 UHI adaptation hard measure

Continued the discussion of the UHI factors in the region and urban scale; in which the regional-level factors are irresistible, thereby, the adaptation in urban scale become crucial for mitigating the UHI effect.

Adaptation hard measure is physical intervention. The fundamental method for UHI mitigation is to reduce thermal gain, avoid solar exposure, modify humidity, air for cooling; corresponded to the following principles: albedo, shade, greenery evaporation, ventilation and reducing heat generating.

(Giguère M. et al., 2009; Icaza 2017) (SenStadtUm 2016). These principles

19

CHAPTER 02

apply in urban planning and environmental policy in the governance-level; urban green and blue infrastructure in the district level; open public space, private free space, and building for the community-level. (Giguère M. et al., 2009; Icaza 2017)( Tab 02) The main contributing factors for ‘Urban Heat Islands’ are ‘changes in the surface energy budget due to increased heat storage capacity of artificial surfaces compared to natural ones’(Founda & Santamouris 2017); which could adjust by increasing city’s surface’s albedo, shade and greenery . Especially for public space and building in influencing the thermal comfort in open public space and indoor temperature.

The building scale becomes essential due to that it presents the main surface of the city; also as a place where the citizens spend most of their time. The heat adaption in building scale is base on albedos such as cold faced and roof, shading by blinder and overhanging, ventilation from the building opening, evaporation cooling of the green façade and roof(SenStadtUm 2016).Building without mention heat prevention design and cooling capacity result in extreme indoor temperature that direct effect heat vulnerability more than the heatwaves, and intensify the warming effect in extreme heat. (Zaidi and Pelling, 2015; (Kingsborough, Jenkins & Hall 2017, p 89); in which the upper part of the building concentrates heat efficiently, ‘the elderly who live directly under the roof found to have higher risk during the heatwave. ’ (Brücker, Therre & Hoile 2005, p 147). Also, has a positive effect on increasing AC usage, corresponding heat emission and energy consumption (Kingsborough, Jenkins & Hall 2017, p 89).

Last, for human activities and urban density reed to rely on large-scale intervention, such as changing urban fabric, planning regulation and environmental policy; in which it could have a fundamental impact on the long term adaptation. However, it is challenging by the complexity of the existing urban system and slow to implement. (Hallegatte and Corfee-Morlot 2010)Which requires the involvement of different sectors in heightening the flexibility of the planning process (Ranger et al., 2013; Kingsborough, Jenkins & Hall 2017)

20

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Land use/ surface of city

Density of the city

Human activities

Urban desert

Urban canyon

Waste heat

Albedo of city’s surface

Sky view factor

Air pollution

Urban water body

Local wind speed

Haze

Adaptation Governance: Urban planning

Environmental policy

l Land use

l Building code

l Sustainable motility

l Urban greenery project

l Fresh air corridor

l Incentives for private green

Open public space

l Air purify program

Urban green-blue infrastructure Building Private space

l Street l Park

l Private open space

l Parking lot

l Courtyard

Tab 2: UHI adaptation Strategies catalogue Source: Y. Lai, based on Giguère M, Vienna University of Technology, Icaza)

VUL + Susceptible Risk identification

City

Soft

Hard

Adaptation Governance

Adaptation Governance

Public Transportation

Education / info flow

Urban green

Cooling Public building

Awareness raising

Vegetation

Cooling open space

Risk responding

Open water source

Open public space

Heat Wave warning

Medical service Drinking water

Outdoor thermal Comfort l Street l Park

GOV subsidy for private green

l Parking lot l PT station

Community center Gathering spot

Social Service for VUL Social infrastructure Social agent Social worker

Shading structure

Private OS

COMM /DIST

Community org

Cold / green façade

l Courtyard

BLD

Building operation

Social network

l Parking lot

Risk respond Cool /Green-Blue roof

AC/ FAN

Building performance

Orientation Insulation Windows Curtains / blind Elderly

INDV

Children Illness person

Behavioral responses

Acclimatization (Health adaptation)

Young adult

Tab 3: UHI adaptation hard measure and scale Source: Y. Lai, based on Kingsborough 2017; SenStadtUm 2016.

21

CHAPTER 02

2.2.3 UHI adaptation soft measure and risk management

‘UHI is a long-term onsite risk continuously in creating the temperature, while heatwave is an extreme weather event that the temperature raising rapid temperature rising in a short period of time’.(IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report 2014, p 124) Hence, heat adaption requiring measures for everyday issue, as well as emergency, respond. For heat soft adaptation including, behavioural respond, relevant adaptation knowledge, information dissemination and corresponding design, policies, procedures and employing in mitigating the vulnerability, support behavioural adapt and preventing maladaptation.

(Alessio Capriolo,Francesca Giordano, Rosa Anna Mascolo)For coping with the heatwave event also need to incorporating risk management such as risk identification, risk reduction, disaster management and adaptive governance (Zaidi & Pelling 2015, p 1226) Continued with the discussion for heat-health hazard; which indicates the necessity of individual behaviour adjustment in coping with the hot weather, such measures including hydration, support body heat release, adjusting routine, diet and sun protection(SENSW 2018). Also, to moderate building thermal performance by the operations such as to enhance building opening for ventilation, provide evaporation cooling, avoid direct sunlight while the use of AC is crucial in extreme case such as hospital. (Kingsborough, Jenkins & Hall 2017; Carlson 2008; WHO 2008). Thereby, correlated knowledge and awareness will be needed for a person to act in response. Further, interrelated infrastructure such as water availability, mobility, electricity, communication facilities, access to the medical facility is crucial to determine individual and an area’s heat-susceptibility (Manik & Syaukat 2014; Zaidi & Pelling 2015).

While in the extreme case, some necessary steps are needed in the crisis such as a hotline for a medical emergency, cooling shelter, shuttle bus for transfer as well as a community watch program (Klinenberg 2003). Additionally, the alert system must be available for the general public, especially for vulnerable populations and the people who assist them, to enable them to respond or take preventing measures (Brücker, Therre & Hoile 2005).

Climate-related risk referred to ‘ the result of the interaction of physically defined hazards with the properties of the exposed systems – i.e., their sen-

22

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

sitivity or (social) vulnerability; while it also be considered as the combination of an event, its likelihood, and its consequences ‘ (UNDP, 2005; (Ellina Levina, Dennis Tirpak, OECD 2006). Heat-vulnerable highly associated with social status, besides the physical one;the social factors for heat risk can link to demographic, geographic link emergency pattern such as low-income, socially isolated seniors with mental and physical disadvantage and dwell in the least favourite part of the city with limited access to cooling spots result in the highest heat-related death(Carlson 2008). Further, ‘a place-specific social ecology and its effects on cultural practices - presents a more complex challenge for those seeking to mitigate the effects of heatwaves’ (Carlson 2008).

Hence, to improving the local social ecology also essential factors in coping with the heat and its vulnerability.

VUL + Susceptible Risk identification

City

Soft

Hard

Adaptation Governance

Adaptation Governance

Public Transportation

Education / info flow

Urban green

Cooling Public building

Awareness raising

Vegetation

Cooling open space

Risk responding

Open water source

Open public space

Heat Wave warning

Medical service

Outdoor thermal Comfort l Street l Park

GOV subsidy for private green

l Parking lot

Social worker

Shading structure

Private OS

Community org

Cold / green façade

l Courtyard

Drinking water

l PT station

Community center Gathering spot

Social Service for VUL Social infrastructure Social agent

COMM /DIST

Social network

l Parking lot

Risk respond

BLD

Building operation

Cool /Green-Blue roof

AC/ FAN

Building performance

Orientation Insulation Windows Curtains / blind Elderly

INDV

Children Illness person

Behavioral responses

Acclimatizatio n (Health adaptation)

Young adult

Tab 4: UHI adaptation soft measure and Susceptible Source: Y. Lai, based on Kingsborough 2017; SENSW 2018 and literature.

23

CHAPTER 02

2.2.4 Adaptation planning framework: Top-down vs bottom-up

Planning adaptation actions follow by three crucial steps-plan, implementation and evaluation that could be conducted in all governance level. The planning step can breakdown into current and future risk and vulnerabilities identification, adaptation measures recognition, evaluating adapting capacity, selecting and prioritising adaptation options following the evaluation of “success� of the actions(OECD 2009).

The conventional process that acts to-down from the government-level identifying climate risk and vulnerabilities usually rely on GIS data, social-economic data and scientific data such as climate projection, which exclude the local factors that been discuss before. Further, result in the lack of concerning the role of civics society and individual in adaptation(Zaidi & Pelling 2015, p 1226). In contrast, the adjustment that conducts locally have to based on local knowledge that harvests through participatory analysis in compensating the missing climate data in local-scale(Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, Angela Milligan 2009). Also, enable identifying and selecting adaptation options that develop on local resources, social network, culture and behavioural of the community and execute on time.(Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, Angela Milligan 2009).

Climate risk factors are mostly beyond the community scale, although its impacts individually, this influences the local feeling powerless in confronting climate issue. Thereby, generate adaptation measures that are locally operated to serve the current need and to empower the general public; while, a long-term adaptation that involves large-scale planning and the government also necessary (Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, Angela Milligan 2009).

24

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Subject

Top-down

Climate risk and Base on upscale social demography data VUL assessment Time

Bottom-up

GIS information

Base on local knowledge( previous climate event, impact and emergency)

Long-term

Long-term and short tern

Base on the duty, knowledge and sourced from an Adaptation option generating internal stakeholder.

Base on local resources, social network, culture and behavioural of the local community

Actors of adaptation activities

Government sectors, academies institution.

Community, local government, institution CBO, NGO.

l Generalised climate impact; ignore local issue.

l Lack of scientific knowledge or information not in an understandable format.

Challenge and Benefited

l Level of awareness.

l Level of participation.

l Different priority of each institution

l Level of awareness.

l Project cycle of the adaptation project

l Continuous engagement.

l Conflict timeframe of measure

l Complicated local interest

l High coast and lone time consuming

l Financial source

l Bureaucratic hierarchical model

l Hard to scale up

l low sectorisation and apex overload l Circumscribe local autonomy + engagement with national and sectoral actors

+ engagement with local and NGO actors + using local source

Tab 5 Characteristic of both approaches Source: Y. Lai, base on Ashley 2009; Chaudhury et al. 2014;Russel 2015.

2.2.5 The integrated adaptation pathway

Adaptation pathways is a set of adapting options that include a process of weighing among both short and long term benefits and goals — discussing and recognising the measures that consist of the crucial aspects of people’s daily routine and prevent possible maladaptation(Matthews 2018, p 555).

This approach applies from the trajectory of biophysical, techno-economic, and socio-behavioural and engaging diverse actions, goals and actors across multi-timeframe, scale, sectors and level(Matthews 2018)(Kingsborough 2017) Mainstream and integrated are similar terms, while the mainstream is about links development and adaptation action or integrated adaptation plan into developing a plan. Integrate, which is a general term that referred to the cooperation between different level, sectors in multi-scale and multi-timeframe.

Mainstream inquired the integration policies and measures into ongoing de25

CHAPTER 02

veloping and decision-making process in ensuring sustaining the action as well as humbling the irritation of a development activity toward existing and projecting climatic conditions(Klein et al., 2005;(IPCC: AR4 2007, p 749).

To mainstreaming bottom-up and local base adaptation is to integrate the city and district level adaptation into the region and national level (Ayers et al. 2014). Further, local adaptation usually integrated owing to its complex stakeholder actions and interactions(UNDP 2016); it also serves as essential aid to overcome(adaptation)barrier, for instance, incorporates critical legal and regulations are vital to easing and facilitating adaptation into urban processes and strategies(Klein et al., 2014; (Walker, Adger & Russel 2015), and makes adapting action more cost-effective (Hallegatte, 2009; Klein et al., 2014; (Walker, Adger & Russel 2015) In Germany, adaptation is merely integral at all levels of governance (Bundesregierung, 2011; Roggero et al., 2014; (Walker, Adger & Russel 2015). It is a process in between the government’s internal actors, few community-driven strategies or cooperation can be found from the literature review.

Fig. 6 Integrated framework for risk assessment and adaptation planning Source: Kingsborough 2016, p 388.

26

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.3 Chapter conclusion: the conceptual framework

UHI and heatwave is a climatic phenomenon that was caused and influenced by the built environment but has a direct effect on citizens well-being and everyday life, especially for the elderly and people with disadvantage on their physical and social status; hence, has to adapt through physical and behavioural intervention. Most importantly, in an integrated manner that responds to the individual’s vulnerability but also altern the urban climate.

For hard physical adaptation, it could conduct in different urban scale, from urban planning to open space and building design; based on the four principles-albedo, shade, evaporation from the greenery and ventilation that moderate the outdoor and indoor temperature and reducing heat exposure.

For soft behaviour adaptation, it requiring adaptation knowledge, awareness for the risk, access to the information, social service and infrastructure for tempering the degree of vulnerability and susceptibility, architecture-operation to avoiding heat exposure and heat risk management.

The figure (Fig.7)above has to summarise the interrelationship of the cause, impact of UHI on human health and it’s corresponding adapting measures; serve as a frame to examine the vulnerability and adapting capacity of Stuttgart’s community. Further, following bottom-up adaptation planning process to generate a set of local-based adaptation measures. Additionally, discussing the constraints of bottom-up adaptation approach from both the municipal and local perspective in identifying the potential enablers for integrating this approach.

27

28

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

Abedo Shade

• Fresh air corridor

• Garden • Courtyard • Parking lot

• Street • Park • Parking lot • Cemetery • PT station • Forest

HEAT EXPOSURE

• Orientation • External sun protection • Insulation • External sun protection • Building opening • Roof/ façade design

Building design

Private space

Open public space

Urban green-blue infrastructure

• Land use • Building code • Urban greenery project • Incentives for private green

Resident discomfort & HUMAN HEALTH

Building performance

Outdoor thermal Comfort

Urban surface

Evaporation/green

• Air purify program

Human activities

Urban planning Urban density

Ventilation

• Sustainable motility

Environmental policy

Reducing heat generating

Hard adaptation

Adaptation governance

Behavior responses

Awareness

Building operation

Risk responding

Social service

Public infrastructure

Heatwave warning

Education/info flow

Awarness

Risk managment

Soft adaptation

CHAPTER 02

Fig. 7 Conceptual framework-Integrated UHI adaptation scheme. Source: Y. Lai, adapt on Kingsborough 2017, Pelling 2011.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

29

30

3 The spatial context: The case of Stuttgart

31

CHAPTER 03

32

THE SPATIAL CONTEXT

3 The spatial context:case of Stuttgart

Stuttgart is one of the pioneer cities to incorporate climate factors into urban planning ever since 1938; the municipality established a specific department of urban climatology to combined climate factors into zoning code, building regulations. In cope with city’s UHI and climatic issue. This chapter review Stuttgart city’s climate challenge, UHI effects and municipal’s coping strategies.

3.1 UHI in Stuttgart

Stuttgart‘s UHI effects attributed to its geographical location, urban structure, transport mode and industrial history; that further influence climate factors of wind flow, solar irradiation, and humidity.

Geography: Baden-Wuerttemberg(BW)is variant in height, which the low mountain ranges of the Black Forest and Swabian Alp form significant windward-leeward effects, affecting the solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Stuttgart region located in lower Neckar basin, which the surrounding hills and the surface of the built environment shape separate urban climate; result in the inner city’s temperature 7 degrees higher than the surrounding(J. Baumüller, U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein 2008).

33

CHAPTER 03

Low wind situation: Due to geography, BW region’s surrounding mountain divert the wind direction and altern the local wind speed; especially for weak wind area at the southeast in compared to the south-west. Also, result in ow-exchange in weather conditions(J. Baumüller,U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein 2008).

Solar radiation: State of BW receiving highest global radiation owing to its geographical latitude and the various altitude that synergy with the sun position. Although the region of the leeward side of the Alp and the Black Forest have less cloud and longer annual sunshine duration, the frequent cloudy day in Stuttgart region helps to reduce the yearly potential sunshine duration to only 39%(J. Baumüller, U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein 2008).

Last, air pollution and waste heat generating from industry and traffic also contribute to its warming climate and decreasing the environmental quality; while the geolocation and low wind situation worsen the issue.

3.2 Climate change in Stuttgart

3.2.1 Climate change in Stuttgart region

According to the report of the state of BW, the mean temperature for 2000 to 2008 raised 1.1 °C than the period 1961 to 1990 which meet and exceed the international reference stander for climate development (0.74 °C in the last 100 years). The state’s winter temperature has a significant growing than the summer term, in Necker region the winter increased 1.2 °C that 0.9 °C in the summer. (City of Stuttgart 2012). The regional climate projection indicates, till 2050, the regional temperature may be 2 °C warmer in the winter and approx. 1.5 °C raising for the summer; with an increase of summer days ( maximum temperature > 25 °C) for about 30% and double the number of hot days (maximum temperature > 30 °C). Moreover, according to the Stuttgart Region’s climate atlas, the area with heat stress (more than 30 days of heat

34

THE SPATIAL CONTEXT

stress) infection will expand from 6 % to 57 % and affected population consequently (City of Stuttgart 2012).

Even the majority data for the Stuttgart’s climate projection model is from the state-level, and the high uncertainty of the local conditions may rise the uncertainty. The most extended measurement series (sine 1878)(Fig.8) in the Stuttgart region from the station Stuttgart-Hohenheim has captured the evidence of the changing climate(J. Baumüller, U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr.

H. Esswein 2008).

Fig. 8: Development of mean annual air temperatures in Stuttgart-Hohenheim since 1878 Source: Institute of Physics, University of Hohenheim (J. Baumüller,U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein 2008)

3.2.2 The city’s vulnerability and the impact of rising temperature According to the vulnerability report of the Stuttgart region-KlimaMORO, 2011(Vulnerabilitäts Bericht der Region Stuttgart) has indicated Stuttgart been profoundly affected by the rising temperature; due to its threaten on human health and bring the risk of :

• • •

Heatstroke, heat exhaustion.

Loss of wellbeing, low productivity in summer.

Increasing air pollution-related illnesses.

35

CHAPTER 03

• • • •

Damage of wellbeing due to ozone in summer.

Skin damage and immune system debilitate due to intensive UV radiation.

Increase in vector-borne diseases.

Increased exposure to allergens due to extended growing periods.

(Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011)

Further, the local elements such as the spatial feature, ventilation, soil sealing, vegetation cover, population density and an ageing population with high health risk are the main factors contribute to the city’s vulnerability(Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011).

The increasing temperature already affects the BW region; about 2000 heat-related deaths recorded in the 2003 European HW (City of Stuttgart 2012). However, no municipal-level data have documented. The KlimaMORO report also restated that the lack of data about heat-related emergency, further monitoring program and knowledge about heat-related risk are the main challenges in coping with heatwave(Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011). Which is also a recommendation to the city, coupled with building collaboration with medical sectors and health insurance in helping the city has better prepares for heatwave event(Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011).

3.3 Heat adaptation in Stuttgart 3.3.1 Stuttgart’s urban climatology and UHI adaptation history.

Urban climatology theory was developed based on public health and meteorology; it is starting from belonging to the medical sector but then gradually incorporated with urban planning in regulating environmental hygiene with building law, land use and development plans (City of Stuttgart, Environmental Protection Office 2010).

Vice versa in Stuttgart, the development of the EPCD (Department of Environmental Protection, Sector of Climatology) started in 1938, with only one meteorologist under the urban developing department; focus on supporting 36

THE SPATIAL CONTEXT

the planning of municipal regulations that were governing building code and defined spacing, density and utilisation. After post-war time, the increased automobile raised the issue of air hygiene and noise and the EPCD shifted its responsibility accordingly to air purification and noise reduction. From 1965 to 1974, the EPCD enforced air pollution measuring program; From 1995, the EPCD extended its response to climate protection and created the first climate protection program (KLIKS). Until 2009, the EPCD started incorporating UHI adaptation in their task under the general focus of environmental, with the centre of the measures such as urban green, fresh air corridors, street planting, roof greening and cross-cutting the issue of air pollution and noise.

Meanwhile, the soft adaptation info system was established in 2004 within the state government and Public health Department(PHD). In the KLIMAKS project in 2012, the city firstly combined both UHI hard and soft measures , partly involved with the joint project with the European Union’s( EU ) project for global Urban Heat Islands phenomenon from 2011 to 2014 (Stadtklima Stuttgart | Planung ;City of Stuttgart 2012; City of Stuttgart, Environmental Protection Office 2010).

To conclude Stuttgart’s UHI adaptation with the table below. (Tab.6) The Stuttgart municipal’s UHI adaptation mainly rely on top-down policy and large scale hard measure. The bottom-up measure in community-level still infancy and the hard and soft measure only integrated with special funding project.

37

CHAPTER 03

Year Project / report

Type

Level

1987

Reworking of climate atlas

Report

City

1992

Reworking of climate atlas with Neighborhood Association Stuttgart

Hard

City

1997

The Climate Protection Concept Stuttgart (KLIKS)

Hard

City

2004

Mortality among residents of Nursing homes in Baden-Wü rttemberg during the heatwave in August 2003 (Sterblichkeit Soft under Bewohnern von Pflegeheimen in Baden-Württemberg wä shrend der Hitzewelle im August 2003)

State

2005

Climate change - impacts, risks, adaptation(klimawandel auswirkungen, risiken, anpassung, klara)

Both

State

2008

climate atlas regions tuttgart III(klimaatlas region stuttgart)

Report

City

Environmental aspects in spatial planning in Stuttgart ( part of KLIKS) Global climate change – adaptation and mitigation: the new challenge facing urban climatology (AVHS)

Hard City measure Hard City measure

Vulnerability Report of the Stuttgart Region(Vulnerabilitäts Bericht der Region Stuttgart, KlimaMORO)

Report

City

Both

EU

2009 2010 2011

EU Development and application of mitigation and adaptation

2011strategies and measures for counteracting the global Urban 2014 Heat Islands phenomenon 2012

Climate adaptation concept Stuttgart (Klimaanpassungskonzept Stuttgart,KLIMAKS)

Both

City/EU

2013

Optimisation of heat warning in Stuttgart(Optimierung der Hitzewarnung in Stuttgart,HITWIS)

Soft

City/ EU

Hard

City

Hard

State

2014 2015

Ludwig, F_Climate-active Baubotanische city quarters, Building typologies and infrastructures_Model projects and planning tools Climate planning pass Stuttgart (Klimaplanungspass Stuttgart,)Klipp S

2015

Municipal green program (kommunale grundprogram) Urban gardening program(Urbane Gärten)

Hard

City

2016

Climate adaptation in the Stuttgart region(Klimaanpassung in der Region Stuttgart, KARS) for Esslingen and Ludwigsburg

Hard

City

2018

Strategic Health Promotion,stg_Tips for the hot season(Tipps f Soft ür die heiße Jahreszeit )

City

2019

Stuttgart fountain(Stuttgarter Brunnen)

City

Tab. 6: The UHI and climate relative project for Stuttgart city.

Including soft measure Source: Y. Lai, based on the (Stadtklima Stuttgart | Planung | Planung).

38

Hard

THE SPATIAL CONTEXT

3.3.2 Stuttgart’s UHI adaptation govemence and and actors

Urban governance for hard measures As the previous discussion, the city’s UHI adaptation lies between environment protection and climate mitigation and adaptation; which are presented by the environment protection plan ‘Climate change– adaptation and mitigation: the challenge facing urban climatology (AVHS), 2010 ‘and climate adaptation plan ‘Climate adaptation concept Stuttgart (KLIMAKS), 2012’respectively. The table below briefly showcase the UHI adaptation measures from both projects. (Tab.7) From both the AVHS and KLIMAKS projects, the municipal’s strategies included developing regulation for the masterplan, land use, building code; and the design of urban’ green infrastructure and turn the grey infrastructure like road, train track and building into green (City of Stuttgart 2012; City of Stuttgart, Environmental Protection Office 2010). This measures involving the actors of EPCD, Urban planning and housing Department(UPHD), Department of Garden, Cemetery and forest(GCFD), Civil Engineering Department(CED) with the aim to synergies with air quality, noise reduction and climate change mitigation.

Urban governance for soft measures Many of UHI soft measures were planing separately by the state government and the city’s Health Department. The state and city have co-operated in heat adaptation after the 2003 European heatwave. In which they planed measures such as building the info system for behaviour adaptation in 2004, connecting the DWD (German Weather Service) to 1200 nursing homes across the state of BW (Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011), assigning risk assessment and the development of adaptation and risk reduction measures in the city’s agenda that carried out the KlimaMORO project (Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011). More measures later on proposed in the KLIMAKS project; which includes monitoring the risk of UHI, relevant infection diseases, upgraded behavioral adapt info system and education program, food safety, climate-protection measure for medical infrastructure, workplace safety, occupational heat exposure, AC for public transport, etc (City of Stuttgart 2012); which take charge by the internal actors such as EPCD, UPHD, GCFD, PHD, Communication Department (CD), Department for Labour(EDOL) and Mobile Department(MD) with the external partnership with SSB, DB, medical sectors, educational sectors, nursing home, etc.

39

CHAPTER 03

Most importantly, both hard and soft measure involving local scale, for instance, hard measure in building, open space and private free space like a courtyard; soft measures that link to the local institution like elderly home, school and individual’s practice. Which it demonstrates the importance of engaging with local actors and the general public in the UHI adaptation actions, especially for soft adapt. Nevertheless, no specific plan for HW risk management discussed in KLIMAKS, the social department and civil protection department were not involved in and not focusing on the heat vulnerable groups.

3.4 Chapter conclusion

Due to the city’s geography setting, built environment, mobility mode and industry contribute to Stuttgart’s UHI effect, and results in the inner city area is seven degrees warmer than the surrounding hills side. Meanwhile, the impact of climate change will cause warmer summer, frequent extreme events such as drought and heatwave that could worsen the situation. Moreover, historical climate data from the University of Hohenheim has shown that the current climate is warmer, the UHI effect has intensified and the citizens already under the risk.

Although the municipal demonstrate strong will in environment protection; however, UHI adaptation is not exclusive to the environmental issue. The social and health aspects, as well as VUL groups, are not in the centre of the city’s action yet.

Even though no direct data indicate how many people in Stuttgart suffered in 2003 HW. The KlimaMORO already point the city have high risk in heat-related hazard and suggested the municipality being active in risk responding and reduce the vulnerability. With more downscale measures to localise adaptation and keep the civic society be engaged.

40

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

KLIMAKS,2012

AVHS,2010

• Courtyard * • Garden * • Parking lot **

Private Green

• Urban Tree concept * • Old Tree protection * • Temperature simulations • Shading bus stops * • Pavement at bus stops * • Greening at PT stops *

• Green-Blue roof ** • Green façade* • Building thermal insulation *

Building design

• Park • Roadside greenery ** • Cemeteries • Grass tracks ** • Green allotments ** • Climatic optimization plan*

• Urban Green spaces ** • Green corridors • Green networks • Air corridors ** • Outline plan ** • Building and land management **

Urban planning

Open public space

BG infra

Adaptation Governance

• Adaptation Info system * • Heatwave optimisation *

Adaptation Info

• Climate protection in workrooms * • Climate-proofing icritical INFRA*

Building operation

• Summer food safety * • Protection for outdoors workers * • AC in PT Vehicles * • Extend outdoor pool season *

Soft adap policy

• Monitoring "Urban Heat Island“ * • Monitoring climate influenced diseases* (infection)

Soft adap policy

THE SPATIAL CONTEXT

Tab. 7: Comparing heat-related measure from AVHS and KLIMAKS.

Source: Y. Lai, based on AVHS 2010 and KLIMAKS 2012.

41

42

4 Research question and Methodology

43

CHAPTER 04

44

RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY

4 Research question and Methodology 4.1 Research question

How to adapt to UHI through bottom-up and in a integrated manners in the city of Stuttgart

Data&Tool

SUB QUEST

CITY

How to integrated bottom-up and top-down adaptation in Stuttgart city City’s adaptation capacity Grey literature

Outcome

Expert interview

COMM

What bottom-up adaptation strategies andstrength Stuttgart's community have?

INDV

Interpreted bottom-upUHI adaptation proposal

COMM risk and capacity assessment.

Adaptation option selecting and proposing

Spatial Mapping Observation In-depth interview Content analysis

Literature review Measure chart Barriers category Mapping barriers Integrated UHI adapting measure

City’s challenges for UHI adaptation

Vulnerability and Susceptibility

City’s bottom-up measure

COMM’s challenges and capacity for bottom-up adaptation.

COMM’s bottom-up measure.

Key enablaer for bottom-up adaptation Comm VUL based UHI adaptation proposa

Fig. 9: Research strategy scheme. Source: Y. Lai.

Research object:

How to integrate bottom-up UHI adaptation approaches in Stuttgart city?

Sub question:

01. How to adapt to UHI from bottom-up?

02. How to integrated bottom-up and top-down adaptation?

45

CHAPTER 04

Continue with the discussion about UHI adaptation need to think integratively, cross multi-sector, level, scale and timeframe and most importantly based on local impact and vulnerability; aware that the Stuttgart city’s current adaptation policy does not meet such criteria and initiated this research.

4.2 Research strategy Research strategy

A mix of quantitative and qualitative data set is collected and applied in the first part of the research in assessing the community’s risk and capacity, in this case, the community of Leonhardsviertel was chosen. By examining the impact of heat on different social group, the community’s existing bottom-up adapting measures to identify the barriers and potential enablers. Secondly, get insight the municipal’s obstacles in implementing the city’s bottom-up adaptation strategies and the likely enablers, through expert interview. Last, discussed the strength and weakness of both levels, incorporated with suggested adaptation measures to redefining the role of different sectors in bottom-up adaption and how to address the community’s vulnerability. Then further concluded the potential of these local lead process in building and enhancing the overall resilient of the city toward UHI. 4.3 Data collecting method and analysis.

In the purpose of planing bottom-up UHI adaptation and the potential to integrate it into city-level; physical space observation, mapping and expert interview are employed for the risk and capacity assessment in community-level. For understanding the municipality’s constraint for UHI adaptation and bottom-up approach. The grey literature review and the expert interview are used for acquainting city’s implementation for the adaptation plan and what challenges have been perceived — thus finding the entry point for bottom-up adaptation.

Grey literature review was used in understanding the background of the

case study. Government report such as UHI effect in Stuttgart, Stuttgart city’s vulnerability assessment, future climate projection, social data and Stuttgart’s adaptation policy as well as other relevant project and local news.

46

RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY

Physical space observation is employed in understanding existing hard meas-

ures that practising at the community level. A chart developed on heat adaptation principles-albedo, shading, evaporation, and ventilation and its corresponding measures have been used for assisting the observation. (Anx. 1 ).

Spatial mapping is applied to examining the community’s susceptible. A set of

criteria has been selected and used for mapping the supporting pubic facility of the individual’s heat adapting capacity. Which will introduce in detail in chapter five community-level Analysis.

The expert interview was utilised as a tool for insight both community and

city’s constrain and strength, to recognising the enablers of bottom-up adaptation practice. Two questionnaires were developed accordingly to conduct semi-structured interviews. (Anx.2; Anx.3)The collecting interview feedbacks were coded according to: • Impact of heat (vulnerability and susceptible) • Type of adaptation measure (hard and soft) • Challenge for adaptation • The benefit of the measure The coded information was sorted based on the integrated UHI adaptation conceptual frame (Anx.4) for conducting content analysis and identifying the common barriers and critical enablers for bottom-up adaptation. Further, base on the community’s vulnerability, generate a set of bottom-up measures.

4.4 Sampling group selection 4.4.1 Case study community selection

The selection of the case study community base on the following criteria: • Current under serve UHI effect.

• Future Heat stress.

• Air pollution level and traffic load.

• Future potion of sensitive population (e.g. elderly and children).

47

CHAPTER 04

Mitte

Stuttgart

Germany

Vulneribility of the population Core city climatope City climatope City periphery climatope Greenbelt climatope Fig. 10 Result of mapping analysis for the case study community:Leonhardsvorstadt.

Source: Y. Lai, based on J. Baumüller,U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein 2008, p.153; Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011, p.96.

Basing on Stuttgart’s GIS mapping analysis of ‘urban climatope1 ‘ and ‘vulnerability of the population’ from the reports ‘Climate Atlas for Stuttgart Region, 2008’ and ‘Vulnerability Report of the Stuttgart Region (KlimaMORO), 2011’(J. Baumüller,U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein 2008; Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich 2011). Two areas with dense sensitive population overlap with ‘core city climatope’ been identified from the mapping result- the Bad Cannstatt and Leonhardsvorstadt; In which Leonhardsvorstadt (Fig.10) been selected as the case study community due to: • • • •

Number of CBO and social institutes acting in the community.

Key person for contacting the community origination.

Urban environment setting, high dense inner-city area.

Accessibility of the location.

1 Core city climatope referred to high dense inner-city development with limited green areas leads heat island effects with average low humidity. Also, the street canyons wind turbulence intensifies the high pollutant load and noise pollution, that indirectly influence UHI ( J. Baumüller,U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein (2008).

48

RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY

From the initial desktop research, Leonhardsvorstadt was found to have more CBO, the social institutions that are providing service for the vulnerable (VUL) group. Secondly, the Leonhardsvorstadt is the project site for the MSc, IUSD VIII intake in which they already have contact with the key person who knows about the community. Third, the inner city area has a higher density than and more challenges in terms of optimising the urban green in coping UHI. Last, the location is accessible for conducting interview and observation. Therefore Leonhardsvorstadt been chosen as case study community.

4.4.2 Case study group selection

The selecting of the expert interviewee divide into three levels: individual, institutional, sectoral. (Anx.5)

Individual-level is to understand how heat vulnerable group such as elderly,

people with medical issue bee effect by heat and their capacity to cope with it. In this case, the senior citizen service program of the church, elderly community centre, kindergarten, social institute for the drug user are chosen for discerning the community’s vulnerability.

Institutional-level is to understand the community’s adapting capacity and

the potential actors for bottom-up adaptation. In this case, the community-based organisation (CBO), social institute, religious organisation, other NGO acting in Leonhardsvorstadt are conducted for the interview.

Sectoral-level is to recognise the city’s adapting capacity and possibility to

integrated bottom-up adaptation approach. Base on the availability of the interviewees and their relevance with UHI adaptation the Section of Climatology of Environmental-protection Department (EPCD), Department of Garden, Cemetery and Forest (GCGD), Department of Social Welfare (SD), Depart49

CHAPTER 04

ment of Public Health (PHD) are conducted for the interview.

4.5 Limitation of the research

Language is the factor that affects the quality of the interview feedback since

English is both the researcher and interviewee’s second language. Also, the majority of the grey literature and web information are in German, that required convert through a translator and may result in information misleading. Community events such as a student project workshop and community dialogue event are also in German, which some valuable information was not able to be collected.

Availability of the interviewee: hospital, clinic, school, parent association,

the elderly home also on the initial interview list; however, no interviewee from these sectors are available during the data collection period. Although the info from a similar group may make up the absent knowledge, these factors may still affect the credibility of the recommendation and outcome.

Data for heat-related emergency: since the city and most of the inter-

viewed organisation do not document data such as heat-related emergency, portability, mortality. However, the interview with two senior members and social workers do share the first-hand, insight knowledge of the urgency that may occur to the VUL groups in extreme weather event. Although the number of interviewees cannot represent the whole group, some vulnerable and capacity analysis can only be an assumption based on the literature.

50

RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHODOLOGY

51

52

5 Community level analysis

53

CHAPTER 05

54

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

5 Community level analysis

5.1 Case study community: Leonhardsvorstadt

CityTree

Leonhardsviertel

Leonhardsvorstadt

ZĂźblinParkhaus

Mitte

Stuttgart

Germany

Fig. 11: Leonhardsvorstadt and the ongoing upgrading project Source: Y. Lai, base on google map and Leonhardsviertel develop plan(Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart)

55

CHAPTER 05

Leonhardsvorstadt located at the east side of the inner city, along the main road B14(Fig.11);consists the northern Bohnenviertel and southern Leonhardsviertel. Which it is the first expansion of the Stuttgart inner city in the 14th century; and became one of the longest-historical community in the town. The Bohnenviertel reconstructed after the Second World War, the construction of the ZüblinParkhaus in 1963 segregated the district. With the Bohnenviertel turn into a new residential area and the southern Leonhardsviertel maintain its medieval Stuttgart feature, but mainly for commercial and entertainment usage.(Development plan leonhardsviertel-Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt; History of Leonhardsvorstadt - Leonhardsvorstadt e. V.) The long-developing history of the community also enable it formulated a robust social tie, the local business and bar became vital social spots for the resident; various religion centres and attached social institution and charity also founded in here, besides, being adjacent to the town hall attract the municipality to settle governmental social organisation in here. Moreover, Leonhardsvorstadt retains much historic building, especially in the southern part, where the building facade tends to be yellow to red colour and with a pitched roof. The old city morphology formulates small alley that still paves with brick.(Neues grün in der esslinger strass; Development plan leonhardsviertel-Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt; History of Leonhardsvorstadt - Leonhardsvorstadt e. V.) The community have two ongoing urban upgrading project at Leonhardsviertel area and the ZüblinParkhaus (Leonhardsviertel develop plan;Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart); aim to re-unify the Bohnenviertel and Leonhardsviertel, balancing the mix-used development also strengthing its historic character.

Corresponding regulation for facades and advertising facilities design has issued in protecting its historical feature. In May 2018, the city implemented a UHI mitigation-related greenery project along Esslinger strass, with new street trees and the CityTrees1 installation (Fig.12); aimed to demonstrate a solution for spatial limitation. The community interview expressed that the cooling effect was not convincing ‘these projects are one year two years old 1 The CityTree is a green installation with moss plant, aim to add greenery at the open space above underground structure that is not suitable for tree planting. This urban green solution cost 115,000 euros, including maintenance. (neues grün in der esslinger strass-Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt

56

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

and they say it’s cooling and it’s called city trees but I don’t believe it.’(Interviews with Leonhardsvorstadt, 2019). (neues grün in der esslinger strass-Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt) So, aside from the UHI effect derive from its inner-city climatop, the heavy traffic from the B14 could increase its exposure to vehicle waste-heat; while it’s building morphology help creating shading alley for the resident but the old building typology may also retain more heat in the area. Meanwhile, the new development projects provided an opportunity for altering the microclimate, yet, the selection of the measure should be prudence. And the local network and the CBO, SI active in the community could play a role in putting UHI adaptation in practice.

Fig. 12: The CityTree installation Source: Y. Lai

57

CHAPTER 05

5.2 Vulnerability and Susceptibility of the Leonhardsvorstadt

Kids and elderly and ill people are sensitive to the extreme weather; additionally, their social-economic statue also increases the degree of vulnerability, last, their susceptibility for heat os attribute to availability of public infrastructure and cooling spot. This chapter will examine above mention groups and factors that determine Leonhardsvorstadt’s level of heat-related risk.

Susceptibility

Vulnerability

Elderly, infants and children, people with chronic diseases, people taking certain medications.

Single elderly

Water availability, Mobility, Cooling indoor and outdoor space, Spot for social gathering, Medical facility, Social service for VUL group

M / INST

5.2.1 Vulnerability: Impact of heat on the elderly,kids,addicts and young adult.

Human health Direct

Indirect • Health service • Disruption of infrastructure ‘‘The heatwave in • Risk of accidents • Transmission disease Chicago and Europe in 1995 and 2003 have Elderly: High respectively led to 739 and 20000 Older people’s physical condition is heat-relatchallenging to adjust to the changing ed deaths.’’(Brücker et al. 2005)symptoms, such as over sweated, fatigue, weather and has more heat-health • Heat illness • Accelerated death • Hospitalization

38°C

stress, skin irritation and other relevant mental disruption; aside from the dizziness, insomnia, illness and psychological issues they have; this has worsened their condition makes them feel more discomfort. Moreover, some elders loss sense of heat and thirsty or suffer from dementia that hinders the capacity for behavioural adaptation.

Decreasing vision and walkability affect elder’s mobility; also most of them rely on public transport which increases the chance of heat and cold exposure in the summer and winter; consequently reducing outdoor and social activities, moreover, most of them avoid the pickup-service from the church and social agent due depressure and their personality that result in being isolated.

The changing family structure and individual’s mobility result in a high percentage of single elderly(SE), which make them have less social contact; also, different cultural background and personality affect SE’s will to live in elderly 58

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

accommodation; therefore they are hard to be informed for heatwave event and adaptation measures. Additionally, few elderly use the internet or social media or have difficulty to read or memorise adaptation info due to decline vision or memories; which hard for them to keep their adapting knowledge up to date. Therefore, couple with elder’s mobility, when the HW is happening, the SE is isolating at home without being noticed if an emergency occurred, unless someone visits them.

Last, seniors have has less financial capacity in investing cooling device or adaptation measure, due to the fact of mainly rely on pension and saving for living. Hence they have lowest adaptation capcity among other social groups.

Children: Moderate Children are still under developing, which they are also sensitive to the sun, so, they could not expose to extreme weather. But their body sense is keen enough for them to adjust their behaviours and seeking help; also, they always accompanied by parent or another young adult who can assist them and guide them so that they could react accordingly in the HW. Further, most of the parent aware of the heat-related hazard and willing to invest in adaptation to keep their children’s well-being; even they facing financial difficulty, they can get support from the city.

However, the kids may have the risk of heat-exposure in the kindergarten or on their way of travelling. Due to the condition of the public transport(PT) station, street and the nursery school; for the kindergarten especially, since they spend most of the time in there; though, most of the daycare do not equipt air-condition(AC), some of them have limited capacity in adjusting outdoor and indoor climate due to the design of the playground and building.

Drug user: Moderate This research only interviewed the social agent for drug addiction than the hospital and clinic. Nevertheless, addict’s physical and social situation was found to be more fragile and disadvantage than the illness people or disabled people.

The drug addict’s side effects often impede themselves, and others perceive that they are under heat stress and react to it, ‘’ Because they are sweating and thirsty all the time, they feel cold and hot not just because of the weather.’’(Interviews with High noon, 2019) ; also, their medication increasing their 59

CHAPTER 05

risk of body collapse. Further, addicts have lower social capital in compare to disability people, owing to lack of family support,.’’ half of the addictions life by themselves, only 20% live with their family and can get care from family’’.

(Interviews with High noon, 2019); yet, they have better mobility than most of the elderly; they can visit the social agencies and have social contact and give them access to the information flow, but their attitude and issues in life may result in low motivation and capacity in adaptation.

Young adult: low Young adult has high acclimation in general; still, they been affected by heat; for instance, fatigue, insomnia, restless after sleep and low productivity at work; yet, they could cope mention issues by adjusting routine and behaviour. Also, young people have higher mobility and easy access to adaptation information or HW warning through the internet and different social; further, they have more resource, attention and capacity in investing and applying adaptation measures to modify the indoor and outdoor temperature.

Conclusion

According to the above mention interview feedback and observation, older people are the most vulnerable group attribute to their physical, mental, social and financial conditions. For the children and people with addiction, their level of a vulnerability is moderate; owing to the kids been support by the adults and addicts have better mobility and access to information. Young adult’s physical, social and financial conditions are superior among all social groups, in which they are considered to be the key actors for implementing adaptation measure and reducing the vulnerability of the others.

60

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

5.2.2 Susceptibility: access to cool-spot and public infrastructure.

Susceptibility indicators: physical public infrastructure that supporting heat adaptation Infrastructure and facility

Observation object

Water availability

Drinking fountain.*

*level of threshold

Water fountain Super market / Kiosk** Café*** Restaurant****

Mobility

Street car

Public transportation.

Bus

Cooling center with free access Cooling outdoor space

Public building Shopping mall Park / Square Community center

Spot for social gathering

Religion center Local bar and café

Medical facility service

Hospital Clinic

Tab. 8: Susceptibility catalogue for community.

Sourc e: Y. Lai, adapt to (Manik and Syaukat 2014; SENSW 2018; Zaidi and Pelling 2015)

The susceptibility catalogue

Susceptibility in the climate vulnerability assessment refers to the factors that modify the effect of vulnerable level of individual or an area; in this research, the above listing physical and social infrastructures (Tab.8) are selected as the effect modifiers for community’s susceptibility; through on-site observation and interviews, the location of these facilities and the how community use them to cope with heat has been understood and examined.

Drinking water Only three water fountains and one drink water located in the Leonhardsvorstadt, and none of the interviewees know and uses them for heat adaptation.

Also, some respondents mention drinking water from the fountain is not a practice in German society. The Interviewees need to carry water or purchase 61

CHAPTER 05

from the supermarket due to the water from cafĂŠ and restaurant is costly; plus the limited access to the toilet facility also keep people from being hydrated at the outdoor.

Mobility The Leonhardsvorstadt neighbourhood is well connected to all public transport (PT); yet, the heat-protection in some PT stations is insufficient. For instance, most of the bus and streetcar stations expose to the direct sun and vehicle waste-heat;, especially along the B14. Only a limited amount of greeneries was planted nearby the bus station to providing shading and cooling, most of the stops only protected by a small shading structure. The underground stations of the streetcars are cold most of the time due to being well shaded. However, these tunnels may accumulate heat in the mid-summer due to the insufficient fresh air exchange according to the interview feedback.

Cooling spots Cooling public building and open space are suggested in most literature as a vital measure for vul groups. In Leonhardsvorstadt, some seniors visit the shopping mall, library, museum and air-conditioning public space for cooling purpose, especially if the places are nearby the community or inside the public transport network. The church was cool as the structure stabilise the room temperature, yet, once it heats up in the mid-summer, it is challenging to cool down. Open-public space like a park should be a place for cooling, but few interviewees mentioned using a community park for such purpose due to the way it designed.

Community gathering spots Places such as community centre, church, social service for homeless and addict or local bar and restaurant inside Leonhardsvorstadt are vital gathering spots for social integration and exchanging information. Some places have limited cooling capacity, that some vul group may avoid visiting in the mid-summer, especially if they travel on feet.

Medical services The medical services are welly equipt in the inner city area; most of the people could easily access, or the hospital response quickly if there’s an emergency.

62

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Fig. 13: location of the public infrastructure. Source: Y.Lai based on Google map and observation

Conclusion

To conclude the finding, the Leonhardsvorstadt’s susceptibility is moderate; as public infrastructure and service are well located. There’s a need to improve some of the PT stations, public open spaces and community gathering spots’ climate condition as well as the availability of the drinking water.

63

CHAPTER 05

5.3 Community’s adaptation capacity for hard measures.

Hard meaures catploges for open space

Fig.14: community’s open space.

Source: Y. Lai.

Fig.15: Street along B14.

Source: Y. Lai,Y. Lai.

UHI adaptation hard measure (AHM) for community-level apply on community open public space, private space and building. The list of measures based on the principle of albedo, shade, greenery and evaporation cooling was selected for tailoring the interview questionnaire and conducting site observation.(Anx.1; Anx. 2); thereby, the following spaces such as the building, courtyard, parking lot, backyard as well as the street, squared, park, public parking lot and public transportation station was observed; and community’s challenges for implementing the hard measures were discussed in the interviews.

5.3.1 Open public space: Street, squared, park, parking lot.

Cooling capacity of the open public space

Fig.16: Leonhardsplatz.

Source: Y. Lai.

64

Street The community’s vul group use the street on a daily base.

The observation finds that the pedestrian and PT station along the main road are mostly exposed to the sun, unlike some small community alleys that are shaded by the surrounding buildings. Also, lack of additional shading structure and greenery, and the exposure to traffic waste-heat and air pollution make these main streets’ sidewalk the most discomfort place to be in the summer, according to most of the interviewees.

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Schlossplatz

Marktplatz

Wagnerstraße park Leonhardsplatz Züblinparkhaus +Rooftop garden

Olgastraße park

Wilhelmsplatz

Fig.17:Map of the community’s open space. Source: Y. Lai.

Square, park and public parking lot Most of the community’s park and square is seal with the dark-colour hard surface which has low albedo and zero evaporation cooling effect, such as the Wilhelmsplatz, Leonhardsplatz Schlossplatz and the rooftop of the Züblinparkhaus. Same for the playground around the Züblinparkhaus and the others locate alone Wagnerstraße, and Olgastraße, that stems from the design of the park are mainly for playground or skateboard; consequently, only limited open water, vegetation for shadowy and evaporation implement in the community’s outdoor space. Additionally, these open spaces provide limited facility and little consideration for the elderly, who are sensitive to the weather and crowded noisy atmosphere. Thereby, only a few interviews express the seniors use the open public space for cooling.

Surprisingly, elders often visit the forest for cooling in the summer, same for some young adults. Nonetheless, when older people ageing and their walkability is decreasing, visiting the wood can be a challenge for them.

65

CHAPTER 05

Community’s measure for public space

Fig. 18: Community’s street festival.

Source: Y. Lai.

Moveable shading structures and located the seats under the shadowy is the most common measures in Leonhardsvorstadt. Owing to the number of commercial usages on the ground floor, many shop owners install overhanging and umbrella to shade the street; especially during the local street festival, the community business association and store owner will set up the tents and umbrellas.

Some community-based organisation (CBO) and the church also arrange outdoor seating under the shadow of the tree for the community members and maintain the space surround by the church.

Community’s constrain for open public space

Fig. 19: Moveable shading from the local restaurant. Source: Y. Lai.

Fig. 20: Open space around the church, Source: Y. Lai.

66

The city’s street tree only started a few years ago; many new trees required 5-10 years of growing; therefore, some temporary intervention is essential in this timeframe. Community need the city’s permission to set up the shading installation at the open public space,‘It is not that easy,this involve applying permission and so on.’(Interviews with Bohnenviertel e. V, 2019). Also, these structures can only be temporary for few hours or few days; that means, the community have to keep on maintaining them, in which, lower the feasibility and increasing the amount of work for both the community and city. The general maintenance of the space also demotivates the CBO in applying adaptation measures. Although the church has the authority of the area in the surrounding, the responsibility for cleaning up the trash and used needles that were left by the user of the community’s social services makes the church worry causing damage on the shading structure and bring more trash, and prefer to keep space as simple as possible. ‘We always have a concern about people left trash,,,that is why the

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

church does not have many events at our church surrounding’, ‘ if we have the green facade may encourage the drunk people who hang out there now to pee or they may try to pull out the plant.’(Interviews with Leonhardskirche, 2019) 5.3.2 Private open space: courtyard, backyard, parking lot.

Fig. 21: Shading alley for service usage.

Source: Y. Lai.

Community’s measure for private open space

Most of the private own open space (POOS) such as a courtyard and backyard in Leonhardsvorstadt are green, with the vegetation, fountain, trees and green facade, especially at the northern part of the community. The residents are willing to enhancing neighbourhood greenery to create a semi-private space for recreation, and social interaction, the cooling effect of these florae is a side value; especially for young adults, who would like to invest and maintain the green courtyard even without the funding from the city. One of the interviewees is glad to shares the city’s KG program to his landlord’s mailbox to propose the measure. (Fig.25) However, not all the POOS in the case study are green. At the south part of the community, courtyards are used for storage and parking lot, which the sealing surface that restricted the space for vegetation and trees. Same for the kindergarten, where most of the place been occupied by playground facility and have to use moveable shading structure as the substitute for trees. Also, the surrounding building blocks the local ventilation, which makes some courtyards accumulate heat quickly, and the kids have to reduce their outdoor activities.‘after 11:00 it is impossible(to stay outside),,, There’s

Fig. 22: BMH courtyard. Source: Caritas Stuttgart.

Fig. 23: Private green courtyard.

Source: Y. Lai.

67

CHAPTER 05

no wind breeze in the garden because we are surrounded by the building, so the garden doesn’t get cool down’ (Interviews with Sophienenkirche kindergarten, 2019) Community’s constrain for private open space.

Fig. 24: Courtyard as parking lot.

Source: Y. Lai.

Fig. 25: Interviewee share the city KG program’s flyer in his landlord’s mailbox after the interview. Source: M.Wuthenau

68

To continue the previous section; aside from spatial condition, competed for usage, the community also have the constraints of land ownership, resource, knowledge and institutional priority in implementing hard measures in POOS. Regarding the ownership, most of the CBO, social institutions (SI), kindergartens and tenants have no proprietary; for the POOS with more than ten shared owners, the process getting permission and majority’s consent can be a headache. Concerning resources such as budget, technique, knowledge and human force for constructing and maintaining the adaptation measures; most of the CBO, SI have their priority and not having spare sources, unless they get the additional support and authority from their higher administration; also lack of knowledge about hard adaptation hinder the adaptation action or cause maladaptation, for instance, designing black pavement in daycare playground that accumulates heat in the summer, ‘The pavement for the playground is black that is a special material for protecting the kids fall but it gets really hot in the summer.’ (Interviews with Sophienenkirche kindergarten, 2019).

Last, most of the green courtyard is privately own, even though it has the potential of being a cooling spot, it is not accessible for all people; but in concern of privacy, security and maintenance make the resident hard to make the courtyard public, ‘Only the people who live there can use it. Other people have no access’ (Interviews with Leonhardsvorstadt. e.V, 2019).

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

5.3.3 Building scale: Green roof, façade and facade design.

Hard measures catalogues for building

Hard measures for building scale is for preventing the indoor area heat up and the capacity to release the heat, this including measure for roof, façade, building opening, sun protection and insulation; which is examined by site observation an interview; however, the observation capture only the facade design, for the roof and interior are conducting through interview.

Community’s measure for building

The hard measure that the community have applied are a green-roof, rooftop garden, green facade, overhanging, blinds, the umbrella. The majority accepts the green-roof because it is common do not require many resources; for the rooftop garden on Züblinparkhaus organising by the CBO Ebnen 0 has provided recreation, social interaction and gardening practice for the neighbourhood. For building’s facade protection as overhanging are applied by kindergarten, storefront and some residential building; the blinder, handmade curtain and umbrella at the balcony are considered to be most budget-friendly and easy to maintain. The cold facade and cold roof were not known or applied by the community; further, most of the facade in Leonhardsvorstadt tend to be in dark colours, which absorb the heat for the building and also influence the climate condition of surrounding open space.

Community’s constrain for building scale

The community have the constraints of property ownership, resource, building condition, regulation in implementing hard measures in the building scale. Regarding the ownership, it becomes an issue again for the CBO, SI and tenants and shared owners. Aside from the number of shared owners, the communicating process becomes difficult when it comes to the personal attitude and value of the property owner and institution leaders. Most of the owner owns the building just for investment, and some even move out from Stuttgart. For the owner who resides in the community have the concern of the green facade may breeding insect and destroy the building structure and refuse to give their permission.

Regarding the challenges of resource investment, same to the POOS; institutional priority, budget, technique, knowledge and workforce restrict the CBO, SI again but less critical for the single household; although the city has 69

CHAPTER 05

the funding program for green construction, it was not known by the interviewees and not feasible for the CBO an SI as they need ownership to apply for the fund.

For building condition, the type of roof and the facade condition is vital for green roof and facade, yet, many of the building roofs in Leonhardsvorstadt are not flat; further, most of the old building was built without considering the cooling capacity, which it has limited amount of opening, insufficient insulation, no sun protection and poor air circulation; but the renovation for olde building requiring more technical, financial investment and in some case, changing regulation, as some architecture was regulated by the heritage protection, ‘as the church is heritage we cannot change the structure of the building, even the greening of the trees also kept by the cities’(Interviews with St.Katharinakirche, 2019); Last, for green façade that needs ground contact sometimes required space from the street, which involve the procedure for changing land-use.

70

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

5.3.4 Conclusion

Measure: The hard measure such as a tree, water-supplied green, ground-based green facade, lawn, green roof and rooftop garden and temporary shading structure in POOS, the courtyard are observed in Leonhardsvorstadt; some of them also applied in public open space (POS) such as moveable shading structure, planting and few green facades Barriers : Ownership and permission for space are the main barriers, while resource threshold also influences the feasibility. Also, the lack of knowledge for cooling principle, limit the CBO and individual’s choice of hard measures; for instance, cold pave, facade, open water source and evaporation beds are not acknowledged as an adapting measure by most of the interviewees. Additionally, measure like a green facade is long-time consuming; and measure like cold paving in OPS, examing and improving local ventilation, need to involve high authority or a large number of stakeholders. All these barriers could undermine demotivating community and individual in adaptation hard measure practice.

Actors: The key actors drive the UHI hard adaptation are the residents, local business owner, SI and CBO. The inhabitant is vital for the hard measure in building and POOS due to the ownership, authority and motivation as they use these space on a daily base; even they are tenant they are willing to communicate with their landlord in getting permission for hard adaptation. The local store is key actors for the hard measure in POS like street nearby their stores, as they use it for commercial purpose and willing to maintain it. The CBO and SI are drivers for the community’s development and have direct and indirect influence at the open public space. Though the degree of leverage depending on the focus of each institution; they have indirectly applied hard adaptation, like urban gardening.

Although the community have an advantage for ownership, local resources and motivation to improve the living environment or urban gardening practice, without proper knowledge about UHI, adaptation principle, the authority of the space, adjustment for heritage protection, external resource support and most important the awareness and empowerment to cope with UHI, and cooperation between different actors.

71

72

Fig. 26: Summarising community’s challenges for hard adaptation Source: Y. Lai adapts from Kingsborough, A and literatur

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

No prio

Roof

Heritage prot

Ownership

Low colleberation among CBO

Heritage prot

Facade protection Investment

Facade Investment

Maint

Roof

Knowl

Ownership

Not flate

Maint

Attitude

Heritage prot

Ownership

Resource

Spatial condition

Ownsrship Facade

Usage

Courtyard

Maint

No auth No technic

No acs

limited sapce

No auth

Stree

Stree/ OS Temporary

Greenery

No knowledge

Shading

Pavement

Albedo

Lacking knowledge about UHI & cooling principle

Building design

Private Green

Open public space

Forest and park well located in the community and city

No intergenerational design

Open space lack of attractiveness

Urban green

Not feasible

Open water

Evaporation Open water Fountain

Heritage prot

Building design

Building opening

Conflic land use

Urban density

Courtyard

Local ventilation

CHAPTER 05

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

5.4 Community’s adaptation capacity for soft measures.

Soft measure catalogues Adaptation soft measure (ASM) referred to the strategies, policy, program and other non-physical adaptation options; which be categorised into awareness, social service, behavioural and building operation, and HW event risk management; A set of interview question is tailored accordingly based on these four categories.(Anx. 2) The interview conducted with the agent of the city’s social department, CBO, SI for the drug user, community centre, kindergarten, church and elders from the community. This chapter discusses the existing practice, barriers, actors of the soft adaptation actions and community’s need from the municipality; to give an overview of the community’s strength and challenges in UHI soft measures.

5.4.1 Awareness

This category consists of the community’s knowledge for UHI and adaptation, how community receive the city’s adaptation info, community’s information flow and their awareness toward UIHI and heat-risk hazard.

Knowledge knowledge determines the adaptation capacity; the feedback of the interviews found that the majority the interviewees do not know about UHI, its risk and how to cope; some people know UHI but not associate heat with health and simply think it is an urban planning issue urban planning and should address by the top-down policy; which also results in them feeling helpless with the extreme weather and their living environment, ‘Last summer is really hot, some people faint (during the church service) and we have to give first aid,,, but there’s nothing we can do about it’ (Interviews with Leonhardskirche, 2019).

Information flow The information flow referred to how the message been propagated from the municipality down to the local and individual level. The interviews reveal that the city’s adaptation programs were not well communicated; only three out of 11 interviewees have received the city’s behavioural-adaptation info Tipps 73

CHAPTER 05

für die heiße Jahreszeit ’for personal reason, and only one social organisation cooperates with the Stuttgart city’s social department to explain this info to the elderly. Also, only one interviewed organisation has applied for the city’s funding for private greenery; the other organisations have not heard about it.

Awareness The awareness determines the degree of willingness for undertaking adaptation action to cope with risk. All interviewees from the Leonhardsvorstadt community have noticed the warming climate; Nonetheless, one-third of the interviewees consider it as a new normal, ‘I think they don’t have any attention on this now, but they will have in the future very short.’ (Interviews with Leonhardsvorstadt.e.V, 2019).For the elderly group, in particular, expresses a low level of motivation in learning and taking adaptation actions.

Furthermore, this could also influence the community institution in supporting UHI adaptation if these people are in the critical position of the organisations. In contrast, the young adults, parent and healthy elders have a higher interest in learning and applying heat adaptation; due to caring for their own and their children’s health, same for the SI that works closely with the vul groups, however, they have less resource in implementing adaptation actions.

Most importantly, people who have suffered from a heat-related disease such as skin cancer often activate in heat adaptation and feel the obligation to raise the others’ awareness by sharing their own experience. ‘Since I am a survivor of skin cancer, I feel I have an obligation to inform people use sun cream, sun umbrella and sunglass,, but it is surprising how many people don’t aware of it.’ (Interviews with Leonhardskirche, 2019).

74

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

5.4.2 Social Service

This category consists of social services providing by all kind of CBO, SI and religious groups and their network; to give an overview of how they could contribute mitigating the community’s vulnerability, their influence on the vul group and neighbourhood, and the barriers in behind.

Social service and the actors There are diverse of CBO, SI, religion groups acting in the Leonhardsvorstadt that bring the different social groups together. Some organisations are specifically offering service to the elders, kids, drug user and homeless; they deliver service almost on a daily-based by the need of the group they serve, for instance, the single elders. The number of people engaged range from 50-200 per week. These SI, church and religion hub’s service point also serves as the community gathering spots; same to the local bars, shops and restaurants with long business history, even the essential meeting points for the neighbourhood. The institutions such as church and community centre also supply pick-up and home-visiting services for people with less mobility to keep their social contact with the others.

Network The CBO, SI, religious groups in Leonhardsvorstadt have functional internal and external networks. Their external partners, including, the city department of public health, social, economic and urban development, etc. Religious based organisation like church and charities often associate to larger organisations beyond the community border. Thereby, these organisations have better access to exterior resource and information; moreover, bridging them with the community. For example, it serves as an info point for consulting the city’s program or spread the message to the vul group through community events and home visiting services. Further, use their local and personal network to engaging the residents, store owner or people who willing to improve the urban environment to support their work on community development.

75

CHAPTER 05

Nevertheless, limited cooperation among these organisation was found from the interviews; which also hider the possibility for sharing and gathering resource, information and network. Further, the NBH, who potential to be the key actors to address the fragility of the VUL groups, especially the single elderly who are isolated from the community event ‘I know a lady, has problems with heat. She goes out after four or five in the afternoon for shopping what she needs and then she stays at home, mostly.’(Interviews with Leonhardsvorstadt.e.V,2019); but no specific NBH base organisation has found in the community.

5.4.3 Behavioral responses and building operation

This category consists of how people adjust their behaviour and the building performance in enhancing individual acclimatisation toward heat in keeping their productivity, health and preventing heat-health risk, especially for the VUL groups. This section will discuss what behaviour adaptation the community apply for coping with the heat and the challenges they perceive.

Behaviour adaptation Most of the interviewees in Leonhardsvorstadt process basic adapting knowledge like stay hydrated, cool down the body with a wet towel, stay under the shade, visit cooling spots and reducing activities, etc; which they learn the tips from their seniors through their life experience, nevertheless, this also results in the information being amiss or out of date. Besides, the living surrounding also vital for people’s adapting practices; for example, the elders use the forest and air-conditioning public space as a cooling shelter rather than the community’s open space. Especially those who do not have a courtyard or the right to enter the private yard. A patio with poor climate condition cannot use for cooling; in contrast, people have to shift activity into the building after 11 o’clock, ‘from 8:00-11:00 is okay for the kids to play in the garden but after 11:00 it is not impossible’ (Interviews with Sophienkindergarten,2019). Finally, the lack of water for cooling, drinking, and toilet facility restrain people from rehydrated.

76

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Building operation For adapted the room temperature, the interviewee’s mention such as opening the window, using the fan, hanging a wet towel for evaporation cooling, using a curtain. Some people shift their activities to a relatively cold room if they have access to multiple places in the building; but, it is not practicable for people with a limited choice of room. Also, many interviewees mention living in a building with inadequate cooling capacity, such as lack of sun protection, building opening, insulation etc. Fan and AC can help with the issue, but the fan is not helpful when the temperature exceeds 37 degrees, and AC is financially unfeasible for the elderly and most of the organisation. Other personal concern such as criminal, pet, the insects can also influence their practice in building operation.

5.4.4 Risk management

Risk management, including risk identification, risk reduction, disaster management and adaptive governance. (Zaidi and Pelling 2015, p. 1224) This research focusing on how the community perceives the risk, how they noticed the heatwave occurrence and respond; this section will discuss above mentioned three aspects and the corresponding barriers.

Risk identification No mechanism for identifying heat-related risk is found in Leonhardsvorstadt, no interviewed organisation using the weather warning system from the German Meteorological Service (DWD), they also do not document and examine the heat-related emergency event in the past. From the respond of most of the interviewees, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge about heat exhaustion and heatstroke.

HW warning and Risk responding No heat-risk responding procedure is established by the CBO, though some SI, kindergarten and the social workers could assist the VUL groups when they needed; but they do not reach out for all VULsuch as SE and other social groups who usually remain isolated. Also, most of the organisation and interviewees have first aid training but not necessarily equipped with heatstroke aid. Last, no specialised training or procedure offered by their directing organisation.

77

CHAPTER 05

The municipality relying on DWD’s HW warning to communicating the risk, however, it only circulated in the government level; most of the interviewees and CBO do not use the DWD’s HW warning system; instead, they check the weather from the typical phone weather application, newspapers, radio and TV. Nonetheless, these media do not provide adaptation guidance like the DWD. Only the agent of the social department will circulate this information with the nursing staff to check on the elderly during the heatwave.

Also, no extra home visiting service has provided by the community during the HW event, ‘ there is not any thought of this (checking on SE during HW) and might be a problem for some people.’(Interviews with Leonhardsvorstadt.e.V., 2019) 5.4.5 Conclusion

Measure SI like the elders’ community centre, elderly home and kindergartens bring the city’s adaptation info to the VUL group, as they are cooperating with the social agent from the SD. Some SI like church and community centre is also providing social event, home visit service or pickup service to elders to enhance their overall capacity. Most of the interviewees learn behaviour adapting through life experience, and promote it to the VUL groups through the words of mouth. In responding to heat-emergency, most of CBO and SI have basic first aid training, which only applied for an extreme case. Some social agent checks on SE during HW but does not cover all VUL group in the community.

Barriers The main barriers to community’s soft adaptation practice are the low awareness about heat-risk and the proper adapting knowledge. The citizens see heat as new normal and have no priority for heat adaptation, especially when they shortage for the workforce and additional resource. Also, the lack of cooperation among community groups, and elderly being isolated impede CBO and SI ‘s potential in reducing the community’s vulnerability. Additionally, the deficient communication of the city’s adaptation info and lack of relevant risk managing procedure also hinder soft adapt to heat-risk. For instance, only a few interviewees receiving city’s info flyers and HW warning, other 78

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

majority do not been reached out. No info system about building operation and preventing heat exposure; no systematic examing or upgrading old building’s cooling capacity, no mechanism in identifying the heat-related risk, no responding procedure and training available for social workers and kindergarten in assisting VUL groups.

Actors SI and kindergarten work closely with the VUL groups have in-depth knowledge and high awareness about their fragility and direct connection with the group who has the least social contact; hence can notice their need and offer support. The CBO has a well-established network that could help disseminate adapting info to mobilise the community. And the individual who has suffered from heat, taking the initiative to raise the others’ awareness. Moreover, the NBH is the eye of the community that discovers the elderly in need.

The community organisation and individual have great potential to reinforce UHI soft adaptation; yet, they need the motivation from all groups, the internal and external cooperation and necessary knowledge support from the municipality.

79

80

Fig. 16: Summarising barriers for soft adaptation Source: Y. Lai base on SENSW 2018; Zaidi and Pelling 2015 and interview

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

Feel helpless with HW

Elderly remain isolated

Elderly remain isolated during HW

Eld has less feeling of warm and thirsty

HW warning not known by general citizens

Park & OS have low cooling effect

Forest/AC mall, public bld and PT as cooling spot

Heritage protect

Keep window closed personal ATTI

Not enough dirking fountain Basic heat adapt. knowl Not all correct

Old BLD with poor cooling capacity

INDV attitude effect adapt.practice

CBO/social inst well connect with city

Behavioral responses

Basic first aid knowle General media provide few adapt. info

Diverse social gathering spots Low collaboration amount CBO/inst

Social worker and teacher assist VUL group No HW responding procedure

Diverse/frequent community event

People use fan than AC limited cpty

Building operation

Never seem city’s adapt. info

Social serveice not link to HW

Social service from CBO/ inst Diverse CBO and social inst

Heat as new normal, low awareness

Risk responding Heatwave warning

Aware the warming temperature

Social Service

Lack of knowl about UHI

Awareness

Lack of knowl for adapt.

Education Info flow

CHAPTER 05

COMMUNITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

81

82

6 City level analysis

83

CHAPTER 06

84

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

6 City level analysis

This section will first summarise the implementation of the city’s UHI adaptation base on interview feedback. Further elaborating the city’s capacity in implementing hard adaptation in open space and building scale, and its policy for soft adaptation: awareness, social service, behaviour adapting and risk management. Also, the current constraints of mention above measures.

6.1 The implementation of Stuttgart’s climate adaptation plan.

A brief summarising of the implementation of Stuttgart city’s UHI adaptation, base on the feedback of the interview and relevant grey literature; has revealed two key findings of the city adaptation work. Firstly, the city’s have difficulty in localising hard adaptation measures; secondly, only scarce progress of the municipality soft adaptation has made in the past five years.

Hard measures According to the interview response, the city only has cleared version in optimising the urban green in the planning scale. When going down to district level, the municipality executes the only the tree program and subsidy for private green. The city department of Garden, Cemetery and forest( GCFD) only supporting the UHI adaptation with adding trees at streets and public parking lots, not including the PT stations and urban square where usually lack for greenery and shadowy. Moreover, competing for land usage with 85

CHAPTER 06

housing and traffic service has limited the room of urban green. Meanwhile, the city has not considering in revising its road infrastructure or prioritising the tree program and greenery structure at governmental building and public space but the residential area.

Soft measures Aside from only a small number of the soft measures planned in Stuttgart’s climate adaptation plan, few actions were carried out by the city. One of the primary reason is the interruption of the cooperation between different department end after the project, and some involving departments do not followup with the plan or integrate the adaptation measures with their regular business. Additionally, some existing measures do not adjust and incorporate with the increasing heat-health risk. For instance, the public health department (PHD) has the monitoring program for infection disease, but no monitoring system for heat-related mortality and morbidity was added or considered. Also, no clear plan or progress for the climate protection and safety procedure at working space and hospital been mentioned. Last, the awareness for heat-health risk remains low among the government level, even the PHD department prioritising hard measure before soft adaptation. The only city department that expresses the urgency and importance of soft adaptation and considering elders vulnerability are the social department (SD), but they are not involved in the city’s climate adaptation plan.

More discussion about the city’s challenges on its adaptation plan will celebrate in the next two chapters.

86

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

AVHS / KILMAKS* / Both **

• Adaptation Info system * • Heatwave optimisation *

Adaptation Info

• Climate protection in workrooms * • Climate-proofing icritical INFRA*

• Green-Blue roof ** • Green façade* • Building thermal insulation *

• Summer food safety * • Protection for outdoors workers * • AC in PT Vehicles * • Extend outdoor pool season *

Soft adap policy

Building operation

• Courtyard * • Garden * • Parking lot **

Private Green

• Urban Tree concept * • Old Tree protection * • Temperature simulations • Shading bus stops * • Pavement at bus stops * • Greening at PT stops *

• Monitoring "Urban Heat Island“ * • Monitoring climate influenced diseases* (infection)

Soft adap policy

Building design

• Park • Roadside greenery ** • Cemeteries • Grass tracks ** • Green allotments ** • Climatic optimization plan*

• Urban Green spaces ** • Green corridors • Green networks • Air corridors ** • Outline plan ** • Building and land management **

Urban planning

Open public space

BG infra

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Fig. 28: Summarising the implementation of Stuttgart’s UHI adaptation Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

87

CHAPTER 06

6.2 City’s adaptation capacity for hard measure

UHI adaptation measures in city-level apply on urban green, open public space, public building and the city’s subsidy for private green. A set of questionnaire based on UHI adaptation principle and the municipality’s adaptation plan is tailoring for analysing the city’s adaptation actions (Anx.3); in this case, the Stuttgart city department of Environmental Protection-Sector of Climatology (EPCD), Department of Garden, Cemetery and forest(GCFD), KOMMUNALES GRÜNPROGRAMM program from Department of Urban planning and housing (UPHD) are contacted and interviewed. This section will discuss in detail about which the city has taken hard measure, the challenges they faced, and the actors, support they need from the community; with a particular focus on bottom-up measure.

6.2.1 Public open space:street,square, park and public transport station City’s adaptation measure for public space

The EPCD and GCFD have co-operated in transferring the city’s grey infrastructure into green in adapting to UHI in the inner city; With the focus on the streetcar track, street and parking lot at the identified UHI hotspot area.

For instance, greening the streetcar track and planting trees to protect the southern street, unseal the parking lot pave; the projects been implemented for four and five years respectively and still ongoing to cover all the hotspots in the inner city.

City’s constrain for public space

The city has constrained for its adaptation measure in the street, parking lot, open public and semi-public space, and planning and implementing the process of hard adaptation. In planning adaptation, the city has challenges of collaboration, priorities, knowledge and data; and difficulties for the spatial condition, resource, maintenance in the implementation phase.

Street tree and parking lot: spatial condition and maintenance The city’s tree program at the streets and parking lots has the constraints of spatial condition, competed for usage and maintenance. Owning to underground infrastructure and the conflict with the local citizens for turning 88

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

parking space into trees, in which it limited the available space, delaying the project and requiring more investment. Moreover, the growing number of urban green also increases the demand for water and maintenance.

Open public space: No priorities, knowledge, data and authority The major constraint for the city’s UHI adaptation in open public space is lack of priority, while knowledge, scientific data and power also count. The city has no clear plan for optimising the climate condition in park, square and open space around the public buildings; owing to the GCFD, who responsible for all open public space, do not plan adaptation action but only passively supporting the EPCD. Similar to the Department of Civil Engineering (CED), the department in charge of constructing all public infrastructure, have no designers or climate scientise to plan adaptation but mainly implement the plan for the GCFD. Additionally, unclear jurisdiction becomes a constraint when it comes to the open space around the private institution; for instance, space that belongs to hospital, church, elderly’s home, private kindergarten and PT station. The GCFD could support UHI adaptation in above mention space as long as these institution request and permit the space. However, even these spaces are part of KLIMAKS, the city’s climate adaptation plan; it is not on the agenda of the GCFD or CED and neither the transportation company.

Adaptation measures: resource threshold and priority Most of the city’s current measure requiring high resource thresholds such as time, investment, technique, maintenance and partly private ownership.

For instance, the street trees need five to ten years growing to shade the sidewalk; water fountain required high investment and maintenance as well as water demand; evaporation bed with an irrigation system connected to the green-roof request technique, financing, and roof-top space from the nearby private buildings; which makes these measure hard to scale at the public space. Moreover, a short-term and simple measure such as temporary shading structure, cold paves cold facade and the regulation for heat-preventing material for open space, and street furniture design has no priority for the city department. Last, critical facility for behavioural-adapt such as drink water also not considered. The city installs the drinking fountain only when the citizens request through the social city program(Soziale Stadt).

89

CHAPTER 06

Planning process: institutional constrain The EPCD is the key actor for UHI adaptations, continuously collaborating with its internal partners from the Urban planning, Housing and Environment Department (UDD). GCFD and CED also the vital actors of Stuttgart city in devising and enforcing hard adaptation measures, yet, they are under to the Engineering Department. Although the municipality bridge above department in the KLIMAKS project in 2012, have the scientific input from the EPCD; the collaboration ceases after the project. No specific external actors for municipal hard adaptation measure for public space mentioned in the interviewed. The GCFD cooperate with the NABU(Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.) and other environmental NGO for nature conservation and forest than the urban area. Limited local cooperations are practised in Stuttgart city; only the UDD have the Soziale Stadt program and participatory process for the district authority in the urban upgrading project. The only department has city-community cooperation for UHI hard adaptation is the GCFD; they occasionally involve the district government when encountering a conflict of the citizens in their project; or the local media, when need support from the community to water the street tree during the drought season.

6.2.2 Private open space: courtyard, backyard, parking lot.

City’s adaptation measure for private open space and building

The city offer fund for private greenery(KOMMUNALES GRÜNPROGRAMM, KG) and urban gardening since about three years ago; after recognised the limitation for optimising urban green at the public space owing to the urban density. The private green program supporting technique, finance, legal consult for implementing green structure and gardening project in private own open space (POOS) and building. According to the coordinator of the program, green roof, green courtyard and unseal parking lot are the measures that the citizens apply the most; these citizens either live in a dense area or with high environment conscious, who willing to invest private saving for such projects. Also, in the fact of this is a one-staff program, it also cooperating with Helix Pflanzen, VHS( volkshochschule)Stuttgart, the urban gardening initiative and the city’s research project for knowledge and technical support as well as reaching out the generall citizens.

90

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

City’s constraints for private open space and building

The limitations for the KG program in supporting UHI hard adaptation at POOS and buildings are the citizens’ land ownership, resource threshold, regulatory, building condition, knowledge; and the inefficient communication, limited collaboration and manpower in the promotion and scale of the program.

Promotion of the program: Inefficient communication As mention from the last section, lack of the workforce and only cooperating with a similar type of NGO, result in the program only reach out to the people who with environmentally conscious than the VUL residents at the UHI hotspot and their neighbours. The program also expects to create peer-effect to the neighbourhoods through the successful project. Still, as the project located at the roof or private courtyard, it is not visible.

Adaptation measures: Low feasibility, high resource threshold Resource threshold and feasibility become barriers when it comes to measures such as green facades. In comparison to the green roof, green courtyard and unseal hard pave, it required more technique, legal, finance and raise more personal concerns.

Traditional green-facade need part of public space like the street for planting that involves permit and changing land use; while the cost of the binding-facade system is unaffordable. Also, the green facade is uncommon and citizens, in general, have limited knowledge about it. Last, personal concerns such as maintenance work, building structure damage, attract insect also cause low acceptance and practice of such measure. Even it could have a significant impact on the climate. Last, building condition and regulatory also hinder hard measureS been applied in private building, such as lack of a flat roof, aged structure and heritage law.

Planning process: Knowledge, limited collaboration, manpower The citizens, in general, have little knowledge about the green structure and not able to design these measure themselves. Therefore the city cooperating with Helix Pflanzen and urban gardeners in guiding the citizens, but as limited staff been assign for this program, the process remains slow. Also, the design-orientation of the KG program excludes most of the institution and private company as it required land ownership and can not involving in profit-generating; limitation on private sector engagement and investment, hider the innovation of green structure and chance to lower the tech-threshold and no cooperation with GCFD is in consideration.

91

CHAPTER 06

6.2.3 Building scale: green roof, façade and facade design.

City’s adaptation measure for building scale Adaptation hard measure like a green roof, facade in the public building such as school, kindergarten and governmental office are responded GCFD. Others public own building such as museum and library is maintained by its jurisdiction institute with the right get support from the GCFD — however. However, no clear plan for implementing hard measure at own public building mentioned in the interview.

City’s constraints for building scale Priority is the significant barriers for the city’s adaptation action at the building scale, while authority, collaboration and regulation can be an issue as well. The land ownership from the governmental sector is relatively simple and easy to get permission. However, GCFD has other priority in its regular business; they will need support for maintenance from the responsible institution of these public facilities. Additionally, climate protection in working space and critical infrastructure like the hospital is part of the KLIMAKS project. However, there’s no sign that the city government is going to take the lead. Some simple measure such as overhanging, cold facade, the cold roof has no priority for the city. Last, heritage law also hinders historical building upgrading its cooling capacity, which required both the adjustment of regulation and adaptation measures. Moreover, the heritages usually use for a public purpose such as church; the delay of upgrading these building’s cooling capacity also increases the risk of VUL group expose to heat.

92

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

6.2.4 Conclusion

Measure The city has been worked on UHI adaption through a different level, from transferring the grey into green infrastructure, regulating hard measure into building and zone plan. Moreover, on the local scale, street trees, green roof and green façade, unseal parking lot paving and providing funding for citizens in implementing mention above measure in private property — additionally, air conditioning(AC) public transport in reducing citizen’s heat exposure during everyday commuting.

Barriers Spatial condition or competition results in no space for urban green; measure like evaporation bed required private ownership and high resource threshold is hard to replicate; simultaneously, increasing greenery double the demand for water and maintenance and a measure like AC that contradicted to climate protection. Additionally, deficient promotion for the KG program and citizens’ lacking awareness for UHI and green construction hinder the optimisation of greenery in private space.

For planning adaptation, the municipality lacking the consideration for a short-term and immediate measure like heatproof material for open space design, the drinking fountain network, the climatic condition for both the POS for public facility and the public-use historic building; and the relevant issue for its jurisdiction and heritage protection. Some constraints derive from the institutional structure, such as no clear agenda for optimising UHI adaptation in public property, limited cooperation after the end of the project, not integrating adaptation into a regular business, no evaluation for the implemented measure and inadequate engagement with the civic. Fortunately, late in this year’s summer, the EPCD proposing new trees for shading at the plaza in front of the town hall, with temporary shading structure to compensating the transit period as well as testing the effect of the measure(Neugestaltung Stuttgarter Marktplatz: Große Schirme als Schutz gegen die Sonne?| Zeitung, Stuttgarter 2019).

93

CHAPTER 06

Actors The key actors drive the municipal’s hard adaptation is the EPCD, GCFD, UPHD. Meanwhile, internal actors like CED for street construction, and external actors such as private sectors and the general citizens are vital in disseminating city’s program, joining the program and supporting the city with maintaining urban green and permission for harvesting rainwater from the private building.

Overall, the city demonstrated strong political support for UHI adaptation an sustainable development. However, the planning and prioritising of the measure need be thought through, adjusting accordingly to exciting constraint, being a resourceful and incorporate adaptation with the existing program, most importantly stable collaboration with an internal and external partner and participation and engagement with the district and community.

Fig. 30 Illustration of the temporary shading structure at Marktplatz Source: Dieter Bollinger/Montage: SL Rasch( Zeitung, Stuttgarter 2019)

94

Fig. 29: Summarising Stuttgart city’s challenges for hard adaptation

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

• civix acceptance • Not well known • lack for innovation • Limited of human force • Ownership issue

Founding program

GOV building No prio

Critical infra No prio Ownership

High cost

limited sapce

Stree

Time comsume

No regulation

High maint

No prio

PT station

Stree

Greenery

Evaporation Open water Fountain

PT station

Shading

Albedo

• Urban Green spaces ** • Green corridors • Green networks • Air corridors ** • Outline plan ** • Building and land management **

No priority

Albedo

Conflic land use

Urban density

Urban planning

Engaging with general public and private sectors

Building design

Private Green

Open public space

Climatic optimization plan

BG infra

Conflic land use

Urban density

Local ventilation

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

95

CHAPTER 06

6.3 City’s adaptation capacity for soft measures.

Fig. 31: City’s flyer for soft adaptation ‘Tips for the hot season;Tipps für die heiße Jahreszeit’.

Source: Stuttgart city,Health Department (Schmidt 2018)

The UHI soft measure in the city-level also sorts into four categories- awareness, social service, behavioural and building operation, and HW event risk management, like the community-level analysis.

A set of interview questionnaire is tailored accordingly based on these four categories and the municipality’s adaptation plan (Anx. 3); in this case, the EPCD, Department of Public Health(PHD), Social department (SD) are contacted and interviewed.

This chapter discusses the existing practice, barriers, actors of the soft adaptation actions from the municipality, and city’s need from the community; to give an overview of the city’s strength and challenges in UHI soft adaptation.

6.3.1 Awareness

This category consists of the city’s existing information system for UHI adaptation, how it disseminates and their general awareness and understanding about UHI adaptation.

Fig. 32: City’s flyer for the private green program;KOMMUNALES GRÜNPROGRAMM. Source: Stuttgart Office for Urban Planning and Renewal 2019

96

Knowledgeadaptation information system The municipal have the information system for soft adaptation measure but not for hard measures. Although the flyvers for KG programs consist the hard measures but only indirectly linked to UHI, and no information for UHI established for educating the citizens; this also reflects on the interview responses from both the city and community level. Only a few people applied for the KG program due to UHI and the majority of the interviewees from the community-level express helpless with the warming environment.

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Information flow The city’s communication department (CD) transferring the info system into a webpage, printing flyer and newspaper and mainly circulating in the government network. Only some city agent cooperates with the social worker, NGO, CBO, SI, medical and education sectors, to distribute the information at public school, hospital, nursing home, community centre and religion canter, depending on the availability of the local network. However, some SI and CBO were not covered, for instance, private kindergarten, church, the SI of drug user and homeless people. Additionally, some VUL group need people to translate, read, explain the information and to remind them when they needed, such as migrant, refugee, kids and elderly. Old people in particular, who lose vision, hearing, memories and limited internet skills have less access, understand and practice this information. ‘Many elderly their vision decreasing when they get ageing, So the flyer and print information will not help in this case, Not to mention the people with less memory for dementia’’, ‘‘We try to explain the heat adaptation tips to the elderly when we are visiting them”. (Interview social agent from SD.05.11). However, the city does not monitor the information flow nor evaluating the citizens’ awareness, and no improvement in their measures is considered.

Awareness All interviewees are aware of the UHI effect due to they have involved in the ‘Stuttgart climate action plan-KLIMAKS, 2012’ and ‘Optimization of heat warning in Stuttgart-HITWIS, 2013’ project. However, the majority of the interviewees paying more attention to hard adaptation than behaviour and soft adaptation. In contrast, the social agent from SD express the need for incorporating elderly service and the vulnerability of VUL group into the city’s adaptation soft measures, but they only indirectly involved in adaptation action though the PHD, same for Education Department (ED) who have close contact with the VUL groups. Which indicates shows the priority for soft adaptation in the city remains low.

Overall, the Stuttgart city government has low awareness and priority for soft adaptation and emphasis the top-down over the bottom-up approach.

This is partly effect by the long history of dealing with urban climatology through top-down urban planning approach. Even though the city has acted on the downscale greenery program; the lack of proper info system that 97

CHAPTER 06

links UHI, the heat-health risk with the private green and behaviour adaptation, and resulting in both the city and citizens not changing their mindset for UHI adaptation yet. Lack of examining its information flow and the citizens’ awareness results in no awareness-campaign or education program is planned. Reflecting on the finding from the community-level, the citizens see heat as a new normal and have low awareness and motivation in exercising heat adaptation; for the older generation in especially. Which not only hinder bottom-up adaptation but also increase the risk.

6.3.2 Social Service

This category consists of social services providing by the city, elderly in particular, as they are the most sensible for heat. This section will discuss what kind of social assistance is available; how it contributes to mitigating the community’s vulnerability, who is involved and the barriers in behind.

Social service and the actors The SD is the key actors for ensuring all VUL groups’ well-being; with the cooperation between the PHD, they provide the elderly accommodation, inhome nursing service, elderly clinic, day-care and home visiting service, depending on their need and the availability of the service. As the shortage for elderly home, only the elder who needs full support for daily life could apply for such service; as an alternative, the city supports the elder’s relative to move in the same community with them. For the older who reluctant to live in a nursing home, the city and the health insurance also support nursing service. Also, having elderly daycare, clinic and community centre to provide social contact and daily support for the SE who can self-care, with additional pickup service. Last, deliver home visit service by the city’s social agent or volunteer to offer to accompany and avoiding emergency case.

Network Nevertheless, this social service only helps when it is reaching out to the elderly. The city has only one agent in one district with approximate 30-40 are in close contact and 200 elders to consult yearly; moreover, the data protection law also against the agent to contact the SE directly, they have to wait until receiving a report from the hospital, medical institute, police 98

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

and neighbours. Additionally, even the city, SI and medical sector promoting these measures to the elders, some will refuse to use it due to personal reason. Therefore, when the HW happen, these SE are most likely to stay at home alone due to their mobility, physical and mental condition — and increasing the risk of a heat-related emergency.

Hence, there’s a need to get support from the neighbourhood to reach out SE to the social department, make up the barriers of workforce and data protection. Also, check on them during the HW.

6.3.3 Behavioral responses and building operation

Behavioural adaptation referred to behavioural change in coping with the extreme weather condition. This category discusses the city’s soft adaptation info and relevant programs that could affect citizens’ capacity in behavioural adapting and the potential conflict.

Behaviour adaptation The ‘Tips for the hot season’ is the city’s info system for educating the citizens and social workers, how to act in the hot weather in preventing heat-related illness. For instance, stay hydrated, adjust clothing, diet and routine.

Still, according to the interviews, further action such as expand drinking water network, promoting hydrated and light diet in school and workplace, safety procedure occupational heat exposure, that was listed in the KLIMAKS, did not have clear priority yet.

Building operation Build operation including adjusting building opening, avoid direct sun and usage of the cooling device. yet, only a few relevant measures listed on the ‘Tips for the hot season’; although many institutions and individual already practising such as the library, museums, school, it is not common yet; also, the design of the building could hinder such practice. For the cooling device such as fan and AC, could be an important measure for VUL group; as most of the literature and interview from the community-level reveal it’s potential to avoid the elders being isolated(Carlson 2008). The city does not promote the use of AC, and no installation for these cooling device in kindergarten, clinic, elderly community centre is prioritised, only for public transport.

99

CHAPTER 06

6.3.4 Risk management

Risk management, including risk identification, risk reduction, disaster management and adaptive governance. (Zaidi and Pelling 2015, p. 1224) In the city-level analysis, the focus is on how the municipal identifying the risk of heat, how they inform the citizens the HW and support them react accordingly. This section will discuss above mentioned three aspects and the associated barriers.

Risk identification Risk identification referred inventorying past event, monitoring and predict the hazard in planning the risk management. Under interviewees respond from PHF and SD, no system inventories for past heat-related emergency event established yet. The city evaluating the risk of heat mainly rely on GIS data and climate projection from the EPCD or the heat-related mortality report from state government; due to the data for heat-related illness and mortality only documented in the state-level.

HW warning Stuttgart city has revised its heatwave warning system in the ‘HITWIS, 2013’ project and adapt to the DWD (German Weather Service;Deutscher Wetterdienst); part of the warning information is showcased on the bus screen, the other info, the citizens have to sign up for the DWD’s email newsletter or phone application to be able to receive it. As been discussed in the previous section, DWD is not adopted by the majority of the interviewees from Leonhardsvorstad. Informing the single elderly HW event by phone call been is part of HITWIS project, but the lack of priority and new data protection law restrain the measure. Moreover, as mentioned, some elderly cannot hear well. Even the social workers or social agent could inform them in person; they have limited capacity to inform all SE in once.

Risk reduction/risk responding As discussed before, regarding the city’s adaptation information is not well propagated to the majority of the case study community. No risk-responding procedure, training and facility plan for the private, public and the general public; only a few concepts for cooperating with the Civil Protection Depart-

100

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

ment (CPD) and medical sectors are in progress. Moreover, as mention in the vulnerability assessment, elders lose the sense of heat and thirsty and have difficulty in perceiving the danger and react. Thereby, they need to be visited in person to observe the situation and assist them. ‘’ Just a phone call you do not have the chance to observe how the elderly been effect by the heat and what they really need to cope with the heat. ‘’,’’ The best way is to have more people (manpower) who can visit the elderly in person during the heatwave and explain the adaptation tips in person.’’(Social dept. Interview.0511) however, as the shortage of social workers, there’s a need to call for volunteers, neighbours and CBO offer additional support during HW.

101

CHAPTER 06

6.3.5 Conclusion

Measure The municipal has adaptation info system for behaviour adapt, the elderly social service is well planed, and the city also supports SE’relative move to their neighbourhood or home visiting service and developing elderly community in preventing them from isolated. In some public space, the town also employs building operation to moderate the indoor temperature or equipt AC. After revised HW warning in 2013, the city introduced the DWD’s HW warning that allowed the social agents to inform and check on elders during a heatwave.

Barriers Lacking priority, awareness and motivation for heat-risk, and resource thresholds such as workforce, elderly accommodation shortage, and insufficient advocacy, public facility as well as data protection law are the city’s challenges for soft adaptation. Low awareness for heat-health risk leads to no consideration of risk management, heat-vulnerability as well as the implementation of the city’s adaptation plan. Additionally, no evaluating of implemented measure results in no improvement on the deficient UHI adaptation info system, advertising channel, infrastructure for heat-risk reduction and HW warning. Although, the SD department aware the urgent, they have a limited workforce to assist SE in time during HW. Actors The EPCD, PHD is the current actor in planning soft adaptation, while SD is the key actors who link to all VUL groups and able to perceive their need and fragility. They can not take care of all the SE in the city. Therefore, support from a local social worker, SI and CBO, NBH groups are vital. Also, the education and private sectors like school, the company help to embed behaviour adapt in daily routine.

Overall, the lack of internal cooperation, hinder the SD proposing to incorporating involving elders’ susceptibility in adaptation strategies planning and the overall urban development; also lacking for external participation from the civic, lose the chance to mobilising them as well as existing local resource.

102

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

AVHS / KILMAKS* / Both **

Engaging with general public and private sectors

No prio

• Climate protection in workrooms * • Climate-proofing icritical INFRA*

Building operation

Heatwave warning no widespread No heatwave responding procedure

Visit service for single elderly

Not all SE’s are connected

No all link to heatwave

Home visit service SE during heatwave

Usage of AC

Concern for building cooling capacity

Occupational heat risk

Availability of elderly accom

Connection with social institue

Lack of data for risk identification

Data protection

Risk responding Heatwave warning

Lack of human force

Support elderly’s relative move close

• Adaptation Info system * • Heatwave optimisation *

Social dept. Civic dept. are not involve

No Awareness raising program

Social service well established

Low prio for soft adapt

Social Service

Limited communication channel

Awareness

No info for UHI and heatwave

Education Info flow

CITY LEVEL ANALYSIS

Fig.33: Summarising city’s barriers for soft adaptation Source: Y. Lai base on interview

103

104

7 Recommendation and Discussion

105

CHAPTER 07

106

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7 Recommendation and Discussion

7 .1 Bottom-up adaptation measure chart and barrier categories.

Three UHI adaptation measure charts (Tab.9,10,11) for the open space, building and behavioural adaptation (soft measure) were created accordantly to the case study’s adapting barriers and strengths. These adaptation measure charts couple Stuttgart’s existing adaptation practices and some best-practices from the relevant literature and other German cities’ adaptation plan, Berlin, for instance. The selection following the criteria of: • In the local scale.

• Priority basing on the community’s resource and knowledge.

• Top-down policy in local scale.

Hard measure selection divides into two-scale, the open space and building and sort base on the cooling principle of albedo, shading, evaporation, vegetation, ventilation, as well as other corresponding supporting measures like maintenance, design consideration, water for irrigation. These selecting measures can apply to the existing community open space or free space potentially exposed to the direct sun or waste heat, such as street, parking lot; follow by the categories in chapter five and six. Same for building scale, measure for applying in building roof, façade and building opening is picked.

For adaptation, soft-measures were selected base on individual behavioural adaptation and risk responding, been categorised into education and information flow, awareness, social network, social service, behavioural responses, risk responding and heatwave(HW) warning. The scale of the soft measure divides into individual and institution, while the institution consists of community to city level.

107

CHAPTER 07

Adapt Principle

Measure

Shade + evaporation / Vegetation

Evaporation

Street/ Parking lot/ PT station/ park/ Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ Courtyard

os2

Lightweight shading

Street/ Parking lot/ PT station/ park/ Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ Courtyard

INDV

CO/CBO

CED / UPHD

os3

Arcades

Street

Owner

CO

UPHD

os4

Multi Permeable shading

Park/Squared /plaza, large private open spaces/ courtyard

INDV

CO/CBO/IN GFCD/ ST CED

os5

Moveable green

Street/ Squared / plaza, large private open spaces

INDV

CO/CBO

GFCD/ CED

os6

Row of Tree

Street/ Squared / plaza, large private open spaces./ courtyard

INDV

CO/CBO

GFCD

os7

shift traffic lane to Road/Street/ PT station street greenery.

os8

Tree canopy

os9

Water fountains

os10

Water mist spread Park/Squared / plaza, large

os11

Vegetation

Park/Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ courtyard

os12

Park/Squared/plaza, large private open spaces/ courtyard/parking lot Park/Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ courtyard

GFCD/ MD / GFCD CO/CBO/IN GFCD/ ST MD INDV

CO

GFCD

INDV

CO

GFCD

INDV

CO/CBO/IN GFCD ST/NHB

Floating vege islands Evaporation bed

large private open spaces/ public INDV space

CO/CBO/IN GFCD ST/NHB

Park/Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ courtyard

INDV

CO/CBO/IN GFCD ST

os14

Grey water irrigation

Building +public green

INDV

CO/CBO/IN GFCD/ ST/NHB SMD/ UPHD

os15

Citizens watering public green

green open space

INDV

os18

Examine local ventilation.

INDV Parking lot/ park/ Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ Courtyard

CO/CBO/IN GFCD/ ST/NHB SMD/ UPHD CO/CBO/IN CED / ST/NHB UPHD

os19

Removing obstacle Parking lot/ park/ Squared / plaza, large private open spaces/ for ventilation.

INDV

CO/CBO/IN CED / ST/NHB UPHD

os20

Parking lot/ park/ Squared / Elderly friendly open space design plaza, large private open spaces/

INDV

CO/CBO/IN GFCD/UP ST/NHB HD

Water

Ventilation

CITY GFCD/CE D/UPHD

Increasing pavement albedo

os13

Maintenanc e

Actors / support INDV COMM INDV CO/NHB

os1

Albedo

shading

Space

private open spaces/ courtyard

Courtyard

Other

Courtyard

EXISTING

Tab. 9: Selected hard measure for open space. Source: Y. Lai, based on Berlinbaut 2016, interview and literature.

108

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Adapt principle Shade Albedo

Evaporation

Ventilation

Other

Measure bl01 Blinds, curtain bl2

Moveable overhanging.

Space / scale

INDV

Actors / support COMM

Window building opening

INDV

CO/CBO/ INST

CITY

Façade / building opening

INDV

CO/CBO/INST

bl03 Cold façade

Building façade

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

bl04 Cold roof

Roof

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

bl05 Green façade

Façade/ground space

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV

bl06 Facade-bound green

Façade

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV

bl07 Green-blue roof

Roof

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV

bl08 Rooftop garden

Roof

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV

bl09 Green courtyard

courtyard

GOV

bl10 Open window bl11

Increas BLD opening

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

INDV

CBO/CO/INST/NBH

Building façade

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

bl12 Enhancing insulation bl13 Regulating climatepassive building codes

Building façade

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV GOV

Building regulation

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV

bl14 Examing old bld cooling capacity

Building regulation

INDV

CO/CBO/INST/NBH

GOV

EXISTING

Tab. 9: Selected hard measure for open space. Source: Y. Lai, based on Berlinbaut 2016, interview and literature.

categories

Measure

Measure

Education / st01 info flow

st04

Optimize info flow via city dept. ’s local contact

st05

Word of mouth

st07 st09 st10

Knowledge system about soft adaptation Knowledge system about UHI and hard adaptation Info channel: Internet, flyer, newspaper, TV, radio Awareness campaign Collaboration among CBO Community events.

st12

Building neighbourhood group

st02 st03 Awareness Social network Social Service

st13 Behavioral responses

st14 st18 st19 st20 st21

Risk responding st26 / Heat Wave warning st27 st28 st29

NBH base intergeneration events NBH support reach out SE. Shifting the routine, reducing activities Offer free tap water Using wet towel to cool down.

Visiting forest and public building with AC. Establish heatwave risk responding procedure.

Examine heat-related emergency Safety procedure for occupational heat risk.

Special training for heatemergency respond.

st06

COMM info point and meeting.

st08 st11

Education program Comm gathering spot

st15 st17

Intergeneration COMM development Retirement preparation program

st22

Acess to courtyard and cooling spot

st23 st24

Stay in cooler room or area Use fan

st25

Use AC

st30

Integrated heatwave warning with phone app, SMS info

st31

Community watch program during heatwave

st32

Community security programm

EXISTING MEASURE

Tab. 11: Selected hard measure for soft measures. Source: Y. Lai, based on Laue 2013, Pelling 2015, literature and interview.

109

CHAPTER 07

Barriers and enablers for UHI adaptation measur B1.Finance

E1.Knowledge input/ generate

B2.Manpower

E2.Crowdfunding / private invest

B3.Knowl B4.Technique

E3.GOV subsidy (city) E4.Gov incentives

B5.Time

E5.Staffing

B6.Data

E6.Dev of AHM for old BLD

B7.Spatial condition

E7.Dev low threshold AHM

B8.Auth / ownership B9.No priorities B10.Regulatory

E8.Form NBH group E9.Coop + networking E10.Temp usage of OS (city)

B11.No collaboration

E11.Temp access to cooling spots E12.Prioritizing adapt

B12.Inefficient communication

E13.Education program

B13.Indv attitude and MOTI

E14.Awareness campaign E15.Participatory process

Fig.34: Categorization of the adaptation barriers and enablers.

Source: Y. Lai, based on Weyrich 2016, Laue 2013 and interview.

According to city and community level analysis, the adaptation barriers and corresponding enablers categories into resources, governmental and institutional constraints, communication and awareness, Individual attitude and motivation(Fig.34); nevertheless, the enablers but not necessarily parallel to the barriers in same categories.

The resources category, including financial resource, workforce, knowledge and technique, time, data and spatial condition; the lack of financial support can solve by public funding, government subsidy and the invention on the measure with of low threshold. The lack of the workforce can rely on the cooperation with the civic organisation to mobilise the general public in local action; however, for the institutional level, staffing still necessary. Lack of knowledge and technique can be resolved by knowledge input through an educational program, campaign and event for peer learning and knowledge-generating. For confronting the conflict between current need and time-consuming adaptation, some short term measure should prioritise for the transit period; also, inventing measures with immediate impact. The lack of data for risk identifying can resolve by cooperating with the civic organisation that works closely with the vulnerable group. The spatial condition, 110

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

including lack of space for planting greenery or absence of the flat roof, and ground space for facade greening; can be solved by techniques or start from the area without constraint mentioned above.

Governmental and institutional constraints refer to ownership of the space, priority of adaptation action, law for data protection and heritage and the collaboration among city and CBO.The issue of land ownership involved with both public and own private space. For public-own space should offer temporary and flexible usage to allow the civic put on the temporary intervention in the open space, also reprioritising the implementation of the measure in the city’s jurisdiction. However, for the measure that required private-own space will need cooperation with the private sectors to reach out landowner as well as providing government incentive to get their permission. For the issue of lack of priority in adaptation in both city and community level required raising their awareness toward the issue of heat as well as prioritising and integrated heat adaptation into their usual task. For regulatory barriers such as data protection and heritage protection that impede contacting with the single elderly(SE) and upgrading of the historical building like the church.

Will need cooperation and neighbourhood network to reach out to the SE as well as technical measures to enhance the historical building’s cooling capacity without discounted its historical value. Last, the issue of lack of celebration between city and community and among its internal actors required the cooperation, networking and participatory channel to creating the horizontal and vertical connection in planning UHI adaptation and community development.

The inefficient communication link to lack of awareness, low motivation and personal attitude in taking action on UHI adaptation. The enabler for this barriers can be cooperation with the internal and external actors of the city and community to connect both levels’ network, educational program and awareness-raising to disseminate the adaptation information, participatory process to involve all actors in the planning and implementation of the adaptation measure. Additionally, changing individual attitude will require the formulation and engagement of the neighbourhood to have a more significant effect on individual behaviour and value changes; which also a fundamental step to activate the adaptation practice from both the city and the civic.

111

CHAPTER 07

7.2 Barriers and enabler of hard adaptation measure.

In the next two chapters, chapter 7.2 and 7.3 will map the barriers for both existing adopting measures and suggested measures; which categorising into open space and building for hard adaptation and awareness, social services, behavioural reasons and risk response for soft adaptation. Further, examine the potential enablers, since the adaptation barriers for an existing measure already discussed in chapter five and six, this section will only briefly summarising the result of the mapping but elaborating the potential enabler in detail.

7.2.1 Barriers and enablers of existing hard measures in open space.

Community’s barriers and enabler for existing adaptation practices in open space.

Community’s main adapting barriers in open space are: • Authority to appropriate the also public space such as street and park.

• Priorities of installing greenery in privately owned open space (POOS).

• Motivation Potential enablers for the existing measure in open space: • Flexible and temporary usage of the open space • Awareness campaign.

• Educational program and knowledge input The community need temporary authority to set up moveable shading structure in the open space such as street, roadside parking lot, park and large open public space to providing shade in the hottest season, from June to September. Meanwhile, launching the awareness campaigns to mobilising the community in heat adaptation, educating and promoting different simple measure for mitigating the outdoor thermal condition.

112

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

City’s barriers and enabler for existing adaptation practices in open space.

City’s main adapting barriers in open space are: • Priority in implementing the adaptation measure.

• Limited of space.

• Time-consuming of the measure.

• Permission for using POOS. • Inefficient communication of the city’s funding program.

• Manpower for managing the increasing urban green.

Potential enablers for the existing measure in open space: • Prioritising green campaign in government own open space.

• Providing incentives.

• Coop and networking.

• Awareness campaign targeting on the landowner.

To avoiding the barriers of land ownership, the city should focus on green optimisation in government own open space, especially for the areas that been frequently uses by the citizens — this help to demonstrate the benefits of the adaptation measures, like cold facade, green facade, evaporation bed. Meanwhile, continuing the incentives for POOS greening, disseminating the information through the CBO and awareness campaign to attract landowner and household owner to give land permission and join the KG program. Further on, engaging the community member in maintaining community green to reduce the municipality’s maintenance work.

113

114

Fig. 35: Mapping the barriers of existing adaptation- practices in open space.

Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

Courtyard Critical infra for Vul

Courtyard Critical infra for Vul

Courtyard Critical infra for Vul

O5.Moveable green / planter

O11.Vegetation (water-supplied)

Priv OS

Priv OS

Priv OS

O2.light weight shading

Courtyard

Park/Square / plaza

Park/Square / plaza

Park/Square / plaza

Critical infra for Vul

Priv OS

PT station

PT station

Park /Square /plaza

Street

Street

Courtyard

Priv OS

Inefficient communication

Communication /awareness

O13.Evaporation bed

Colleberation

Regulatory

Ownership Authority

PT station

Roadside green

Urban green O6.Row of (Street) Tree

Green courtyard

Founding for private green

Bottom-up measure

Top-down measure

Current policy/measure

No prio (Comm) Indv attitude low MOTI

No prio (city)

Attitude/ motivation

Work well

Street

Exisiting

Gov constraint

Spatial condition

Data

Time

Knowl/Tech

Manpower

Finance

Resource threshold

CHAPTER 07

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

14.Grey water irrigation system

16.Citizens env maint campaign

Critical infra for Vul

Critical infra for Vul

Critical infra for Vul

15.Citizens watering public green

Courtyard

Courtyard

Courtyard

O3.Multi Permeable shading

Priv OS

Priv OS

Priv OS

O3.Arcades

Park/Square / plaza

Park/Square / plaza

Park/Square / plaza

O1.Cold pave

Courtyard

PT station

10.Water mist spread

Critical infra for Vul

Priv OS

Street

PT station

Park /Square /plaza

10.Water mist spread

Spatial condition

Data

Time

Knowl/Tech

Manpower

Finance

Resource threshold

20.Remov obstacle for ventilation

19.Examine local air circulation

Courtyard

Priv OS

Inefficient communication

Communication /awareness

O9.Water fountains

Street

O7.Reducing traffic lane for street greenery.

Colleberation

Regulatory

Ownership Authority

PT station

O8.Tree canopy

Bottom-up measure

Top-down measure

Current policy/measure

No prio (Comm) Indv attitude low MOTI

No prio (city)

Attitude/ motivation

Work well

Street

O1.Cold pave

Best practice

Gov constraint

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.2.2 Barriers and enablers of suggested hard measures in open space.

Fig. 36: Mapping the barriers of suggested measure for open space. Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

115

CHAPTER 07

Community’s barriers and enablers for suggested adaptation measures in open space.

Community’s main barriers for the suggested measure in open space are: • No authority to appropriate the open space.

• Need Knowledge or guideline for implementing the measure.

• Need financial and technical investment.

• Need manpower to maintain the measure.

Most of the suggested measure required little investment, such as cold pave, multiple shading structure, mist cooling, ae well as the campaign for maintaining public green and examine local ventilation. The main reason these measures not being practised is owning to lacking the knowledge about cooling principles and how to employ them, according to the interviews. Also, some measure has high techniques and resource thresholds, for instance, arcades, which may be the factors to hinder the suggested measures. Again, all measure involving open public space (OPS) need authority. Last, some corresponding financial and technical resources such as water for irrigation is not yet available.

Therefore, the potential enablers for suggested measure in open space are: • Knowledge input and creation of guideline.

• • • •

Temporary authority from the government to appropriate the open space.

Coop and networking among CBO, institutes and neighbourhood group.

Form NBH group Crowdfunding / private invest

Common knowledge for cooling principle and manageable measures are the key to enabling future local-based heat adaptation in the open space. Secondly, getting the temporary permission for occupying open space for installing interim intervention for cooling down the open space during the mid-summer. Thirdly, building cooperation to mobilising CBO, neighbourhood group, institution and its external partners to gather resources, private investment, workforce as well as exchange and generating adapting knowledge; offset absence of the city’s resource support, resource threshold.in which local business could be the leading financial enabler.

116

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

City’s barriers and enablers for suggested adaptation measures in open space.

City’s main barriers for the suggested measure in open space are: • Low prioritising for adaptation hard measure in open public space.

• No authority for POOS. • High resource threshold in technical, financial and human force.

• No resource support for citizens.

Most of the city department that is in charge of the open public space such as the Garden, Cemetery and Forest (GCFD), Civil Engineering (CED) departments have few plans for heat adaptation. No consideration for climate-proofing material in open space design and construction set in these two department’s agenda. These departments have no designer or priority in plan UHI adaptation but passively supporting the sectors of urban climatology of the environmental protection department (EPCD). However, the suggested measures are also not considered by the EPCD either. Also, part of the suggested measure such as greywater irrigation system for urban green requiring the space and greywater from private property, which makes ownership an issue. Last, these suggested measure required a high amount of maintenance, finance and technical input which no city department is supporting these resource to the general publ Therefore, the potential enablers for suggested measure in open space are: • Re-prioritising and regulating the adaptation measures.

• To provide incentives to the landowner.

• Cooperation and networking with the community • Developing low cost and low technique adaptation hard measure.

• To add the budgets and for proving funding support for the civic.

• To promote the practice of simple hard adaptation measure.

To overcome the lack of priority for heat adaptation, the city department should consider climate adaptation as part of their regular business. And gradually including and regulating the different suggested measures in their primary tasks such as the city’s green and grey infrastructure design and planning. Secondly, to overcome the issue of private land ownership, to providing incentives to the landowner as well as building cooperation with the community and neighbourhood group increasing the implementation of the measure in private space. Last, reducing the threshold of these adaptation measures and the promotion of simple adaptation measure in lower the resource demand. While adding budget in adaptation and providing funding and resource support to the citizens will still be needed.

117

118

Fig. 37: Mapping the barriers of existing adaptation- practices in building scale. Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

Roof

Facade

Exisiting

GOV building

O8.Rooftop garden

O5.Ground-based green faรงade) O7.Green-blue roof

O2.Moveable overhanging

Roof

Facade

O1.Blinds, curtain

Private building

GOV building

Ground-based green facade

Green-blue roof

Founding for private green

Bottom-up measure

Top-down measure

Current policy/measure

Colleberation

Regulatory

10.Open window in cool time

Spatial condition

Data

Time

Knowl/Tech

Manpower

Finance

Resource threshold

Building opening

Inefficient communication

Communication /awareness

No prio (city) Ownership Authority

No prio (Comm) Indv attitude low MOTI

Attitude/ motivation

Work well

Gov constraint

CHAPTER 07

7.2.3 Barriers and enablers of existing hard measures for building

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Community’s barriers and enabler for existing measure for building.

Community’s main adapting barriers i n building are: • No authority or have complicated land ownership of the space.

• Building and space condition.

• Resource threshold in knowledge, technical, finance, human resource.

Potential enablers for the existing measure in open space: • Getting permission and changing the usage of the space.

• Cooperation of the CBO and neighbourhood group.

• Form a neighbourhood group.

• Knowledge input and generate.

• Crowdfunding and private investment.

• GOV subsidy As the discussion in chapter five for community-level analysis has elaborating communities constraint in building level adaptation. In this section focus on detailing the enablers.The enabler for dealing with the issue of complicated ownership and permission for applying building level measure is to engaging with the neighbourhood group to reach out the individual owner or unity with the other tenants to negotiate with the landowner. While to get to use the space of the street space still need the city to simplify the process of issue permission and changing land use. Meanwhile, give knowledge input of building-level adaptation measure, generating and the promotion of low threshold adaptation measures, crowdfunding and private investment from residents and local business, gathering local resource can be the key to enable the resource thresholds.

City’s barriers and enabler for existing adaptation practices in open space.

The main challenges that derive from the city in implementing the • Inefficient communication of the city’s funding program.

• No priority for applying hard measures in the GOV building.

Potential enablers for the existing measure in building: • Cooperation and networking with the local actors.

• Awareness campaign and education program.

• Re-prioritizing the implementation of the hard measure.

119

CHAPTER 07

The issue of inefficient communication can be solved through building cooperation with the CBO, neighbourhood group and community institution to disseminate the information about the city’s funding programme. Also, hosting the awareness campaign and educational programme about the adaptation measure increasing citizens and landowner’s interest in applying green construction in private building. Additionally, having the priority of implementing green contracture in the governmental property could avoid the issue of ownership as well as demonstrating the benefits of these measures to the general public.

120

INDV

BLD

COMM / INST

CITY

O4.Cold roof

O3.Cold faรงade

Roof

Facade

Best practice

12.Enhancing insulation

12.Enhancing insulation

Private building

GOV building

O6.Facade-bound green

O6.Facade-bound green

Roof

Facade

GOV building

14.Examing old bld cooling capacity

13.Climate-passive building codes

Bottom-up measure

Top-down measure

Current policy/measure

Regulatory Colleberation

11.Increasing building opening

Spatial condition

Data

Time

Knowl/Tech

Manpower

Finance

Resource threshold

Building opening

Inefficient communication

Communication /awareness

No prio (city) Ownership Authority

Indv attitude low MOTI

Work well

Attitude/ motivation No prio (Comm)

Gov constraint

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.2.4 Barriers and enablers of suggested hard measures for building.

Fig. 38: Mapping the barriers of suggested adaptation measure for building scale.

Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

121

CHAPTER 07

Community’s barriers and enabler for suggested measur for building scale.

Community’s main barriers for the suggested measure in building are: • The resource threshold for knowledge, technique and finance.

The suggested measures for building are cold façade, cold roof, building insolation, facade-bound green, increasing building opening, which was not known by most of the interviewees. Additionally, some interviewee has expressed the concern of technical requirements such as cold facade and roof.

For measures like increasing building insolation and increasing building opening requiring changing building structure, building regulation, design and high amount of investment are not feasible for most of the resident and CBO. Last, most of the building intervention required the collaboration of its shareowner; the significant resource threshold of the adaptation measure could demotivate individual owner to give their consent.

Therefore, the potential enablers for suggested measure for building are: • Knowledge input and generating.

• Developing low threshold adaptation measure.

• Networking among internal actors of the community.

• Formulation of the neighbourhood group.

• Crowdfunding and private investment.

• GOV providing the subsidy.

The enabler to overcome the knowledge and resource threshold could be knowledge input and generating from the neighbourhood group and community organisation. It also needs the collaboration and networking both inside and outside the community to mobilising the community members, gathering the resource, crowdfunding, and getting the consent of the building shareowner to constructing the measure. Additionally, there also need more research and promotion for the low-tech measure that could easily be applied by generall citizens to lower the technical threshold. Some experts and financial support from the government still be needed by the community.

122

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

City’s barriers and enabler for suggested measure for building scale.

City’s main barriers for the suggested measure for buiding are: • No priority for GOV building.

• No priority and regulation for existing buildings and heritage.

• Heritage protection.

The suggested adaptation measures for building scale are regulation for climate-passive building code, programme for examing and enhancing the cooling capacity of the building, and the promotion of façade bounded green with high evaporation effect. However, there is no sign that the city is considering these measures or implementing them in the governmental building. Even though the city already have the program for examing the heating capacity and subsidy for enhancing building insulation, but the program aims for the need for energy saving. No knowledge and expertise are provided to the general citizens to examing and strengthening the building’s cooling capacity.

Especially for the old buildings, which were design without the consideration of warming climate and sometimes even have the issue against the heritage protection law.

Therefore, the potential enablers for suggested measure for building are: • Re-prioritizing and regulating the suggested measure.

• Knowledge generating: research for AHM for old building and heritage.

• Revising the heritage law in offering the flexibility for adaptation.

For future heat adaptation in the building scale, the city needs to include climate adaptation into general building, energy and heritage regulation; and gradually integrated it with existing policy and program to increase the efficiency of implementing the adaptation plan and avoiding duplicated the work. Also, there’s a need for research on adaptation measure in old building and heritage, aside from heritage protection, old building, in general, requiring higher technic and investment to enhance its cooling capacity; and it is not affordable for most of the community institution such as the church or public citizens. Therefore, the low threshold adaptation measure for building and corresponding subsidy should provide by the government.

123

CHAPTER 07

7.2.5 Conclusion: enablers for bottom-up hard adaptation.

Community level Barriers Resource

Gov and inst constrain

City level

Enabler

Barriers

Finance

B

Knowledge

B

Technique

B

Crowdfunding

B

Space condition

B

GOV subsidy

B

Manpower

B

No authority

O

No priorities

O

B

Communic ation

Space condition

Enabler Gov incentives

O

O

Staffing

Cooperation

B

No priorities

O

Temp usage

O

No authority

O

Change land use

B

Form NBH group

B

Aware campaign

O

Communication

O

Open space

O

B

B

Re-prioritizing

O

B S

S Build cooperation

O

B S

Aware campaign

O

B

Building

B

Tab. 13: Summary of the barriers and enablers for existing adaptation measure Source: Y. Lai

Community level

City level

Barriers Enabler Barriers Enabler are to enSo, the critical enablers for existing hard adaptation in the community-level O B O B Knowledge Technique O Knowledge B Resource Knowl O B B Crowdfunding Finance O formulating Provid incentives gage all theTechnique community members through Oawareness-raising, NBHOgroup O B O B Finance GOV subsidy Manpower O Budgeting O O and building cooperation.

The involvement of resident, landowner and community Manpower Dev low-tech AHM* O O Water organisation enable getting level permission for adapting intervention well as gathering Community City as level O Cooperation O B No authority No priority O B Re-prioritizing O B Gov and Form NBH group* B Build cooperation No authoritymeanwhile, O O with local technique, workforce andOinvestment; collaborating inst knowledge, Barriers Enabler Barriers Enabler Temp usage O B B Heratage law Adjust regulation constrain Spaceknowledge condition Govresource incentives Finance CBO and B SI’s network.

Knowledge B O input, O Resource the city through While some support Crowdfunding Staffing B B Edu program O Communic Technique GOV subsidy Space condition B B such authority, info about UHI, guidance for hard measures and educaationas temporary Manpower

B

Open space Building O local B tion program should provide by the city; and cooperating with events in building Cooperation No priorities No authority O B B O B Re-prioritizing O B S Gov and Tempcity usage should cooperation No priorities O O increase No authority O S Buildin B S inst capability. local Meanwhile, the the awareness the cityO level, Change land use B constrain group B reprioritise adaptation action Form andNBH provide the incentive to the private landowner; also Aware campaign Communication Aware campaign to O O B O comB Communic the city’s KG program should change from merely providing resource support ation munity empowerment orientate, encourage the successful project toBuilding be the mentor for Open space O B UHI hotspot community.

Community level Barriers Resource

Gov and inst constrain

City level

Enabler

Barriers

Enabler

B B

Knowledge

O

B

Technique

O

Knowledge

B

Technique

O O

Crowdfunding

O

B

Finance

O

Provid incentives

O

Finance

O

B

GOV subsidy

O

B

Manpower

O

Budgeting

O

Manpower

O

Water

O

No authority

O

Knowl

Dev low-tech AHM* O

Cooperation

O

B

No priority

O

Form NBH group*

O

B

No authority

Temp usage

O

O B

Heratage law

Communic ation Open space

Tab. 14: Summary of the barriers and enablers for suggested measure Source: Y. Lai

124

O

B

Re-prioritizing Build cooperation

O

Adjust regulation

O B

Edu program

O

Building

B

B

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Community The critical barrier for hard adaption in both open space and building are the resource threshold. While the authority becomes an issue again for open space, and the resource, technique and the regulatory threshold of the building scale are too complex to resolve.

Similar to the enablers for the existing measure, the enablers for the suggested measure are manoeuvring the knowledge, transitory authority for POS, private and public investment through internal and external cooperation. Which keep a high level of awareness to heat-risk plays a role in keeping all community group engaging. Also, getting support from the city through CBO’s network or urban upgrading process in resolving the complex issues for building level adaptation.

City The critical barriers of the town to enforce the suggested measure are the priority and ownership again that determine the possibility to resolve resource threshold and permission for implementation. The additional regulatory challenge may derive from the heritage protection.Therefore, similar to the existing measure, the enablers are re-prioritising, especially for low tech measure and firstly implement at own public space to resolve the ownership and resource issue. Additionally, urgent the relevant sector to incorporate UHI adaptation in heritage protection and urban upgrading, to make the historic building become heat-proof, as well as corresponding program to support private own old building City and community Furthermore, the city and community could benefit from each other in optimising bottom-up adaptation. For instance, the community possess local resource, manpower and permission of private space, while the city could support in creating guidance for the suggested measure, and authority for temporary usage of the open space. Additionally, the community’s knowledge and capacity could generate low threshold measure that easy to scale; their experience for heat exposure at POS and old building also help the city revising adaptation policy. Further, increasing both levels’ awareness alongside the cooperation.

125

126

Fig.39: Mapping the barriers of exiting soft adaptation.

Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

INDV

BLD

COMM INST

CITY

Education Info flow

Low adapt practice

lack of knowl about UHI

Eld hard to read and hear

lack of knowl for AHM

Underrate heat related risk

Amiss knowl for ASM

06.Comm info point/event

SE being isolated

24.Use AC

20.Visit forest and AC public bld

19.Using wet towel for cooling

SE being isolated 17.Shift routine/reduce activity

Eld’s physical constraint

Eld’s financial strain

O7.Stay in cooler room

23.Use fan

13.Social service von CO

PP Keep window closed 11.Comm gathering spot

12.Social service von CBO Bld with poor cooling cap

Nearby cooling bld/spot

Inst well connect to city

10.Comm meeting and events

Park & OS deficiency

lack of knowl for AHM

Deficient drinking fountain

Underrate heat related risk

Low Internal collabo

Climate-proofing critical Infra

Climate protection in work place.

Building operation Behavioural adapt

Risk responding Heatwave warning

Spatial condition

Data

Time

Knowl/Tech

Manpower

Finance

Resource threshold

Eld’s health decline

Limited social agent

No HW response procedure

No coop with civic prot dept.

HW warning ineffective

No risk identification

Inefficient communication

Communication /awareness

Divers CBO and inst

Limited elderly accom

Data protection

Limited social agent

Elderly care programme

Social Service

Colleberation

Regulatory

Ownership Authority

No prio (city)

lack of knowl about UHI

No coop with social dept.

Low prio of soft adapt

Awareness

Bottom-up measure

Top-down measure

Current policy/measure

No prio (Comm) Indv attitude low MOTI

Work well

Attitude/ motivation

Amiss knowl for ASM

O5.Word of mouth

O3.Info channel & media

O1.Soft adapt Info system

HWs warning optimisation

Exisiting

Gov constraint

CHAPTER 07

7.3 Bottom-up adaptation soft measure.

7.3.1 Barriers and enablers. for existing adaptation practices

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Community’s barriers and enablers for existing soft measure:

Community’s main adapting barriers for existing soft measure: • No priority on adaptation.

• Individual’s attitude and lack of motivation.

• Resource thresholds for knowledge, technique and finance.

Potential enablers for Community’s existing soft measure: • Awareness campaign and education program.

• Knowledge input and generating.

• Promote low threshold adaptation soft measure.

• Understand the elderly’s need though the special participatory process.

As discuss in chapter five, the community have the potential for soft adaptation due to diverse social organisations and long history. Due to the mention above barriers, these potential are not used for adaptation. Therefore, the enablers derive accordingly are awareness campaign, education program and knowledge input in building up the individual’s capacity and awareness; this help, firstly encourages the CBO, SI in integrating heat adaptation into their regular tasks and their social services for the vul group, secondly driving individuals in practising heat adaptation; further, sustain bottom-up soft adaptation. Last, there a need for further understanding of the elderly’s fragility to tailor the social service that could address their vulnerability.

City’s barriers and enabler for existing soft adaptation practices.

City’s main adapting barriers for existing soft measure: • Inefficient communication of the city’s’ adaptation information • Individual attitude and low awareness about risk and vulnerability.

• Low priority for soft adapt • No authority to contact the SE directly due to data protection.

• Resource threshold for manpower and elderly accommodation.

Potential enablers for the city’s existing soft measure: • Awareness campaign and education program for government sectors.

• Re-prioritizing and regulating adaptation soft measure.

• Staffing for lack of social agents.

127

CHAPTER 07

• Building collaboration with CBO, INST and neighbourhood group.

• Understand the elderly’s need though the special participatory process.

• Intergenerational community development.

• As discussed in chapter six, the city’s main limitations are its communicating channel, priority on soft adaptation, awareness for heat-health risk, lacking workforce and resource of its social service and data protection law. Therefore, the enablers derive accordingly are, firstly the awareness campaign in the city level to aware the essential of planning adaptation base on local vulnerability. Secondly,re-prioritising the measure, engaging the education sectors and civic organisation in embedding behaviour adaptation practice. Further cooperating with SI, CBO, NBH group and CO in grounding the action in their daily routine and for HW risk responding; to compensate the shortage of the social service and data protection. Although, need more consideration in addressing the most susceptible-single elderly.

128

INDV

BLD

COMM INST

CITY

Risk responding Heatwave warning

Spatial condition

Data

Time

Knowl/Tech

Limited social agent

Low adapt practice

Eld hard to read and hear

lack of knowl for AHM

Underrate heat related risk

lack of knowl about UHI

O8.Education program

Amiss knowl for ASM

O5.Word of mouth

O7.Awareness campaign

18.Retiring prep program

SE being isolated

SE being isolated

Eld’s physical constraint

Eld’s financial strain

20.Acess to ctyd/cooling bld

16.NBH help reaches SE

15.Intergeneration event

Eld’s health decline

31.NBH Watch during HW

13.Social service von CO

30.Training for assisting VUL group Bld with poor cooling cap

17.Integ gene COMM dev

20.Offer free tap water

O9.Collabo among CBO

12.Social service von CBO

Limited social agent

31.HW warning integ with SMS

Nearby cooling bld/spot

Inst well connect to city

No HW response procedure

No coop with civic prot dept.

HW warning ineffective

No risk identification

14.Establish NBH group

Park & OS deficiency

lack of knowl for AHM

Deficient drinking fountain

Low Internal collabo Divers CBO and inst

Underrate heat related risk

lack of knowl about UHI

Limited elderly accom

Data protection

Amiss knowl for ASM

No coop with social dept.

Low prio of soft adapt

27.Plan HW risk respond

Building operation Behavioural adapt

Inefficient communication

Communication /awareness

Manpower

Finance

28.Examine heat-related emerg

Social Service

Colleberation

Regulatory

Ownership Authority

No prio (city)

O2.Info system for UHI/AHM

Awareness

Bottom-up measure

Top-down measure

Current policy/measure

Indv attitude low MOTI

Work well

Resource threshold

O4.Disem info via local contact

Education Info flow

Best practice

Attitude/ motivation No prio (Comm)

Gov constraint

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.3.2 Barriers and enablers. for suggested measures

Fig.40: Mapping the barriers of suggested soft adaptation. Source: Y. Lai, based on interview.

129

CHAPTER 07

Community’s barriers and enabler for suggested soft measure

Community’s main adapting barriers for suggested soft measure: • Motivation and the priority of the measure.

• Lack of collaboration with the city department and the other CBO. • Resource threshold for knowledge, technique, manpower.

• Authority to access the courtyard and the building with AC. The suggested bottom-up soft adaptation including fortifying information flow and adapting knowledge via words of mouth, the community awareness campaign and educational program, intergeneration community development in addressing vulnerable SE; tap water and cooling spots network for compensating the insufficient public facility. Most of all, the NBH watching and linking the community’s social service with HW responding.

Communication and Awareness: No cooperation and low motivation hinder the dissemination of adapting knowledge via words of mouth, awareness campaign and educational program, as it required networking, individual involvement, and necessary resource for facilitation.

Social services: No cooperation and low priority also hinder intergeneration community development, as it requires NBH groups’ support, manpower, internal and external resource, and individual participation; especially the VUL groups and elders, their sensibility is vital for embedding adaptation with the community developing.

Behavioural and building operation: Authority to vital for establishing the community’s cooling centre network, as it required the accessibility for the courtyard, AC building and tap water. Additionally, the coordination among NBH, CBO and local public and private sectors, as well as the commitment between the residents and visitors.

Risk responding and heatwave warning: No cooperation and low awareness restrain to active NBH watching and CBO’s visiting service with HW responding, as it requires human force, individual volunteering and coordination. Also, the knowledge for assisting the VUL group and info for the HW, which involve communication.

130

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Potential enablers for the community’s suggested soft measure: • Awareness campaign and education program.

• Cooperation among community members and with the city.

• Knowledge input and generating.

• Temporary access to cooling spots.

Hence, similar to the enabler for existing measures, education program and awareness campaign is the critical enablers for the community’s in employed suggested measures; as it grants and individual and CBO to prioritising suggested measure into their routine. While additional knowledge, guidance and authority are needed to facilitate the cooling-centre network, risk responding, and intergeneration-community development, this again emphasising the importance of internal and external cooperation that determine information flow, resources and authority exchanging as well as the better arrangement of existing social service

City’s barriers and enabler for enforcing suggested soft measures.

City’s main adapting barriers for suggested soft measure: • No priority for soft adaptation and heat risk management.

• Inefficient communication for the city’s program and social service.

• Lack of cooperation with the community and internal actors.

• Resource threshold: data to examine heat-related emergency.

The suggested bottom-up measure for the city including revising heat adaptation info system, upgrading information flow, increasing awareness, reinforcing the social service for SE, prioritising HW risk management, most important, support local adaptation actions in reducing the heat-vulnerability.

Communication and Awareness: Low awareness about the local susceptibility results in low priority in revising heat adaptation info system, upgrading information flow and further awareness campaign. Also, the lack of internal and external cooperation limits the PHD, ED and UPHD to activate their local network for adaptation purpose and receiving awareness about vulnerable elders from the SD. 131

CHAPTER 07

Social services: Lack of cooperation and low awareness hinder the city from reinforcing the social service for SE; as it required comprehending the relationship between vulnerable elders and heat-risk, and the support from NBH group and CBO as they are in the active positions for contacting SE. Behavioural and building operation: The city also plays a role in establishing the cooling centre network for heat-risk reduction, but it required cooperation with corresponded administration uni for getting their authority and commitment.

Risk management: Lack of priority, cooperation and data to examine heat-related hinder the city’s risk management; which requires, firstly, comprehending heat-related emergency in identifying and planning for the risk reduction.

Further, support from the social workers, elderly care, hospital or social institution in localising risk responding, while corresponding training and HW alert assist them in reacting timely. Additionally, the engagement with internal actors of PHD, SD, CD, EPCD and Civil protection department(CPD).

Potential enablers for the city’s suggested soft measure: • Re-prioritizing soft adaptation, establishing heat-risk responding.

• Knowledge input/ generate • Cooperation with local sectors.

• Awareness campaign and motivation Hence, similar to the enabler for existing measures, increasing sectoral awareness, re-prioritising city’s soft adaptation is critical for suggested soft measures for city-level. In which it enables the city establishing heat-risk responding, moreover cooperating and dialogue with the community to harvest local knowledge for risk identification, mobilising manpower, network and resource in enforcing suggested measures; with the input for expertise, training and communication program. In one hand, continuously reminding and engaging citizens in sustaining the partnership; on the other hand, increasing general citizens’ acclimatisation. Further, accompany with intergeneration community development, address the issue of an ageing society and heat-vulnerability fundamentally.

132

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.3.3 Conclusion: enablers for bottom-up soft adaptation

Community level Barriers Resource

Gov and inst constrain

City level

Enabler

Finance

S

Technique

S

Knowl

S

No priorities

S

Knowledge

Barriers S

Communic ation and Attitude

Attitude

S

Awareness

S

Participatory

S

S

Enabler

Manpower

S

Staffing

Technique

S

S

No priorities No authority

S S

Re-Prioritizing Cooperation

S

Communication

S

Education

S

Attitude

S

Awareness

S

Participatory

S

Soft measure

S

Community level

S

City level

Tab. 15: Summary of the barriers wand enablers for existing soft adaptation. Source: Y. Lai

Barriers

Enabler

Barriers

Enabler

S Knowledge S enablers Knowledgefor contemporary Knowl* S Knowledge input/ generate* S To conclude the critical bottom-up soft adaptation Resource S S Technique Crowdfunding Data* for the community-level areGOV knowledge input, awareness-raising and the parS Manpower subsidy ticipatory of the VUL group in community development.

TheRe-prioritizing** low motivation S S No authority Cooperation No priority of the measure**** S S Gov and S S No Priority Temporary auth Cooperation S inst hinders both individual and institution exercising adaptation, while knowlS No colle with comm* S constrain No colleberation edge and resource also influence the community’s awareness and adapting Inefficient communication* S capacity.

Communic

ation and

Attitudes Same for to the city level, as the degree of awareness determining the prioriSoft measure S ty for soft adaptation, which, influence its investment in improving deficient communication, relevant resource investment additionally, the consideration for the vulnerable elders and constrain of data protection. The city needs to sensitise heat-risk, first soft adaption, cooperating and staffing in facilitating the measures.

S education program* Awareness campaign and

Awareness campaign and S education program*

Additionally, the cooperation between the city and community also crucial. In one hand, local vulnerability motivates individual’s adapting as well as sectoral’s awareness, on the other hand, mobilising local resource and network also getting expertly and knowledge input, resource support from the municipal. Start from the NBH effect and the municipality’s internal communication with the social department.

Tab. 16: Summary of the barriers and enablers for suggested soft adaptation. Source: Y. Lai

133

Attitude

Attitude

S

Awareness

S

Participatory

S

Attitude

S

CHAPTER 07

Community level Barriers Resource

Gov and inst constrain Communic ation and Attitudes

Knowledge

Knowledge

Technique Manpower

S

GOV subsidy

S

Participatory

S

Soft measure

S

City level

Enabler S S

Awareness

Barriers S

Crowdfunding

Knowl* Data*

No authority

S

Cooperation

S

No Priority

S

Temporary auth

S

No colleberation

S

Enabler S S

Knowledge input/ generate* S

No priority of the measure**** S Re-prioritizing** Cooperation

S S

No colle with comm* S

Inefficient communication* S

S education program* Awareness campaign and

Awareness campaign and S education program* Soft measure

S

The common barriers for both the community and city are in suggested soft adaptation are, again, the priority, collaboration between both levels, knowledge input. While for the community, additional technical, workforce and access to cooling spots are needed; for the city, communication channel and data for risk identification and are necessitated.

For the community, internal cooperation with NBH groups and CBO help gathering manpower to support the SE during HW, mobilising local resource to compensate deficient public facility. Additionally, integrating awareness campaign and adaptation education with intergeneration event and community development.

For the city, will need to re-prioritising soft measure, support bottom-up adaptation with knowledge, education and training, a guideline for community intergeneration community development and corresponding resource and coordination aid.

Most importantly, cooperation between these two levels in realising mention above enablers. Last, raising the awareness to stimulate both community and city to set soft adaptation in priority; which can initiate bottom-up or topdown, or by external actors such as local initiative and mass media.

134

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.4 Recommendation : Address vulnerability from bottom-up

Planing adaptation from bottom-up means generating the adaptation strategies base on the local impact and their vulnerability and capacity. Thereby, this section will briefly compare how the selecting adaptation measures can apply in the Leonhardsvorstadt, according to the categories of elderly, family and community-based institution. As an example to demonstrate how the community supports UHI adaptation, which suggested measures are more important for each group, and the involving enablers, actors, programs, policy. Finally, concluding how to adapt to heat from bottom-up in Leonhardsvorstadt and how this process supports the city’s current system.

7.4.1 Integrated bottom-up adaptation measures for elderly

The elderly’s vulnerability comprises the physical, mental and social-economic statues that lead them being isolated, hard to reach out and less adaptive capacity among other social groups. Hence, the following measures are crucial for addressing the elderly’s issue: • • • •

Cooling and calm spots within walking distance of the community.

Neighbourhood-based intergeneration activities.

Community watch during HW. Intergeneration community development.

The green courtyard and cooling buildings like the mall, church architecture and libraries already serve as cooling spots for the community. Some social workers and agents have regularly explained and reminded the elderly, through a home visit, community events or at the community centres about how to behavioural adapt to the heat. Also, the community, hospital and police report the SE in need of support to the social agent. However, such practices not yet common in the Leonhardsvorstadt.

Therefore, it is essential to promote such practices in the community meanwhile continue enhancing the cooling capacity and quality of the community’s open space to encourage older people visiting during HW. As well as give access to the green courtyard and cooling building. Most importantly, considering elderly’s physical 135

CHAPTER 07

os01. cold pave

Physical & mental condition decreasing

os08. Tree canopy

os09. Water fountains os11. Vegetation

os13. Evaporation bed

Less mobility

st31. Elderly-friendly Cooling calm space in walking distance

Less outdoor activity

st19. Temp access to c

st19. Temp access to c

st05. Word of mouth

st09. Collaboration am

Less social contact

st10. Community mee

st11. Comm gathering Live alone

st12.Creation of neigh NBH-base Intergeneration activities

st01. Knowl sys for AS

st02.Knowl sys for UH Being isolated

st04.Opti info flow via

st07. Awareness camp

st14.NBH support rea

Hard to be inform

st25.Est HW respondi Less capacity in adaptation

Community watch during heatwave

st29.Integ HW warnin

Intergeneration COMM development

st16.Retirement prepa

Fig. 41: Integrated bottom-up adaptation scheme for elders. Source: Y. Lai, graphic design adapt from Laue 2013.

and mental condition in community’s development, creating a social landscape that Inclusiving them, for instance, elderly-friendly design open space, avoiding elderly resident in heat-exposure apartment in the building, organizing activities and programs for all age and give elderly meaning and social contact with the others — last but not the least, embed UHI adaptation into the process.

These measures required individual and institution’s priority and motivation, communication between each stakeholder, and the accessibility of these cooling spots.

Further, for individual attitude, cooperation, technical and spatial threshold can resolve by reprioritising adaptation action into the regular tasks, the awareness campaigns for mobilising the community members, developing and promotion of low thresholds adaptation measure, and the cooperation among the NBH group and community.

136

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Space/actors Park Squared Plaza Space/actors Private OS Courtyard Park Squared Private OS Plaza Pivate/public Private OS Building Courtyard

os01. cold pave os08. Tree canopy os01. cold pavefountains os09.

Water os08. canopy os11.Tree Vegetation os13.Water Evaporation bed os09. fountains os11. st31.Vegetation Elderly-friendly OS design os13.

Evaporation st19. Temp accessbed to courtyard

m space in ance

space in ce

GFCD/UPHD INDV

st19. Temp access to courtyard

CO/CBO/INST/

st19.

Temp access to cooling building st05.

Word of mouth

INDV

st10.

Community and events st12.Creation of meeting neighborhood group st11. Comm gathering spot st01. Knowl sys for ASM st12.Creation of neighborhood group st02.Knowl sys for UHI & AHM st01. Knowl sys for ASM st04.Opti info flow via local cont st02.Knowl sys forcampaign UHI & AHM st07. Awareness

ergeneration activities

ST/

st19.

Temp access toOS cooling building st31.

Elderly-friendly design

st09. Collaboration among CBO st05. Word of mouth st10. Community meeting and events st09. among st11.Collaboration Comm gathering spotCBO

ntergeneration activities

Private OS GFCD/UPHD Pivate/public Building CO/CBO/IN-

GFCD/UPHD CO/CBO INST

GFCD/UPHD INDV

Enabler E8. Low threshold measure

Enabler

E8. Low threshold measure E10.Temp usage of OS E11.Temp access E10.Temp usage of OS E12.Prioritizing adapt E11.Temp access E14.Awareness campaign E12.Prioritizing adapt E14.Awareness campaign E3. Form NBH group E4. Coop and networking E3. Form NBH group E4.

Coop and networking E14.Awareness campaign

CO/CBO INST INDV

GFCD/UPHD CO/CBO INST

st04.Opti info flow via local cont st14.NBH support reach out SE

GFCD/UPHD INDV

st07.

Awareness campaign procedure st25.Est HW responding

CO/CBO INST

watch during heatwave

st14.NBH support reach out SESMS st29.Integ HW warning with

INDV

ion COMM atch during development heatwave

st25.Est HW responding procedure st16.Retirement preparation program st29.Integ HW warning with SMS

n COMM development

st16.Retirement preparation program

E14.Awareness campaign

E4. Coop and networking

E4. Coop and networking E12.Prioritizing adapt

E12.Prioritizing adapt E15.Participatory process

E15.Participatory process

The key actors for these measures are, firstly, each individual, the CBO, SI, private sectors(CO) and each NBH group, the private property owner. While the city departNo collaboation ment of GFCD, UPHD, CED, MD, SD, ED, CPD playRegulatory a role for enabling the relevant NoSpace collaboation condition policy, program, for instance, HW risk responding, binding HW warning with SMS Regulatory Technique alert, providing training and guideline for intergeneration community development.

Space condition

Barriers SUM Authority(space) Barriers SUM Attitude

Technique

Enabler SUM low threshold Enabler SUM Coop and networking

Authority(space) Communication

low thresholdcampaign Awareness

Attitude Prioritizing adapt

Coop and networking Prioritizing adapt

Communication

Awareness campaign

Prioritizing adapt

Prioritizing adapt

137

CHAPTER 07

7.4.2 Integrated bottom-up adaptation measures for family

Form NBH group

st12.Building NBH gr

st02.Knowl sys for U

Kids' are still in infancy.

os01.Cold pave

os02.Lightweight sha

bl09.Green courtyard

Mobility: Heat exposure by using PT

Cooling POOS and playground in NBH and Kindergarten Enhancing building cooling capacity

os14.Grey water irriga

os14.Examine local ve

bl01.Blinds, curtain

st02.Knowl sys for U

Behavioural adapte accordingly

bl04.Cold roof

bl07.Green-blue roof

bl10.Open window in

bl14.Exam old BLD c

bl11. Increase BLD op bl12.Enhancing BLD

Risk response: Adult assistance

bl02.Moveable overh bl03.Cold faรงade Cooling street space Embed heat-adaptation in routine

bl05.Ground-based g

st01.Knowl sys about

st02.Knowl sys for U

Young adult: High acclimatisation

st08.Education prog

st07.Awareness camp

Higher capacity for adaptation

Community watching

st30.Community wat

NBH base Intergeneration activities

st13.NBH based Inte

Intergeneration COMM development

st15.Intergeneration

Barriers SUM Prioritizing adapt

Finance

No collaboration

Manpower

Regulatory

Attitude

Knowl

Communication

Technique

Authority(space)

Fig. 41: Integrated bottom-up adaptation scheme for elders. Source: Y. Lai, graphic design adapt from Laue 2013.

138

group

S and playground in dergarten

ilding cooling capacity

t space

adapine

watching

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Space/actors st12.Building NBH group st02.Knowl sys for UHI & AHM os01.Cold pave os02.Lightweight shading bl09.Green courtyard

Private OS Courtyard Parking lot

E1.Knowl input & generate

Kindergaten Playground

E9.Coop + networking

GFCD/CED /SMD/UPHD :Soziale Stadt

E13.Education program

os14.Grey water irrigation system

CO/CBO/INST/

os14.Examine local ventilation

INDV/FML

bl01.Blinds, curtain st02.Knowl sys for UHI & AHM bl04.Cold roof

Enabler

Pivate Building GFCD,UPHD

E14.Awareness campaign

E2.Crowdfunding private invest E3.GOV subsidy (city)

CO,CBO,INST,NBH

bl07.Green-blue roof bl10.Open window in cool time

INDV/FML

bl14.Exam old BLD cool capacity

E13.Education program

E14.Awareness campaign

bl11. Increase BLD open bl12.Enhancing BLD insulation

Street

E3.GOV subsidy (city)

bl02.Moveable overhanging

GFCD/UPHD GFCD/CED

E9.Coop + networking

bl03.Cold faรงade

CO,NBH

bl05.Ground-based green faรงade

INDV/FML

st01.Knowl sys about soft measure st02.Knowl sys for UHI and AHM st08.Education program st07.Awareness campaign

E14.Awareness campaign

E8.Form NBH group

PHD,EPCD, SD,CPD,CD,ED

E9.Coop + networking

CO,CBO,INST

E12.Prioritizing adapt

INDV,FML

E14.Awareness campaign

st30.Community watching

ergeneration activities

st13.NBH based Intergeneration event

SD,PHD,UPHD Soziale Stadt

on COMM development

st15.Intergeneration COMM dev

CO,CBO,INST INDV,FML

E8.Form NBH group E9.Coop + networking E14.Awareness campaign

Enabler SUM Low threshold Coop and networking Awareness campaign Prioritizing adapt

139

CHAPTER 07

For family, the kid’s vulnerability comprises their physical and social-economic situation; however, their sense is sensitive so they could adjust their behaviour accordingly. Moreover, the young adult, who has high acclimatisation and capacity in applying measures can always assist children and the other social groups. Hence, the following measures are suitable for the family group: • • • • • • • •

Building a neighbourhood group. +constructing cooling POOS and playground.

Enhancing the building’s cooling capacity. +influencing the streets condition.

Embed heat adaptation in daily practice. +community watching during the HW. NBH base Intergeneration activities. +intergeneration community development.

Part of the courtyard in Leonhardsvorstadt already cover with greenery, while for the yard with limited space for greenery such as playground applied some simple measure like moveable shade; measures with high cooling capacity like evaporation bed only feasible at new development project than the old residential area. For building-level, adding sun prevention and building operation can moderate the indoor temperature; yet measure like green roof and facade were not wildly used due to knowledge, ownership and the resource threshold; same for moveable overhanging which depending on the individual’s financial capacity. For soft adaptation, people preferring rely on personal experience than learn from the city’s adaptation info flyer; current community events and the information points are not used for adaptation purpose, though it can foster heat adaptation practice.

Thereby, more knowledge input is needs for raising the awareness and capacity in improving the climatical condition in the neighbourhood courtyard and kindergarten playground, especially for low threshold measure, to provide cooler outdoor space for the children. Also, influencing outdoor thermal situation like the street through measures at building level like cold and green facade; additionally, establishing adaptation practices in the early age to optimising the kids’ acclimatisation; last, incorporating young adult’s strength in

140

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

supporting the VUL group with the current community resource.

Additionally, building cooperation and networking with community group and institutes are critical enablers; for instance, involve the parents’ association(Eltern-Kind-Gruppen e.V), school, kindergarten or religion institution to trigger awareness campaign; integrate heat adaptation into school and home education in exchanging adaptation knowledge and also keep the family groups and education sectors engage. While, the city department of PHD, SD, ED play a role in enabling cooperating with the education department to root soft measures practice, providing adaptation information through the new network, funding and different resources and legal support as well as insensitive for the landowner and guideline for HW responding.

141

CHAPTER 07

7.4.3 Integrated bottom-up adaptation measures for VUL group and CBO

Building NBH and CBO cohesion

People with medical issue: Low acclimatisation

st06.COMM info poin

st09.CBO and INST C Cooling community OS

Temperary cooling in

st02.Knowl sys for UH

os10.Water mist spre

Mobility: heat exposure at PT

os19.Examine local ve

os20.Remove obstacle Personal attitude: low priority on adaptation

Drug user: weak social tie

Campaign for public green.

os15.Watering public

Enhance public BLD cooling capacity

Enhance public BLD

Cooling street space

Cooling street space

Community heat-reduction facility network.

st18.Offer free tap wa

st21.Access to courtya st25.HW responding

st28. Training for em

Low capacity

Community watching for VUL groups

st30.Community wat

Embed heat-adaptation in routine

st01.Knowl sys about

st02.Knowl sys for U

st08.Education progr CBO:contact with VUL group.

st07.Awareness camp

External network with the city

Influence on different stakeholders.

NBH base Intergeneration activities

st12.Building neighbo

Intergeneration COMM development

st15.Community part

Building NBH and CB

os21.Elder-friendly O

Enabler SUM

Barriers SUM Prioritizing adapt

Finance

No collaboration

Manpower

Regulatory Communication

Knowl Technique

Authority(space)

Fig. 43: Integrated bottom-up adaptation scheme for CBO and socially vulnerable group

142

Community commun

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Space/actors

H and CBO cohesion

st06.COMM info point and meeting. st09.CBO and INST Collaboration

munity OS

Temperary cooling intervention st02.Knowl sys for UHI & AHM os10.Water mist spread os19.Examine local ventilation os20.Remove obstacle for ventilation

public green.

os15.Watering public green

ic BLD cooling capacity

Enhance public BLD cooling capacity

space

n k.

Cooling street space st18.Offer free tap water

E8.Form NBH group

CO,CBO INST,NBH INDV

E11.Access to cooling spot E12.Prioritizing adapt E14.Awareness campaign E15.Participatory process

Public building Street

E12.Prioritizing adapt

Respond admin

E14.Awareness campaign

Public courtyard Acess to water

E13.Education program

st25.HW responding procedure.

PHD,SD, CPD

E14.Awareness campaign

st28. Training for emergency respond.

CBO,CO,INST

st21.Access to courtyard & cooling bld

INDV,NBH

st30.Community watching

dapne

st01.Knowl sys about soft measure

on op-

E1.Knowl input & generate

E10.Temp usage of OS GFCD,CED EPCD,UPHD :Soziale Stadt

CO,CBO,INST

atching for VUL groups

on

Park Squared Plaza

Enabler

st02.Knowl sys for UHI and AHM st08.Education program st07.Awareness campaign

PHD,EPCD, SD,CPD,CD,ED CO,CBO,INST

E9.Coop + networking

INDV,NBH

E12.Prioritizing adapt

st12.Building neighbourhood group

SD,PHD,UPHD Soziale Stadt

Community communication channel

CO,CBO,INST

Building NBH and CBO cohesion

INDV,NBH

st15.Community participatory process

SD,PHD,UPHD Soziale Stadt

os21.Elder-friendly OS design

E1.Knowl input & generate

E13.Education program

E14.Awareness campaign

CO,CBO,INST INDV,NBH

Enabler SUM Prioritizing adapt

Knowledge input/ generate

Education program

Coop and networking

Temporary authority

Awareness campaign

Source: Y. Lai, graphic design based on Laue 2013.

143

CHAPTER 07

The people with the medical issue or another socially vulnerable group such as drug user also susceptible to extreme climate; apart from their physical, social-economic status, addict have less choice for their living environment and rely on PT or walk, which increases the chance of heat-exposure; their health and life issues distract their attention or resource for heat adaptation.

Nonetheless, these socially vulnerable group often get support from CBO, social institution, church and allow them to build a good connection. Additionally, the CBO and social institutions also connect to the city department, external organisation and other community members; which become an essential channel for bridging different stakeholders and influencing each social groups.

• • • • • • •

Cohering NBH groups and community institution.

Cooling street and community open public space.

Campaign for taking care of public green.

Enhancing public building cooling capacity.

Community heat-adapting facility network.

Community watch for socially-vulnerable group Intergeneration community development.

As the community-level analysis mentioned, there are diverse organisation, institution and local business active in Leonhardsvorstadt community; hosting events, community developing, providing gathering spots and fostering community’s social tie. Having the potential to be the platform for inspiring heat adaptation practice, community social cohesion, mobilising the local resource, and introducing external support from its directing department or partners. Moreover, utilising this resource to compensating the deficient of the community’s public infrastructure as well as the shortage of workforce of the municipality in maintaining urban green and space.

Therefore, it is essential to establish cooperation between all community group for UHI adaptation and integrate with the community revival; in manoeuvre local resource, knowledge, workforce and space authority from both public and private sectors. For instance, they can implement interim and simple measures at streets, squares, roadside car park, public buildings or commercial spaces in optimising its climatic condition to offset the deficient of the architecture, urban design and planning. Additionally, manifest the benefit of

144

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

these measures in stimulating other groups to follow up. Next, initiating all resident in community watch and HW emergency respond. Last, keep speaking up for the socially-vulnerable group, incorporating their fragility in the process of community development, in achieving social inclusion.

Hence, the essential step is raising awareness among the community to trigger the initiative to support the movement of UHI adaptation and combine it with their duty. Since most of the organisation occupy by their regular task and the bureaucratic burden, have no additional resource, time and sometimes authority; that limit them to exercise UHI adaptation. Consequently, increasing awareness about heat-risk help; first, allowing the organisation to unite adaptation work with regular responsibility as it is necessary, encouraging their jurisdiction party offering resource, authority or staffing to support the action. Secondly, networking with other organisation in resolve the resource scarcity, exchanging information and knowledge and expending their network that reaches out to more community members, VUL group in especially, in understand their need and concern.

Still, additional legal, authority, knowledge, resource support from the city department of GFCD, UPHD, CED, MD, SD, ED, CPD and the responsible public administration are vital for enabling the CBO to implement adaptation measure. For instance, permission for installing measure in own public building, adjusting the heritage law to allow cooling intervention at the public-use historical architecture, and providing particular financial, human, knowledge, technique resource such as training for emergency responding and for assisting VUL group; also the program for community participation and empowerment.

145

CHAPTER 07

7.4.4 Conclusion

What the community contribute to UHI adaptation and reducing local vulnerability. Some hard adaptation already practised by the community that help cool down POOS, POS or serve as cooling spots for the residents which is beneficial for the elderly in especially. Secondly, some SI and community members practice soft measures and occasionally exchange their knowledge during community event to help each other coping with the heat. Also, the SI and CBO consult the VUL groups about the city’s social service in enhancing their overall capacity, as well as additional service organise by them. Which serve the community’s immediate need and reduce the susceptibility.

Among all the suggested measure for each social group, raising awareness, fostering community cohesion, building cooperation and intergeneration-community development are the pillars to promoting bottom-up UHI adaptation. In the short run, increasing awareness for heat-risk and collaborating among the community group in optimising current resources, services and networks for mitigating heat-risk. And gradually build up the community’s overall adapting capacity from individuals, family to the institutional level to empower the community. Furthermore, incorporate heat adaptation with intergeneration-community development to address the most vulnerable group-the elders.

146

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.5 Toward integrated UHI adaptation

Key enabler Overall, for bottom-up adaptation in Leonhardsvorstadt and Stuttgart, requiring a capacity building with knowledge input, collaboration with all internal actors in implementing adaptation measure in all level and both private and public arena by integrated it in everyday life and regular business as well as community developing process. Most importantly, awareness-raising and communication to initiate the whole process. Addition with prioritising and integrating adaptation actions in routines, building cooperation and mobilising, knowledge input and the generation of for low thresholds measures, and gathering resources. Aside from activating different actors in the community, several external actors from the city level are crucial for offering authority, resources, incentive and legal support for actuating bottom-up heat adaptation.

Actors To fulfil the mention, enablers need the involvement of the following stakeholders from the discussions of integrated adaptation measures for different social groups. Start from individuals from all social group to a different kind of community institutions. VUL groups’ behavioural adaptation reducing their vulnerability, while the assistant of the youngster and CBO help the community’s increasing the overall capacity of the physical and social environment in heat-risk prevention. Additionally, giving individual’s consent, authority, resource and share it with the CBO and SI’s network for enforcing the adaptation actions. However, the community can not do this alone, specific permission, resources, incentive and legal support that is crucial for community lead bottom-up adaptation measure. For instance, the SD, PHD is the key to the elderly and kids in providing social and health service. Meanwhile, ED, the CD also vital channel in broadcast adaptation knowledge for all social group, and the GFCD, SMD, CED and respond admin fo public building gives the CBO, SI authorities and technical support in OP and public building. Most important EPCD and UPHD in charging the city’s adaptation policy, heritage law, urban development and offering the participatory channel, knowledge, resource support and science data.

The role of individual 147

CHAPTER 07

Raising awareness, share knowledge for soft adaptation and permission, the resource for hard measure intervention. Most importantly, action, as heat affect an individual’s well-being, people need to take its responsibility to increase acclimatization; further, be a change maker, participating with the community’s adaptation moment to alter the negative environment.

The role of the community and neighbourhood Is a platform to influent and disseminate awareness to the resident, also an engage them to discuss and find the solution to cope with their vulnerability.

Further, bringing the community’s concern to the local authority, get the necessary support as well as scaling up the adapting measure through the development process.

The role of the city.

For government sectoral: Climate adaptation should be a ‘normal business’ for the public sectors. All development decisions should incorporating with the extreme climate factors, as well as the influence on the degree of susceptible and vulnerable for human society; by cooperating and communicating with community level.

The role of civil society The news media have played an important role in evoking the urgent of heatrisk. This year June, several heatwaves have hit Europe and Germany. Many media, international in especially, not only providing scientific information but also providing a hotline for people to share their own coping measure, share the experience from warmer countries and open the discussion about AV usage and building operation, which take a step further to make civil being better prepare for the warming future.

In Stuttgart, many environmental initiatives working on nature conservation and climate mitigation and link to daily practice; which could have even greater influence and motivate people to sustain the practice if the initiative is linking to people’s everyday issue such as heat-vulnerable. w

148

DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Policy and program

There are only a few programs that are allowing citizens involving in the urban developing process besides the participatory process that regulates in urban planning. A program like ‘social City; Soziale Stadt’(Soziale Stadt - Stadt Stuttgart 2019)and ‘District development through private initiative; Quartiersentwicklung durch Privatinitiative (Quartiersentwicklung durch Privatinitiative (GQP) 2019), under the UPHD, also an opportunity to support local development and well as enforcing hard adaptation measures. For a program like ‘community work; Gemeinwesenarbeit(GWA)’ from the SD (Community work - City of Stuttgart 2019)and civic engagement NGO like Bürgerstiftung Stuttgart could help trigger the dialogue between CBO and SI in fostering adaptation actions and community cohesion.

Still, the above mention program does not apply for UHI adaptation; but provide different interest to attract diverse group and to offer a window to merge adaptation actions. Hence, again, emphasising adaptation need to seen as a fundamental associated factor in the process of development, and the need to keeping the awareness.

Fig. 44: Flyer for GQP program Source: Stuttgart city, UPHD ((Quartiersentwicklung durch Privatinitiative 2019,p.4)

Fig. 45: Flyer for Soziale Stadt program Source: Stuttgart city, UPHD ((Soziale Stadt - Stadt Stuttgart 2019,p.1)

149

150

8 Conclusion

151

CHAPTER 08

152

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

8 Conclusion and Outlook

8.1 Conclusion

Bottom-up UHI adaptation in the German city perspective required community empowerment,multi-sectors and level cooperations. To

adapt UHI from the bottom-up referring plan from the local impact, risk, capacity and level of awareness; the process can initiate by engaging all sectors and social group in the community, start from the individual neighbourhood level to initiatethe movement; and gradually influence the top-down process by integrating adaptation actions into the CBO, SI, CO’s routine and their director department, community-developed and urban upgrading.

This research s tarted with two main questions: what the local community contribute to UHI adaptation, and how to integrated the bottom-up adaptation approach into municipal’s top-down policy. Starting from the issue of UHI and human health, touch upon relevant environmental and social-economic factors in developinga comprehensive frameworks for conducting a risk and capacity assessment in both city and community level, understand how these two levels acting on adaptation and what can be localised; categorise and identifying the barriers and enablers, Secondly,tailor a set of adaptation plans based on the community’s vulnerability and capacity; and finally, giving a whole picture with the key barriers and enablers for community lead adaptation and the actor,program and policies in behind.

153

CHAPTER 08

The impact of heat and vulnerability of the community The vulnerability and susceptibility analysis from the Leonhardsvorstadt has proved that the elderly are the most vulnerable to heat in comparison to the kids, illness people and other social-vulnerable groups; due to their physical, mental, social and financial conditions. Although the public infrastructures are adjacent to the case study community; these facilities do not provide sufficient cooling or service for reducing the risk of heat for most of the older people or other vul groups. Moreover, the social department of the Stuttgart city is on a shortage of human resources, resource and authority to approach or offer social service to all the elders that enhancing their adapting capacity.

And the public health and communication department are deficient in communicating the city’s adaptation information and evaluating how the general public receiving it. Above all, the soft adaptation and the vul people’s heathealth risk was not focal of the city’s climate adaptation plan.

What strategies and strengthenthe community have in UHI adaptation?

As part of the community, most of the resident is willing to taking care of the community environment and exercising heat adaptation as they experience the disadvantage of UHI and heat; however, they also feel helpless in adjusting the climate condition, for the young adults especially. By reason that the community members know the local climate condition, sensibility and vulnerability by the heart through their personal experiences and their observations from their vulnerable neighbours; moreover, being knowledgeable with the local resource, network and the constrains for implementing the adaptation measures and could create and apply some simple measures accordingly.

How community contributes to UHI adaptation and local vulnerability.

Hence, the community have the potential for manoeuvring local resource, manpower, authority, knowledge and action locally in compensating the deficiency of local infrastructure, social service and the dissemination of heat adaptation information; also, offering a reality check of the city’s adaptation plan and creating diverse adaptation portfolio, give the flexibility of adaptation option. Most importantly, identifying and giving immediate support to the vul groups when they needed, for instance, the family and school caring for the children and the community organisation, institution and private sectors back underprivileged people and elders. All in all, the community could support UHI adaptation from 154

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

bottom-up in a numerous way and embed it in their daily routine.

What will the community need for future bottom-up UHI heat adaptation?

The mention potential is not exerted due tolack of knowledge about UHI and heat adaptation, low cooperation among the community groups, and complicated ownership of private and public own space result in low motivation, priority and high resource thresholds which hinder the community’s action on heat adaptation. Hence, the engagement of all community groups, increasing heat-health risk awareness and capacity-building can enable the community by gathering the community’s resource, knowledge, technique and authority of the privately own property to reduce the resources required as well as optimising the information flow about heat-risk to empower the community, above all, creating a dialogue with elderly and vul groups to integrated their need and vulnerability along with UHI adaptation and community developing.

Support from the city However, the community can notfight alone. A developed country like Germany, resources and urban regulation are high barricades for individual and CBO, also, climate expertise and specialized knowledge and technique is not universal for general citizens; the finding from the community level analysis and the discussion chapters demonstrate the need for resource support, knowledge input, flexible authority of the space and regulatory adjustments will be needed from the municipality in support the community’s bottom-up measures.

Barriers of the city The Stuttgart city has action on the bottom-up measure for heat adaptation.

Due to the exiting urban structure that hider the optimisation of the urban green; but the deficient promotion of the city’s program, high threshold of current measures, complicated private ownership impede the city’s vision in optimising green in own private space; and the increasing maintenance of the public green add the burden of the city. Further, low priority and awareness, lack of workforce, network, legalbase and resource block the development and execution of the city’s soft measure in the local. Last, the ignorance of the local condition leads to maladapted.

155

CHAPTER 08

Hence, bottom-up UHI adaptation in Stuttgart it requires the input from both levels. Starting with increasing the awareness from individual,

community, municipality to the mass media; mobilise multi sectors and level, start from both the community and the city’s internal actors. Initiate by the city-community cooperation for setting temporary outdoor cooing spot, practising of simple measure and local-based HW respond; building experience and knowledge to adjust and incorporate suggested UHI adopting measures; continued integrating with community development, comprising the need of the socially-vulnerable with a strong partnership that grows alongside the process; and further create a feedback loop of evaluation, planning and implementation with the dialogue between community and city to enable the co-constructing of an environmentally and socially heat-proof community and city.

Final thought As the changing climate can have a direct effect on an individual’s everyday life, it should plan from each affected stakeholders. The beauty of this research is to learn the community members’ daily experience about the warming climate and living environment to justify the municipal’s policy and the so call best-practice adaptation measures from the academic; Plan and acting from bottom-up also helps to initiate the process and sustaining the movement by involving all the basic uni of the society-individual, family, community without the constraint from the top-down policy process, although how to bind it with community development still infancy and lack of concern in the developed countries.

156

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

8.2 Limitation and Outlook Limitation

This research has limitations on data, language, interviewee profiles, and debating between each relevant policy for UHI adaptation. Aside from the restraint of data. No group discussion about adaptation with different community groups lose the opportunities of perceiving the conflict each group have toward different measure but only comparing in the discussion chapter. Also, the ambition to touch upon all relevant UHI adaptation aspect, lose the time to examining all related regulation and how far the city’s have implemented its adaptation plan but relying on the interview feedback of relevant city department.

Outlook

Need more research and practice in a developed country From the EU’s BASE project, Germany’s social city program, the platform of the CBA(community-based adaptation) and other relevant discourse; only a very little research from the above mention fields binding climate adaptation with community development in the context of developed countries and cites. Aside from the potentials, benefits and barriers reveal in the research, what makes the fundamental difference is the well-established governmental system develop the top-down mindset among the society that leads to the recommendation of community empowering. Further, as the process of empowerment varies from the social dynamic, physical space, and local authority, more experiences are needed for enabling the bottom-up approach.

The adaptation barriers arise from the community’s social inclusion.

The Leonhardsvorstadt community hosts diverse social group due to high dense of church and social institution. However, these temporary visitors ‘ behaviors somehow hider the bottom-up adaptation; for instance, the environment filthy, hazards and public facilities damaging that caused by the homeless, drunk people or drug addicts and teenager, has demotivated the community from adaptation action and the elderly visiting the open space and social facility. Also, having a broader understanding of the relevant aspect of heat-related vulnerability attribute to the social condition, family structure, culture background, personal value and availability of social service beyond the traditional spatial planning.

157

CHAPTER 08

The constraint of the governmental level.

The general issues for heat adaptation in governmental level: For the city of the Stuttgart, low priority and implementation of the adaptation measure attribute to the end of the project cycle and collaboration.

Secondly, unaware the impact of heat-health result in limited of relevant soft measures were planned, such as heat-risk management.

Moreover, heat-health and social-vulnerability exclude from heat-adaptation is a general phenomenon across Europe. In the 2019 European resilience city conferences, two pioneer cities of the EU-UHI project, LuthIjana and Wein, presented their adaptation plan right after the presentation about heat-health from WHO(world health organisation). However, their strategies mainly focal on the top-down hard adaptation that half fund by the EU commission; which leave the concern of underestimating soft adaptation and how to sustain the process.

Hence, there’s also a need to raise awareness among the international organisation and practitioner. Also, country and city should regularly engage with such event and network in learning from each other’s experience, internationally and nationally. Stuttgart is not the only city having the issue of heat and ageing; learning from the city with similar social-economic and legal background is beneficial for the municipality. Still, no platform for such a peer-learning function exists yet.

158

CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK

159

160

References

Literature Alessio Capriolo,Francesca Giordano,Rosa Anna Mascolo, Planning for adaptation to climate change. Guidelines for municipalities.

Ayers, J, Huq, S, Wright, H, Faisal, AM & Hussain, ST 2014, ‚Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into development in Bangladesh‘, Climate and Development, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 293–305.

Brücker, G, Therre, H & Hoile, E 2005, ‚Eurosurveillance. Topic: 2003 Heat Wave‘, 7-9, pp. 146–168.

Carlson, AE 2008, ‚Heat Waves, Global Warming, and Mitigation‘.

Chaudhury, AS, Sova, CA, Rasheed, T, Thornton, TF, Baral, P & Zeb, A 2014, ‚Deconstructing Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPAs). Analysis of Nepal and Pakistan LAPA initiatives.‘, vol. 67. Available from: www.ccafs.cgiar.org.

Climate Atlas Region Stuttgart(Klimaatlas Region Stuttgart) 2008.

Ellina Levina , Dennis Tirpak,OECD 2006, Adaptation to climate change key terms.

Federal Environment Agency, G 2015, Germany’s vulnerability to Climate Change.

Summary.

Founda, D & Santamouris, M 2017, ‚Synergies between Urban Heat Island and Heat Waves in Athens (Greece), during an extremely hot summer (2012)‘, Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 10973.

Holly Ashley, Nicole Kenton, Angela Milligan 2009, ‚Participatory learningandaction:. Community-based adaptation to climate change‘, vol. 60.

Icaza, LE 2017, Urban and regional heat island adaptation measures in the Netherlands.

IPCC AR5 Synthesis Report 2014, Climate change, [IPCC, WMO], [Geneva].

IPCC: AR4 2007, Climate change. Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability : contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / edited Martin Parry … [et al.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Available from: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/ fy0827/2008295434-d.html.

Kingsborough, A, Jenkins, K & Hall, JW 2017, ‚Development and appraisal of long-term adaptation pathways for managing heat-risk in London‘, Climate Risk Management, vol. 16, pp. 73–92.

Kingsborough, A.Borgomeo,E & Hall, JW 2016, ‚Adaptation pathways in practice: Mapping options and trade-offs for Londons water resource.‘. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670716302232.

Klinenberg, E 2003, Heat wave. A social autopsy of disaster in Chicago, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, London.

Manik, TK & Syaukat, S 2014, The impact of urban heat islands. Assessing vulnerability in Indonesia, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.

Matthews, JBR 2018, Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Annex I: Glossary.

Michelle,B,L., Zanobetti, A & Dominici, F 2013, Evidence on Vulnerability and Susceptibility to Health Risks Associated With Short-Term Exposure to Particulate

161

References

Matter: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Available from: https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775545/ [19 May 2019].

OECD 2009, Integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation.

Policy guidance, Paris.

Roth, M 2013, Urban Heat Islands.

SenStadtUm 2016, Urban Development Plan Climate(Stadtentwicklungsplan Klima). Concret Climate adaptation in the growing city(KONKRET_Klimaanpassung in der Wachsenden Stadt).

UNDP 2016, An integrated framework to support local governance and local development.

Virginia Murray (ed.) 2019, Heat,health, and cities. Why urban certers and local action matter.

Walker, BJA, Adger, WN & Russel, D 2015, ‚Institutional barriers to climate change adaptation in decentralised governance structures. Transport planning in England‘, Urban Studies, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1–115.

WHO 2008, HEAT–HEALTH ACTION PLANS. Graham Bickler, Neus Cardeñosa Marín, Simon.

WHO 2018, Heat and health. Information and public health advice. Available from: https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/heat-and-health/en/.

Zaidi, RZ & Pelling, M 2015, ‚Institutionally configured risk. Assessing urban resilience and disaster risk reduction to heat wave risk in London‘, Urban Studies, vol.

52, no. 7, pp. 1218–1233.

City of Stuttgart. (2012). KLIMAKS. Climate adaptation concept Stuttgart(Klimaa npassungskonzept Stuttgart). https://www.stadtklima-stuttgart.de/stadtklima_ filestorage/download/kliks/KLIMAKS-2012.pdf.

City of Stuttgart, Environmental Protection Office. (2010). Climate change – challenge facing urban climatology.

J. Baumüller,U. Reuter,U. Hoffmann,Geogr. H. Esswein (Ed.). (2008). Climate Atlas Region Stuttgart(Klimaatlas Region Stuttgart).

Manuel Weis, Stefan Siedentop, Lukas Minnich. (2011). Vulnerability Report of the Stuttgart Region(Vulnerabilitätsbericht der Region Stuttgart), Institut für Raumordnung und Entwicklungsplanung.

Manik, T. K., & Syaukat, S. (2014). The impact of urban heat islands. Assessing vulnerability in Indonesia (Asian cities climate resilience working paper series, 13:2014). London: International Institute for Environment and Development.

SENSW. (2018). Adapting to the consequences of climate change in Berlin (AFOK(Anpassung an die Folgen des Klimawandels in Berlin). Climate protection subconcept summary. (Reusswig, F., Becker, C., Lass, W., Haag, L., Hirschfeld, J., & Knorr, A., et al., Eds.).

Stuttgart Department of Health; Communication Department. (2018). Tips for the hot season(Tipps für die heiße Jahreszeit) (Schmidt, F., Ed.).

Stuttgatrt Office for Urban Planning and Renewal. (2019). KOMMUNALES GRÜNPROGRAMM. Laue, F. (2013). Coping with Climate Change. Reflections for Community Based Strategies in Cairo‘s Urban Informal Settlements.

162

Web-based source Climate-ADAPT, Urban Adaptation Support Tool (UAST). Available from: https:// climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/knowledge/tools/urban-ast [31 March 2019].

Stadtklima Stuttgart | Planung | Planung. https://www.stadtklima-stuttgart.de/ index.php?planung. Accessed: 7 September 2019.

History of Leonhardsvorstadt - Leonhardsvorstadt e. V. http://leonhardsvorstadt. de/die-leonhardsvorstadt/historie-der-leonhardsvorstadt/. Accessed: 11 September 2019.

Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt. City-Trees Esslinger Strasse, Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt. https://www. stuttgart-meine-stadt.de/baumassnahme/esslinger-strasse/?tab=2. Accessed: 11 September 2019.

Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt. Leonhardsviertel, Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart - Haupt- und Personalamt. https://www.stuttgartmeine-stadt.de/mitte/stadtentwicklung/leonhardsviertel/?tab=0. Accessed: 11 September 2019.

(2019, 10 September). Community work - City of Stuttgart. https://www.stuttgart. de/gemeinwesenarbeit. Accessed: 10 September 2019.

Web-based source and figures Zeitung, S., Stuttgart, & Germany. (2019, 13 September). Neugestaltung Stuttgarter Marktplatz: GroĂ&#x;e Schirme als Schutz gegen die Sonne? https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.neugestaltung-stuttgarter-marktplatz-grosse-schirme-alsschutz-gegen-die-sonne.9f67c14a-dfdb-47d7-97d5-48d682d19165.html. Accessed: 13 September 2019.

(2019, 10 September). Quartiersentwicklung durch Privatinitiative (GQP). https:// www.stuttgart.de/stadterneuerung/gqp. Accessed: 10 September 2019.

(2019, 10 September). Soziale Stadt - Stadt Stuttgart. https://www.stuttgart.de/ soziale-stadt. Accessed: 10 September 2019.

163

Annex

165

166

* mark free cooling Spaces (e.g. in museums)

SRI Solar Reflectance Index

 Ventilation

 Meadow / lawn

 shading

 High SRI

 Evaporation and Transpiration

Hard measure Overall criteria:

Ventilation Open space Ventilation Street

Albedo(material) ground

Albedo(color) ground

Place and feature

Evaporation Green + Blue

Shading 0_Without shading Green + grey

Albedo: facade (color material)

Façade design Green + grey

2 Water fountains High water movement: the highest the better

1 surface of the water 3.

3 (SRI 35-47) 50 % opening Opening > 2 SW/BH =1.7~ 2 3

2 (SRI 8-35) 33% opening Opening < 2 SW/BH =1.4~ 1.7 2

1 (SRI 0-7) 0 opening SW/BH < 1.4 SW=8, BH> 6 1

1 (SRI 0-7) asphalt 瀝青

3 Ochre/yellow untreated macro fine.

3 (SRI 35-47) -

2 grey, untreated, macro fine red, ground 2 (SRI 8-35) Concrete Grass

1 black, untreated, macro rough

Parks, large private open spaces, small-scale green areas city squares

floating vegetation islands blue-green facades

water-supplied green

city squares

6.

5.

3 4.

3 Ochre/yellow( light) Untreated Macro fine. brick / natural stone 3 (SRI 35-47) 60% shade Arcades Row of Tree(lose) Tree with lose leave)

Tree Arcades facade

Shadowing

Parks, large private open spaces, city squares (e.g. in row buildings, hospitals ... )

4.

Perpendicular to the main wind direction. greatest oasis effect with small water areas (Ø up to 10 m)

1 (SRI 0-7) 20% shade Temporary shade

2 grey, untreated Red, ground macro fine brick / natural stone 2 (SRI 8-35) 40% shade Temporary shade Tree(lose) < 3

-

Moveable shaded light color

1 black, untreated, macro rough

-

Conventional façade dark color

Hard measure chart Rev01_ 06.08

4

SW/BH =2~ 2.4

4 (SRI 47-71) 67% opening

4 (SRI 47-71) -

4 beige/rice white, steel shot blasted

Streets, city squares

4 evaporation beds Plants with high evaporation capacity: reed beds and rushes

4 (SRI 47-71) 80% shade Row of Tree (dense) Tree with dense leave Permeable shading

4 beige/rice white shot peened

Greening wall curtain greening

ground-based facade greening

SW/BH > 2.4 SW=8, BH=3~ 1 5

5 (SRI 72-95) Fully open

5 (SRI 72-95) -

5 white, smooth, non-porous

Parks, large private open spaces(e.g. in row buildings, hospitals ... )

Plants with highest evaporation capacity: reed beds and rushes

5 plant existing water areas

5 (SRI 72-95) 100 % shade Tree canopy Multi Permeable shading

5 White Smooth non-porous

horizontal greening vertical greening

Facade-bound greening with irrigation

ANNEX 1

Physical space observation criteria

ANNEX 2 Interview questionnaire for community

Yilin, Lai_ Student | MSc.IUSD program of the University of Stuttgart Interview questionair_Bischof-Moser-Haus Who is your target group in your focus activities?

What is the range of their Age? How many people involve in the activities?

Could you brief the focus activities of your institution?

How often do the activities happened?

How the people come to visit your activities?

Do the people who join your activities live alone or with their family?

Do you also work with other organization/ or the government within your activities?

Do you know any other organization who provide similar service as your organization?

Do they work with the city before?

How people get in touch with your organization?

How you advertising your activities, program and service?

Is these the activities, program and service your institution offered are free or the participant have to pay for certain amount of fee?

Do you feel the summer is getting warmer?

If yes, do you see any disadvantage from that?

Have you heard about urban heat island? If yes, what is your understanding?

About the heatwave, how they now about it Do the people who join your activities complain about the hot weather? How they mention it?

Give hint about the effect of heat./ How is last year?

What your organization do to help them confronting the issue they have mention above? how they help them cold down How you adjust the indoor/ outdoor environment in order to make the temperature cooler?

Is there any emergency happen in the past that is because of the extreme hot weather?

What is the situation?

Do your organization provide any program to prevent that emergency to happen again?

Do you know any other elderly who live alone but never join your activities?

Do you know any other organization taking caring of them?

There are some tips and solutions from the city that could help to adapt to the hot weather in the summer, do your organization know about it? Or your organization already applied this solution? ( will provide material) Do the elderly practice these tipps, (drink enough water,) what can be a challenge for them?

How they rate the level of awareness of the elderly?

If you can get the support from the city to implementing some solutions to adapt to the heat in the summer, what kind of support you think you will need? Which solution you will take?

Do you practice these adaptation strategies by yourself?

Is there anything adaptation strategies you would like to recommend the city to take in considered in their future adaptation plan ( provide cooling center, more drink fountain, emergency procedure for extreme hot day,,,, etc) Her suggestion to the city?

Do they work with refuge?

How the refuge been effect by the heat?

Do they know other organization who have similar?

- who are the people wh have interview with BMH before?

167

ANNEX 3 Interview questionnaire for city

Yilin, Lai_ Student | MSc.IUSD program of the University of Stuttgart

02_Interview Questionnaire: Could you brief the focus activities of your institution?

Who is your target group in your focus activities?

How many people involve?

How often is the activities happened?

How the people come to visit you activities?

Do the people who join your activities live alone or with their family?

Do you also work with other organization/ or the government within your activities?

How people get in touch with your organization?

How you advertising your activities, program and service?

Is these the activities, program and service your institution offered are free or the participant have to pay for certain amount of fee?

Do you feel the summer is getting warmer?

If yes, do you see any disadvantage from that?

Have you heard about urban heat island? If yes, what is your understanding?

Do the people who join your activities complain about the hot weather?

How they mention it?

What will you do to help them confronting the issue they have mention above?

How you adjust the indoor/ outdoor environment in order to make the temperature cooler?

Is there any emergency happen in the past that is because of the extreme hot weather?

What is the situation? How your organization prevent that emergency to happen again?

Do you know any other elderly who live alone but never join your activities?

Do you know any other organization taking caring of them?

There are some tips and solutions from the city that could help adapting to the hot weather in the summer, do your organization know about it? Or your organization already applied these solution? ( Will provide material )

168

ANNEX 4 Chart for interview feedback analysis

ď Ź For summarizing ,chapter conclusion for community level analysis Community vulnerability and capacity (individual + community Org)

Physical condition

Vulnerability Subject Susceptible

Level of Susceptible High

Mid

Low

Elderly Kids People with medical condition

Public infrastructure Public building condition Hard measure

Level of efficiency and effectiveness Work

Need Not improv working e

Adaptation measure in public open space (Street and open space) Adaptation measure in private open space Adaptation measure in building scale Soft measure Awareness Behavioral respond Social infrastructure Table 00. Conceptual frame for conducting content analysis for interview data

169

ANNEX 5 Lits of interview.

Yilin, Lai_ Student | MSc.IUSD program of the University of Stuttgart

03_Interviewees Category

Name of the Org, dept., INST

Type

Time

location

interviewer

Individual

Mrs. CS (73) Senior-service program, Leonhardskirch.

Mr, JR (78) Senior citizen in Leonhardsvorstadt.

Mr, A (30) Leonhards Kindergarten Ms. M (20-30) Sophienkindergarten

Church

04.12.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Citizen

04.13.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

05.15.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

05.20.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Mr. HH(60) Civic engagement, Leonhardsvorstadt e.V._JR Ms. K (20-30) Urban gardening/ lifestyle, Ebene 0 Ms. V (20-30) (Elderly) community center, Bischof-Moser-Haus Mr. M(43) St.Katharinenkirche Ms. A (20-30) Social institution for addict, High noon Mr. T (30) Community business association, Bohnenviertels

Cbo

04.25.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Cbo

04.27.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Social INST

05.03.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Church

05.09.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Social INST

05.14.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Cbo

05.22.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Section of Urban Climatology, Department of Environmental Protection Strategy, and health promotion, Department of Public health Municipality green program (KOMMUNALES GRĂ&#x153;NPROGRAMM), Department of Urban Planning and Housing Life in old age (LIA), Department of Social Welfare Garden, Cemetery and forest, Department of Engineering

City dept.

04.26.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

City dept.

04.26.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

City agent

05.11.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

City agent

05.11.9

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

City dept.

05.28.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Civic engagement&communication, BĂźrgerstiftung Stuttgart

Ngo

05.08.19

Stuttgart

Y. Lai

Institutional

Sectoral

Event

Table 00: Interviewees (Table 01.Annex).

170