Joana Quintas | Internship Report 2017

AALBORG UNIVERSITY | MSC03 ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN | AUTUMN 2016

ACADEMIC INTERNSHIP Joana Quintas

FOREWORD

EARTHSHIP BIOTECTURE | PORTUGAL Internship Company Name Theme Institution Semester Supervisor | AAU Supervisor | EBP Period Pages

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Earthship Biotecture Portugal Sustainable Architecture Aalborg University (AAU), Denmark MSc03 ARK Autumn 2016 Mogens Fiil Christensen Mário Roriz July 2016 to January 2017 61

____________________ Joana Quintas

This report is the final result of Aalborg University 3rd Master’s semester in Architecture and Design that must include an Academic Internship. Conducted and developed by Joana at a portuguese engineering company, Earthship Biotecture Portugal (in collaboration with Earthship Biotecture based in New Mexico, U.S.), followed by her deepIll.interest in Sustainable Construction.

1 | Integrated design process The overall work is here documented and presented in what is believed to be the best way for a good understanding of the whole internship journey.

According to the semester description, the objective is “to give the students the opportunity to use the skills acquired during the previous semesters. The experience contains a student workload of 750 hours and it is designed to challenge and test the ability of the student to act in this practice and to academically reflect upon the experience during the stay. [MSc03 ARK Semester Description].

In relation to the Construction Management lectures a symbiosis was achieved. Relate the practical workload with the construction management lectures helped also understanding how the construction industry works.

GUIDE OF READING Introduction, Sustainable Construction, Earthship Biotecture, Timeline, Projects Involvement and Epilogue are the six chapters included in this report.

The report is moreover developed in accordance with the achievements, skills and competencies expected from the MSc03 ARK Semester description.

Consequently, the academic outcome is following presented by showing the involvement on each project and by reflecting on the acquired competencies, knowledge and skills, as well as a research on the relations between all the different aspects that contribute to outline the professional environment.

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04 Foreword | Guide of Reading

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02

SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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EARTHSHIP BIOTECTURE

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30 Gantt diagram | Projects 31 Gantt diagram | Work & Phases

INTRODUCTION 08 Objectives 09 Expectations

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Michael Reynolds, The pioneer Ill.2 | Sustainabilty Earthship Biotecture Earthship Biotecture Principles How to build an Earthship step by step Conclusions

PROJECTS | ENVOLVEMENT 34 39 40 41 42 44

12 Sustainable development | Paradigm & Aspects 14 Sustainable construction | Target issues & Operative process

18 19 20 24 27

INTERNSHIP TIMELINE

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Summer Workshops Gomos da Tangerina Institution Martins Sarmento School Quinta do Minhoto Resort Sementes da Terra Institution Eco Farms and Communities

EPILOGUE 48 54 55 58

Reflections References Illustration References Annexes

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“One man’s trash is another man’s treasure.”

(Book title by Alexandra van Dongen, 1995)

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EXPECTATIONS

OBJECTIVES Due to my previous experience in Architectural firms I decided, from the start of my Internship research, that I wanted to have a more embracing experience rather than sit everyday in an office environment. I found Earthships Biotecture Portugal in February 2016 via social media and the representative (posteriorly became my internship supervisor, Mário Roriz) showed interest having my collaboration from the Summer 2016.

At that point, my main goal was to help him spreading the word about Earthship sustainable constrution solutions around Portugal.

I became very enthusiastic by the fact that he was building from recycled materials in my country. I also pursue a less carbon footprint lifestyle and strive to change people idea of this type of buildings being torturous, ragged and sometimes far from being detailed or perfect.

I also intented to learn more about all the constructive solutions that have been developed from the past 40 years now.

I watched and read as much as I could before the summer, but I knew that only building would make it possible to fully understand and to pass on knowledge to future interested people on the Earthship Biotecture concept.

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Ill.1 | While Summer Experience Workshop, August 2016

Ill.2 | While Summer Experience Workshop, August 2016

As already mentioned, I was not expecting a minimum of 8 hours workload everyday at the office.

I was more interested in learning by watching building and get my hands on building under skilled supervision.

Also it interested me how different ecosystems respond to the material and principles used in this “new” concept and the adaptation to the Portuguese climate.

From the first skype meeting with Mário Roriz I was told that it was a chance of building the first Earthship Information centre in Portugal, it was just a matter of getting the permit approved.

At that point my expectation about being part of that project made me become even more enthusiastic about being involved in this precursor project.

Visits to local councils and communities were also expected in order to spread the word, driven by the curiosity how they would respond to the concept.

I took this internship as a challange to make people aware of how we are still building in Portugal and how these eco friendly solutions could not only respect the environment but also improve peoples´ lifes by adapting to a lifestyle less dependent on fossil fuels .

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Ill.3 | While Summer Experience workshop, August 2016

“Our buildings encounter the environment all over the planet and they help people make a life for themselves in harmony with that environment.�

(Michael Reynolds)

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SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ASPECTS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

_Natural resources consumption _Gas emissions _Waste production _Thermal & acoustic confort _Soil contamination & occupation _Biodiversity impacts

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PARADIGM Humanity stands at a defining moment in history.

We are confronted with a perpetuation of disparities between and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill health and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being. However, integration of environment and development concerns and greater attention to them will lead to the fulfilment of basic needs, improved living standards for all, better protected and managed ecosystems and a safer, more prosperous future.

This is part of Agenda21 preamble resulted from Rio de Janeiro Summit in 1992, where United Nations agreed on an urgent action plan with regard to Sustainable development.

In 2007, European Union had to set a more serious approach and currently the goal is to reduce at least 20% of greenhouse gases, to ensure that 20% of energy consumption comes from renewable energy and to achieve a 20 % cut in primary energy use by improving energy efficiency, all by 2020.

The 2050 vision is that: we live well, within the planet’s ecologi-

ECONOMIC ASPECTS Ill.3 | Humankind´s Sustainable Development goals

cal limits. Our prosperity and healthy environment stem from an innovative, circular economy where nothing is wasted and where natural resources are managed sustainably, and biodiversity is protected, valued and restored in ways that enhance our society’s resilience.

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SOCIAL ASPECTS

Ill.4 | Milestones of Sustainable Development history around the Earth

_Property enrichment _Employment opportunities _Other sectors developments _Increase in transportation options _Affordable options to prospect growth

_Work safety _Professional creditation and experience _Local communities integration & regeneration _Ambiences & behavior changes _Visual impact & landscape changes _Safety alteration

The Three aspects of sustainable development correlated with an integrated design process is the key to build sustainably.

Sustainable development paradigms should then be respected hollistically in order to fullfil everyone needs.

The building sector generates environmental, social and economic aspects (Ill.5) that must be interactive by any stakeholder in the building’s design and other phases included in the building process.

Only this way we can pursue sustainable buildings in order not to compromise the goals and keep reducing the environmental impact that the building sector is responsible for generating.

According to the UN, buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the global energy consumption, and responsible for up to 30% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, for both undeveloped and developed countries.

These facts calls for a change in terms of how we think of buildings and construction as a society. Furthermore there is a great potential for radically reducing the energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gasses in buildings and households.

After all, it is where the modern human spends most of its time.

Sustainable projects must then provide jobs for local workers and enable people to come, experience and be inspired to respond to climate change in their own ways and all the other issues related. They should definitely be aware of all the aspects that affect building industry during every project (Ill.15) and focus in positive actions to aim for a better world.

Ill.5 | Environmental, Social and Economic aspects of Sustainable development in relation to the Construction sector

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SUSTAINDABLE CONSTRUCTION OPERATIVE PROCESS

SUSTAINDABLE CONSTRUCTION TARGET ISSUES When pursuing the paradigm and the aspects of sustainable development, the goal is to minimize the impact on the environment and the ecossystem.

For that reason the five target aspect addressed on the diagram (Ill.6) simply show what Sustainable Construction must in this way commit to the underlying principles of sustainability, which assert that long-term development of the built environment requires a balanced interplay of responsible economic, ecological, and social agendas as explained before.

To achieve this objective, five “target issues” have been identified that aim to clarify principles for sustaining the human habitat for future generations. These “target issues” should then serve as criteria for developing sustainable projects.

Innovation and transferability – Progress Ethical standards and social inclusion – People Resource and environmental performance – Planet Economic viability and compatibility – Prosperity Contextual and aesthetic impact – Place That is also very important to relate this targets with the objectives shown in the middle diagram, always respect the fauna and flora of the site, reduce the water and energy consumption, orientate the building considering the site and the consequent indoor climate quality, reduce and materials and resources.

PROGRESS

PEOPLE RESOURCES PRESERVATION

TARGET ISSUES

T

PLACE

INDOOR CLIMATE QUALITY

CONSTRUCTION

PROJECT PHASE

PROGRAM ENERGY EFFICIENCY

MATERIALS REDUCTION

PROSPERITY

WATER CONSUMPTION EFFICIENCY

OBJECTIVES

PLANET

Ill.6 | Sustainable projects targets, objectives, program and phases included

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SUSTAINABLE LOCATION

DISASSEMBLAGE

USAGE & MANTAINANCE

So not only relate the sustainable aspects with and integrated design is enough. It is necessary to build an operative methodology, leading to sustainable planning, by promoting territorial approaches that do not compromise the future generation´s expectations, and encourage the natural resources sustainable management to improve and maximaze any sustainable project.

Also a Life cycle assement must be done and all the phases included must be taking in consideration since the early stages of the process.

An operative process must include a defined program, project, construction, usage, mantainance and a disassemblage guide.

Initially a program should be underlined, defining the function or activities, indicating the enviromental comfort and energy efficiency levels as well as the social and economic approaches.

The Project phase must adapt to passive solutions in order to save energy and promote environmental comfort. Last but not the least all the expertises should work together to reach an effective constructive system.A detailed and rigorous constructive process should be the base of the construction phase. Also the materials and products selection while temporary building phase should be taking in serious consideration.

When the building is ready, a controled guide must be available for the users.

Disassemblage must also include a guide how to proceed and two other lists: one of all the potential recycled materials included in the building and another is a waste list. This way, those encharged of putting the building down will be guided about the initial thoughts, always respecting the environment.

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“If all the soldiers in all the armies in all the world put down their weapons and picked up tools and started building sustainable/carbon zero housing for all the people of the world our problems would be over and real life for all people would begin.�

(Michael Reynolds)

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“EARTHSHIP IS A TYPE OF BUILDING THAT SETS THERE AND TAKES CARE OF YOU” MICHAEL REYNOLDS

MICHAEL REYNOLD, THE PIONEER Michael Reynolds (1945) had a vision not long after graduating from University of Cincinnati in Architecture(1969).

As he was trying to find new ways to build in order to avoid using wood, he became interested in giving a new use to reclaimed material. His first attempt was early 70 ‘s when he built a house using empty steel cans(Ill.7). This first house was built using curved walls but he has been designing diferent layouts since, in order to achive the best solution (Ill.8, 11 & 12).

This pioneer construction although brought him into trouble a few years later making him losing his right to build and his architect creditation. Was pleaded that he was not following building regulations on the respective U.S. state he was building at. Moreover the passive off grid principles were too shocking and meant to risk peoples lifes. Thankfully years later, by helping recover cathastrophies in poor countries, he got recognised his work by providing new temporary, affordable soluctions for those in need.

He spent the next 30-plus years and is still improving his sustainable housing model. Today, his models provide thermal heat, cooling, water and electricity for residents, and even allow them to grow some of their own food. All energy is generated by the sun and wind, and sewage is treated on site and reused to grow plants.

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Ill.7 | Thumb House, M.R. first experimental house completed near Taos, New Mexico, using empty steel beer and soft drink cans, 1972 Ill.4 | M.R. first experimental house completed near Taos, New Mexico. Using

A

B Ill.11 & 12 | Different Earthships layouts

EARTHSHIPS An Earthship is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. They are generally made of earth-filled tires, using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally off-the-grid homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.

It generally consists of two parts: A | the U-shape living spaces or the Earthship rooms (Vessel) B | the Environmental interface corridor (Green House) While the vessel (A) is buried around its limits, the Environmental interface corridor (B) englobes the solar hot water system, the water production system, batteries for storing electricity and plantations.

Ill.8 | Canon, an early experiement on the path to achieving the Earthship model, 1973

A Ill.9 | Michael Reynolds and Mário Roriz in the Philipines

Ill.10 | Michael Reynolds and Mário Roriz planning Martins Sarmento School project in Portugal

B 19

EARTHSHIPS PRINCIPLES In concept Eathships are structures that: are built using recycled materials, take advantage of natural phenomena, produce goods and use technology creating beneficial contributions to environmental issues like the following: energy and water consumption, sewage treatment, food production and waste care.

Strategies like creating more roof space for catching water or the convection engine to cause the ventilation, make Earthships more efficient, secure and less environmental hazardous than conventional buildings.

Ill 13 sumarizes the 6 principles that every Earthship must include, despite the layout, weather or different site conditions.

1. THERMAL / SOLAR HEATING & COOLING

2. SOLAR & WIND ELECTRICITY

3. COINTAINED

SOLAR & WIND ELECTRICITY HOUSE AS A POWER PLANT 4. BUILT WITH NATURAL & RECYCLED MATERIALS

SEWAGE

Ill.18 | Conventional Earthship power system

6. FOOD PRODUCTION

Ill.17 | Data about energy consumption

Ill.19 | Energy stored in batteries

Earthships produce their own electricity with a prepackaged photovoltaic / wind power system. This energy is stored in batteries and supplied to your electrical outlets. Earthships can have multiple sources of power, all automated, including grid-intertie.

Energy is generated by the sun and wind collected by the solar panels and wind turbines, in order to have electricity whenever is needed.

Ill.20 | Energy being used

5. WATER HARVESTING

THERMAL/SOLAR HEATING & COOLING HOUSE AS A BATTERY Earthships are built to maintain comfortable temperatures in any climate.

The planet Earth is a thermally stabilizing mass that delivers temperature without wire or pipes.

The sun is a nuclear power plant and a source of heat and the Earth itself is a battery to store heat as well.

These two phenomenon are considered in any Earthship design.

The south face of the vessel (A) has a glass wall. This wall transmits heat to the Environmental interface corridor behind it (B) and this space acts as the battery (thermal mass) to store the heat and emit it at night.

The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated, often with earth or adobe, for added energy efficiency. By allowing tires to be buried, Earthships minimize off gasing risk.

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CONTAINED SEWAGE TREATMENT HOUSE AS A CEPTIC TANK

Ill.13 | Earthship 6 principles

Ill.21 | Grey water

Ill.23 | Grey water transformation into black water

Ill.14 | Fresh air circulating into the Earthship through tubes Ill.22 | Black water

Earthships contain use and reuse all household sewage in indoor and outdoor treatment cells resulting in food production with no pollution of aquifers. Earthships also contain a simple mini sewage treatment plant that does not export sewage to a sewer system or put sewage into the ground.

Ill.24 | Black water into the ceptic tank Ill.15 | Stored heat from the sun inside the vessel

Ill.16 | Released heat when vessel reaches low temperatures

Ill.25 | Grey water different usages

Ill.26 | Grey water contained products

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BUILDING WITH NATURAL & RECYCLE MATERIALS HOUSE AS A BY-PRODUCTS ASSEMBLAGE A sustainable home must make use of indigenous materials, those occurring naturally in the local area.

Earthships have the advantage regarding using recycling: a material that doesnt have to be manufactured, using them rather than wasting energy to get rid of them. and avoid shipping because you are using a material that is laying around. This way we start off with a material that is negative carbon foot print.

In order to give a overall idea in how an Earthship functions, this section resumes the principles behind explained just before:

From number 1 to 3 representing the Solar and wind electricity generated by the PV and Wind turbines placed on the roof that generates and stores energy for the Earthship use.

Ill.27 | Construction Techniques using cans, tires and glass bottles

WATER HARVESTING HOUSE AS A WATER PROVIDER Earthships catch water from the sky and reuse it. Water is heated from the sun, biodiesel or natural gas and the water usage is reduced by using grey water for toilet flushing, low flow hose heads, low water use washing machines or hand dish washing.

Finally the black water generated by the septic tank would be leached into a drain nourishing the trees around.

Ill.28 | Water harvesting system: cistern, filters and water tank ready for usage

PRODUCTION FOOD HOUSE AS A FOOD SOURCE

From number 7 to 12 representing thermal solar heating and cooling as the thermal mass stored by the recycled car tires allow the room to be heated in case of low temperatures outside and to cool it down if it is too hot inside.

Earthship wetlands, the planters that hold hundreds of gallons of water from sinks and the shower are a great place for raising some of the fresh produce you’d like to have in the winter, but find expensive or bland tasting from the supermarket.

Ill.30 | Different fruit and vegetables possible to grow inside an Earthship green house

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Ill.29 | Data about water consumption

From number 4 to 6 representing the water harvesting and treatment from the cistern watering the botanical cells, used after to flush toilet that is finally drained to the septic tank and by gravity hydrates the garden outside.

Ill.31 | Earthship sections showing some of the Earthship principles

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HOW TO BUILD AN EARTHSHIP STEP BY STEP STEPS OF AN EARTHSHIP CONSTRUCTION IN NORMANDY | FRANCE 1. Scraping off organic matter 2. Leveling the site 3. Plastic cisterns and septic tank 4. Locally manufactured trusses 5. Laying out the first course of tires 6. Pounding a tire on a three-tire turn 7. Leveling pounded tires 8. Installing vapor barrier and thermal wrap on first course 9. Back burying tire wall and thermal wrap as walls go up 10. Michael Reynolds coordinating constrution work 11. Measuring the battering of the walls (around 3,8cm per course) 12. Forming and pouring concrete block to adjust coursing 13. Instaling cisterns and linking cisterns together 14. Plumbing outlet of cisterns through tire wall to where the water organizing module will be located in the house.

15. Installing cooling tubes in each of the rooms.

16. Cooling tube partially buried and passing through thermal wrap 17. Laying out and digging footing for front face 18. Preparing front face pour with plastic vapor barrier and rebar 19. Forming buttresses with bottles, cans and concrete 20. Pouring footing 21. “Porcupined” plastic wood plates set in wet footer to receive door buck framing 22. Forming sterm pours for window box framing 23. Anchor bolts placed in wet concrete of stem pour 24. Initial concrete pack out with cans

25. Buttresses going up with tire wall 26. Framing to receive power organizing module on back wall 27. Oak window boxes with window stops ripped out in advance 28. Installing inner window boxes and door frames 29. Oak beam above window and door boxes 30. Tire stemm wall for sloped glass with vapor barrier 31. “Porcuping” tires to receive can wall form for bond beam on top course 32. Forming bond beam with cans and cement 33. Pouring bond beam with anchor bolts 34. Wood plating attached with anchor bolts to bond beam 35. Placing first truss 36. Plywood decking on trusses 37. Mud pack out and vent tubes 38. Planter dug and outer greenhouse tires started 39. Gray water equalization pipe from reception planter to first botanical cell 40. Lining gray water cell with plactic before lining with rubber 41. Framing second greenhouse 42. Vapor barrier over thermal wrap cap 43. Installing corbel for living room beam 44. Beam resting on posts and corbels 45. Rock bulb around pump housing pipe in gray water planter 46. Straw and sand overs gravel in planter, dirt is the next layer 47. Vapor barrier and back burial 48. Laying out interior bottle partition walls

Ill.5 | Site location

PROPOSED SITE 24

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49. Peat moss odor filter in gray water cell 50. “X” bracing between trusses 51. Boxing in sides and backs of trusses with plywood 52. Waterproofing building paper on top of plywood decking 53. Rigid insulation on outside of plywood 54. Preparing footing for exterior rock face wall 55. Lath tabs to receive bottle work on tire retaining wall 56. First layer of rocks laid in cement footing with rebar 57. Building up interior partition walls, done with cans 58. Detailing around fireplace box on roof 59. Operable windows being installed 60. Power module in final location 61. Water organizing module by Earthship biotecture in final location 62. Insulation made from recycled clothing 63. Installing insulation and vapor barrier 64. Caulking ribs of metal roofing 65. Metal fascia flashing 66. Front face flashing details 67. Wood furring strips to receive metal roofing panels 68. Framing for battery box on roof 69. Operable skylight framing and metal flashing 70. Installing solar hot water panel and solar electric panel 71. Rigid insulation sandwiched between double can wall for end wall of greenhouse 72. Lining black water treatment planter with plastic

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73. Filling lined black water overflow planter with gravel 74. Septic tank installation 75. Floor vapor barrier and sand to receive laminated wood matte floor finished with oak planking 76. Sifting dirt for mud plaster 77. Applying finnishing mud 78. Silt catch over cistern and working on final burial over vapor barrier Ill.35

CONCLUSIONS Earthship then is passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials, uses thermal mass construction for temperature stabilization. Renewable energy & integrated water systems make the Earthship an off-grid home with little to no utility bills and construction techniques are quick paced, effective and do not demand skilled labor.

Due to the lack of the promise first portuguese Earthship information center permit for construction, a research about all the steps included on a Earthship construction were selected and here exposed in order to give the reader a sense of how to buil one.

Moreover it is important also to mention that there are multiple Earthship construtions going on all over the Earth as the Earthship movement has been propagated and consequently expanded throughout the past recent years.

Presently the Earthship crew included Mario Roriz is building in Indonesia and a school in Urugay is under construction as well. There are always Earthship projects to come as the concept has been spread out and people are getting more conscious and interested to be part of this community.

There are also several other initiatives trying to reach even more inquiring ones. The Earthship Kit (Ill.36 to Ill.41) is just an example of one of those.

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The Earthship Model Kit is a initiative taken by Eric Ficinus: “My goal is to make this information available to anyone, anywhere. So I created Earthship Model Kit, the easiest way to put an Earthship in anyone’s hands, literally.

Earthship Model Kit includes a 32 page full color booklet with up-to-date and easy to understand information about the 6 design principles of Earthships.

It includes 11 pre-cut paper pieces, that you use to build your own miniature Earthship home. No scissors needed, just pop out and build!”

More info: www.earthshipmodelkit.com/product/ Ill.36 to Ill.41 | Earthship Model kit photos

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“If you think adventure is dangerous, try routine; it is lethal.�

(Paulo Coelho)

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Ill.42 | Gantt diagram | Projects Timeline

PROJECTS TIMELINE From July 2016 to middle January 2017 the entire journey has been partied in accordance to the different projects that the internship englobed. Illustration 42 represents a Gantt diagram of the internship projects included.

The first couple of months the journey started up north of Portugal, where Summer festivals, University Seminars and a couple of other projects took place.

Then from late September onwards I was running a Kindergarden project around 40kms far from Lisbon.

The last couple of months, within Australia, an Earthship project gave me the opportunity to be involved on a practical construction site and better understand the aqcuired techniques in real live.

Combined together in this particulary order the projects were conducted in which is believed to be the best journey possible.

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WORK & PHASES TIMELINE

Ill.43 | Gantt diagram | Work & Phase Timeline

Throughout the six months of work and as exposed already a theorical, documental and practical journey happened chronologically along with the projects I was fortunate to be involved in.

Illustration 43 represents a Giantt diagram of the phases and the work done related to those projects. It is chronologically partied and in relation to the respective projects shown on illustration 42.

I started the internship with graphic work, then switched to model making, govermental meetings and requested permits took place on my daily tasks as well as bidding with constructors and finally I got the chance to get my hands and feet on a construction site, building and learning with skilled Earthship builders.

From a theorical phase to a documenting as well as legislation one, finalizing it with practical construction phase I was satisfied with the terms that this Internship was proceeded.

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“When I told an engineer I was building a house out of beer cans, he told me I was a disgrace to the architectural profession. We have the potential to enhance the planet. Trees enhance the planet. People could go further. We could make the Earth sing.�

(Michael Reynolds)

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SUMMER EXPERIENCE WORKSHOP

FESTIVAL TERRA MĂƒE This three days festival was a celebration of how to be globally sustainable. From waste consciencenss to life concerts a full agenda with activities and music had place between the 22th to the 24th of July.

At the end of festival only a garbage bag (Ill.3) was produced from 1500 participans that also camped on site.

That initiative proved that is possible to reduce our needs and still have a pleasured time.

Mario Roriz conducted a series of 3 lectures.

The first one was focused in children knowledge about recycling garbage, mainly plastic and metal, from bottles and cans. The second and the third day adults join the lectures and learn about building techniques and principles.

My involvement is this festival was my first contact with the network that I have been interested and also helping MĂĄrio prepering the lectures. Without language barrier (as I could mostly speak in portuguese with organizers and guests) I became astonished by the fact that small community could have sold 1500 tickets and encourage every participant to really make a change by recycling, doing yoga, learning about cooking and building sustainabily..

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NTIEC SEMINAR

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Ill.51 NOTE | Please find more pictures of Earthship Summer Experience workshop and NTIEC Seminar next page Ill.53

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The Summer experience was a full week workshop where participants were able to get their hands on building.

While in Denmark from February to July I was already doing all the branding and marketing including, posters and agenda.

Unfortunately the permit to build on the initial place was not issued on time, so we used an educational institution facility (Gomos da Tangerina Institution) to demonstrate to participants the Earthship construction techniques.

Pounding tires, cutting glass bottles and building a mixed (cans and bottles) wall were the three techniques explored on this workshop week.

On the last day every participant receive a certificate (Ill.132) and the wall was done! (Ill.72, Ill.73)

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During three Saturday mornings, starting in the middle of september, a 5 module seminar were taking place at Porto Engineering University (FEUP). NTIEC is an association formed

by FEUP group of students that take initiatives like practical workshops or seminars to keep students and skateholders updated and integrated in any type of construction network.

This specific seminar took place to elucidade people about Earthship concept.

It was an honour to display the concept in such prestigious Engineering University and make participants aware of this alternative solutions. On the last day a tour around the Earthship constructions developed in Porto region was organized in order to show the concept in real life and on an human scale to the participants.

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SUMMER EXPERIENCE WORKSHOP GUIMARÃES

The next two pages illustrate and resume the work along the five days workshop.

Despite the unlucky event of not having the permit to build on the initial site, the Earthship alternative techniques were exposed still. From pounding tires, to cutting glass bottles and also building a can/glass bottles wall the journey through the week ended up being very rewarding.

Not only workshop participants but Gomos da Tangerina Institution members made sure both construction duties as well as leisure times were repleted with joy.

Everyone helped in any task, at the same time people share convictions, thoughts and experiences.

Helping cooking and cleaning were also part of the daily tasks and most of the people slept every night on the old primary school class rooms, facilitating in this way the community spirit.

As mention not only demonstration but an attempt to the participants on a wall project was challanged on the first day.

On the last day we concluded our initial goal to build a wall for the educational institution hosting the workshop. So Gomos da Tangerina has now an welcoming wall showing its inicial (GT) (Ill. 72, Ill.73)

SUMMER EXPERIENCE

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DEMONSTRATION 1 POUNDING TIRES

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DEMONSTRATION 2 CUTTING & ASSEMBLING GLASS BOTTLES

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DEMONSTRATION 3 CLAY-SAND MIXTURES

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DEMONSTRATION 4 BUILDING CAN & GLASS BOTTLES WALL

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FINAL DAY ACHIEVED FLOOR TO CELLING WALL CONSTRUCTION

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NTIEC SEMINAR LECTURES IN SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION MODULE 1 HOW TO DOCUMENT A EARTHSHIP PROJECT IN AUTOCAD

GOMOS DA TANGERINA

NTIEC PORTO

PORTO Ill.74

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MODULE 3 THERMAL VARIATIONS SOLAR & WIND ENERGY

FAÇADES CONDITIONS PLANNED TO BE COATED WITH CORK

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INTERIOR CONDITIONS NEW PAINTING TO BE DONE

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MODULE 4 RAIN WATER HARVESTING & SEWAGE SYSTEM

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MODEL MAKING FIXING AND IMPROVING THE ALREADY MADE ONE Ill.91 Ill.81

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GOMOS DA TANGERINA INSTITUTION After the Summer Experience Workshop I was told by my supervisor that Guimarães municipality was funding Gomos da Tangerina for them to renovate the old school facility that the municipality spare to this educational alternative institution in order to be active, grow and play their activities.

Mário proposed me to be involved as he sensed a great opportunity for me to try to integrate sustainable principles in the old School renovation.

Gomos da Tangerina members are mostly educated tutors and parents interested on alternative pedagogies in order to pass the message in how to educate children wisely outside of the portuguese public educational system. In their case they follow Montessori pedagogy which is characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural psychological, physical, and social development.

Having this pedagogical method in mind I proceeded with ideas like reusing local materials such as coating the façades with local cork in order to better insulate the old building as well as getting rid of the old internal walls paint to apply better environmental performed materials.

As they are an educational institution, little construction skills were available, but luckly a couple of Engineering teachers were interested not only on helping me getting that approved by the municipality, but also motivated to get the job done.

Whenever I could I also fixed the physical model living at the Facility. It is a 1/100 scale Global Model, that is believed to be the best layout that the Earthship Biotecture crew designed and has been developing so far (The Global Model).

39 .

MARTINS SARMENTO SCHOOL This is a High school extention project in Guimarães, up in the north of Portugal.

One of Martins Sarmento School teachers, approach Mário in order to acquire knowledge about Sustainability and show his interest to involve some of his students to build a small building themselves for their own school. Althought he have been teaching on a public portuguese school, he believes that the students should make on their own and have more practical lessons.

The head of the school allowed us to build a 50m2 Global Model Earthship lecture room by the sportive outdoor field, taking advantage of the sun exposure during the day and the already existing wall serving as the back buried one. The project included not only the lecture room, but also a closed toilet, two sinks connected to the botanical cells and again a cistern representated by the black circle on the left of the building (Ill.97) that collects the rain water, then flush the toilet or use in the sink (not drinkable) and finally waters the plants in the cells. The construction started on the beggining of School year (September 2014) and by the end of the year (June 2014) the construction had to stop due teachers sick leave.

Unfortunately during the past school year the building was not protected from the sun and rain. So my main involvement was to help cleaning and get the students motivated again. I visit it for the first time in august 2016 when students we still in holidays. I had meetings with the Head of school and in September I also spoke with students that help me cleaning and together with approval from the study board we aggreed on getting more material and start building again amongst students.

QUINTA DO MINHOTO RESORT

Escola Martins Sarmento - Guimarães Edifício Earthship

MARTINS SARMENTO SCHOOL

QUINTA DO MINHOTO

w.c.

2.70m2

GUIMARÃES

SALA CONFERÊNCIAS 46.50m2

Ill.96

Ill.103

N

Ill.97 | Floor plan

Ill.98 | Cistern

Ill.99 | Side wall & cistern

Ill.100 | Mário Roriz getting rid of organic matter

Ill.101 | Botanical cells after being cleaned

Ill.104 | Proposed site panoramic view

Ill.105 | Simple Survival model prespective

Ill.102 | Lecture room panoramic view on the day the organic matter was finally collected

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Ill.106 | Quinta do Minhoto Facility nowadays

Ill.107 | Simple Survival model floor plan

FAFE

One of the best aspects while working daily at Gomos da Tangerina was to be around people with similar beliefs but different approaches. Patrick Fernandes (Ill.49) was one of them because he wishes to expand his family business with a sustainable touch.

He was the main organizer of Terra Mãe Festival as well as co-owner of Quinta do Minhoto Resort(Ill.106). He was planning to give Quinta do Minhoto a new life, from being a Heritage tourist expensive option, he asked us for advice. His initial idea was to build efficenly at least 2 Earthship survival models to host a broader number of people to his touristy business.

As mentioned before Michael Reynolds and his crew have been developing a few different layouts to reach the best performance.

It is mandatory to differ specially the Global Model from the Simple model one.

Quinta do minhoto client (Patrick) wishes a simple survival model, the one usually build within cathastrophies situations. So from a Global model that is described on the Lecture room project on the opposite page we developed a simple model that can be easily multiplied next to each room build by simply using one of the side walls to be the same one for the next room if it is. The client initially was not sure how many he could build regarding his own budget, supplies or permits. Then my involvement was to list what was needed to build a simple one on his site based on the local resources. So then he could purse the logistics needed.

We together along the process even though we were not physically close, but as he was very cooperative and enthusiastic about the concept and had a great vision to improve his touristic complex to become every day more sustainable and off grid.

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SEMENTES DA TERRA INSTITUTION SEMENTES DA TERRA LISBON Ill.108 Ill.109 Ill.114 | Wall & Roof detailing

Ill.113 | South & East Prespective

ola

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G oent arm thship r sS rtin io Ea ifíc Ed

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SA

Ill.115 | North Elevation

Ill.116 | West Elevation

Ill.117 | South Elevation

Ill.118 | East Elevation

N

Ill.110 | Ground floor plan

42

Ill.112 | Early phase East & North Prespective

Esc

.

2 w.c 0m

2.7

This is a kindergarden project sited around 40kms away from portuguese capital, in Mafra region.

The clients were a couple with two children and the mother as well as an educator was plesead to build a new facility to expand her already existing educational institution.

Because she was hosting her apprentices on her own living room, she asked me to design a two floor kindergarden to establish her Waldorf education Facility. Similar to Gomos da Tangerina, Sementes da Terra follows also another alternative educational pedagogy method (Waldorf educational).

Waldorf pedagogy emphasizes the role of imagination in learning, striving to integrate holistically the intellectual, practical, and artistic development of pupils.

This was the most challanging project, regarding design and approval from Mafra municipality.

Her husband had built their private house out of Brazilian timber, as well as the playground outside out of local timber. Leaving space for the kindergarden to emerge on the same plot. at the first visit to the site I was motivated not only by the great opportunity to design the facility, but I was pleased to meet someone with great carpenteer skills.

I faced meetings where I was confronted by Mafra Municipality Technicians regarding site conditions and structural issues. Those obstacles forced me to research as much as I could about educational legislation, materiality, site problems and the structural possibilities.

I had very little feedback from Mário on this project, putting me on a position that I had to make decisions by my own while being tested about my knowledge on the Earthship techniques.

Ill.111 | First floor plan

I believe the Technicians were ceptical not only because there are no Earthship constructions on their municipality but also because they want to respect the building regulations, to avoid any trouble that they assume a natural building would be more likely to face. Even though they were quite open to the concept I could see they were afraid by the fact they have not guided or approved anything similar.

The careful choice of the constructive materials adopted was more than to fullfill the requirements, but to protect children to get injured.

So from curved surfaced to soft materials to choose from all to ensure many safe years of play.

The project also resulted in a well performing building envelope with consequent good energetic performances of the whole building. Even though the design had to change often along the nearly three months of work, I gladly ensure that the client requirements were accomplished suitably with the municipality ones.

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ECO FARMS & COMMUNITIES ALDEIA DE JANAS & QUINTA DOS 7 NOMES During my stay in Portugal I took the chance to visit Eco communities that have been settled and growing from the past years. It has becoming popular to be off the grid with a sustainable life style.

Permeaculture, cooking out of their organic goods and having their own animals is part of this communities daily activities.

I was lucky to have a car to drive around to this remotes places and I closely got in touch with the problems they have been facing regarding neigbours and permits.

To make this ecofarms running they usually host backpackers, giving free accomodation and food in return of helping on the farm daily tasks. That exchange seemes to work quite smoothly, bringing either stakeholders as well as young people striving for accomodation together, facilitating interaction amongst sustainability.

Although both mention aside had no space available for more people until december and they were done building sustainable facilities, it was interesting to visit and understand the closed circle activities they sustain and develop.

Those visits inspired me both professionally and personally.

Every one involved was open to share and communicate they abilities.

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ECO ALDEIA DE JANAS QT DOS 7 NOMES SINTRA

KINGLAKE MELBOURNE

CASCAIS

Ill.122

Ill.119

Ill.123 | Earthship extention panoramic view

Ill.120 | Aldeia de Janas apiculture dome

Ill.124 | Earthship extention overview

Ill.121 | Quinta dos 7 nomes Earthship model

Ill.127 | Cob oven planning sketches

Ill.128 | Cob oven in progress

Ill.123 | timber joint

Ill.126 | Letter recieved at Kinglake mail box

Ill.129 | Cob shed & oven overview in January 2017

AGARI FARMS Through Earthship Crew I got to meet some of Agari Farms representatives that are involved on this Earthship project in the Kinglake, on the outskirts of Melbourne.

Agari Farms is basically a community based in Australia, interested in natural and sustainable construction where most of the members have studied on the Earthship Academy in US, learning directly from thew pioneer Michael Reynolds and they work along with them in most of the projects.

Kinglake project is onwed by Daryl Taylor and it has been runned

by Earthship Biotecture (Ill.126) in collaboration with Agari Farms.

Back in 2009 Kinglake faced a bushfire like Australia have not seen before, after that, poor temporary constructions started to emerge in the area but with poor fire proof solutions.

Ahmet encouraged me to help building an Earthship in Kinglake, that was already on going. At that point I had to take in consideration some aspects but I decided to go in order to make my internship journey richer.

From early december to middle january I had the pleasure to enjoy the wildness and beauty of Kinglake while helping, learning and building with an amazing and skilled group of people.

I was involved with all the different tasts, but the Cob was the job I was most delegated to.

Agari Crew made me realize how progressive Natural building even though primitive for some it can be. Not just because they have a business set up, but just the natural buildings community in Australia is just so commited that every building is supplied with all the allowances need to achieve good confort levels.

45

“To some, this book of building a low cost shelter might help someone get into a nice house where they might not have otherwise, to others this might be a manifesto, still others might have the engineering appeal, strike the most resonant cord�.

(Earthship Biotecture book testimonial)

06

REFLECTIONS PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS I would firstly reflect on the personal experience that the overall internship took upon me.

Before I began in July 2016 I was already elucidating myself on how I could improve my lifestyle in order to minimize my impact on Earth. From researching on Earthship history, principles and building techniques, I reflected on my behavior and actions towards any specie around me. Consciousness about reducing, reusing and recycle became the core of my thinking on daily basis.

Changing my diet, reducing my possessions to a minimal need and practicing yoga regularly are examples of actions I forced myself doing, in order to improve my lifestyle. That helped me to be grounded and focused in how small personal actions or beliefs can guide and inspire me either personal or professionally. That’s why looking back, and as mention before on this report, the personal impact of this internship was as rewarding as the professional one. Michael Reynolds is obviously the strongest inspiration in all the past months but not less all the people I worked with.

Unfortunately I had no chance to meet the pioneer of this Earthship movement, but luckly all the people involved in the community does a great job spreading the word. This has inspired me to do good in my future endeavours, sharing my achieved knowlegde to the greater benefit.

48

In this way I can see myself not only building my own burrow, but definitely invite as many people as I can gather to do so in order to share all the knowledge I had acquired during the past 6months of work.

I found myself along this internship on such collaborative and caring environments. That generated tranquility and happiness, allowing me to be focused while enjoying what I was meant to do. In fact the reason I stated that internship made me grow in such a personal way, is because I was tremendously lucky to work with great people that made me stronger and inspired, able to share or give away knowledge. Spreading around the Earthship concept and be open to new ideas allowed me to be creative and to think differently.

Additionally my personal improvement and based on the six Earthship principles explained along this report, made me reflect and I now seek for what else can become simpler, cheaper and better combined. This is my challenge from Michael Reynolds inspirations. I believe he has done an incredible work on thinking ahead about the impact human race has done on our planet. Furthermore I truly believe this is not just a hippie movement of society unlaced or selfish outsiders, but

a movement of worried and conscious people who believe making a change individually would or might have impact on a bigger scale. Without specifying the number of people I worked or crossed paths with in the past six months all of them shared the same beliefs and also have a positive attitude towards pursuing an eco friendly behavior towards life, or just being genuinely aware and concerned about the global issue of environmental degradation.

From re-thinking of what I had considered normal, combined with the six principles explained I made a list of what I conclude being beneficial or positive from an Earthship building: (1) Sustainable does not mean primitive, as mentioned on the objectives of this internship, I wish to attract more people to the Earthship´s design by changing peoples opinion on natural buildings as being crooked and far from being perfect.

(2) The benefit of being able to grow food all year round in a Earthship greenhouse, eliminates the CO2 impact of transportation and minimises the carbon footprint of your general consumption.

(3) Recycling water, in this way users can take showers, then water the botanical cells placed inside the greenhouse, reuse to flush toilets and finally that black water can serve its final purpose

of landscaping.

(4) Convenient warmth and shelter in any climate, by being such a descentralized concept any model layout can be adapted in relation to its own site conditions in order to perform its best.

(5) The energy produced being related with personal usage as I find myself turning all the light off whenever is not needed.

(6) Consequently the freedom of not having to work to for someone other than yourself in order to survive. In this way people could focus themselves on doing whatever anyone enjoys doing plus focus also in bettering the world around us rather than being dependent of an economic system.

(7) A possibility to build your own and mostly because Earthship community makes sure all is available and shared to people all around the world.

Due to the effective but easy achievable building techniques, people find it easy and convenient to build along with other community members or any interested people.

(8) It is also affordable depending how showy the Earthship layout is, but let me remind again the simple survival model or the tropical layout one, were designed by Michael Reynolds in cata49

strophic situations, that implies readiness of this type of buildings.

(9) By being made from and with recycling materials the carbon footprint is zero because the energy embodied to produced them is not part of the energy required to build the building. It makes me incredibly motivated just to think about the principle of fetching the recycled material available within our surroundings rather than tearing on matural resources.

Any of us is conscious about the waste we produce daily. Let me mention again the Terra Mãe Festival where only a garbage bag was collected. I haven’t started collecting garbage in order to build my own house but just the idea of helping cleaning the surrounding we live at is miraculous.

PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENTS During my stay as an intern with Earthship Biotecture Portugal, I had wide opportunity to observe and experiment a range of professional matter that really interested me. I believe that through my daily conduct, I dived but into a mixture of managerial, logistics, expertise dynamics. As in any other profession that has a set of rules, legal conduct, took me a while understanding. Driven by the factor of how to evolve and find new solution in sustainable construction, stakeholders are 50

curious and still seeking how to do best.

Mário as my internship supervisor was actually a balk at the start. I had a difficult time understanding why, bringing anxiety and a drop of motivation, but luckily I got the strength to think outside of the box and not taking it personally. Most important I decided to not let it affect my professional performance. That was one of the main barriers that I faced, but I see it now was a challenge that professionally cross my path. Mário initially would not take my calls or answering my emails. That caused me a lot of stress. Not only because I had an academic commitment with Aalborg University but also for my sake and professional welfare. From before the internship officially started in July I had and agreement with Mário. We set up meetings and deadlines through skype and a list of tasks that I carried out on time but after emailing that to Mario, no response from his side happened, not even a thank you. At that point I had the impression that Mario either was incredibly busy either did not want to cooperate with me. During the Summer Experience workshop I had the opportunity of confronting him with this fact and ask him for more communication, that I believe is the key for any project to succeed. I faced him, explaining all my frustrations from his silence. I opened up and shared the importance of the communication between us as fundamental for an

optimal performance along the following months of work. The main reason I had to confront him, was because he changed the construction site without noticing any participants. So the participants came to me expressing dissapointment. In order to solve the situation and try to fix and make everyone happy I had to confront Mario, explaining that communication even through email would have been enough to clarify the Workshop conditions. He simply took for granted that as the permit was not issued on time, and that changing the location without notice would be acceptable. I sat down with him, explaining peacefully that in order to make my internship enjoyable for both of us we will have to communicate. As part of the organization I must know all the aspects involved to be able to communicate to the relevant parties. I also tried to make him more confortable by approaching him. Simply as had communicate to the participants the new site conditions would have helped him not to be judge by all of us. So this was definitely not a good start but I see it now was good experience of how to understand professional behaviors and go around them.

Not long after we set down again to plan the next few months. To be honest at this point, I was still motivated even though I knew that it will be difficult to learn from Mário due to his communication issues, even so I could see that he wanted Earthship Biotecture Portugal to succeed. He put on

the table the projects going on in Portugal and mentioned two others in Indonesia and Australia.

Basically I got to choose along with him what would be the best for me to be involved in, in order to acquire more experience in the months following. Between what I believe being the best for my professional experience and the best for Earthship biotecture to expand I decided to take couple of months in the north of Portugal first, a kindergarden not far from Portugal capital city another couple of months after and take the Australia project for the last two months of the journey. In this way I would be introduced by Mario to what he needs from me and aquire knowledge from a teorical point of view and about Portugal history to share and be able to talk about it. Then have independence by running the kindergarden project alone and last but not the least have the opportunity to build and get dirty in Australia as the project over there were on the tyres wall phase at that point. I was pleased with this initial planning as I could see the theoretical, designing and practical development taking place in an order that I believe being the best for this journey. But this was just a plan, on the first couple of months my frustration only increased by the fact that Mário was not meeting my expectations of a leader. My definition of a leader is based in the figure of the leader capable of “ leading and motivating “ as presented in the Construction management 51

digital lectures [Lene Faber Ussing - 2015]. Unfortunately these qualities were not present. That fact made me think in ways of going around the issue. I had to search and pursue other sources.

The couple of months around Lisbon were where I organized my time between designing the kindergarden I was delegated to, including all the legal requirements from the municipality combined with the client wishes, and visiting Eco-farms that have been flourishing along the past years in order to try to achieve and learn more. Obviously at this point I was getting excited about the practical side of building, and when that took place in Australia it was definetly the perfect ending to this journey. The couple of weeks just before I left Portugal to Australia, Mรกrio was in Indonesia building the Earthship resort with other Earthship crew. The reason I did not choose to go to this one was to make sure a representative of the Earthship Portugal would be available in Portugal in case something will come up. That was a good professional challenge that I was not expecting at all when I applied to this internship. I was expecting a team of Engineers, Architects, System equipment sponsors and all kind of administrative and executive staff. to my regret that happened to be enexistant on Earthship Biotecture Portugal. In fact only Mรกrio was representing it. That episode made me wonder why and it is when I also came along with people that has not 52

had a good experience working with him and those same people decided to take action building sustainabily in a different direction than helping Mรกrio moving forward with Earthship Biotecture Portugal.

Professionally though, what I would like to emphasise, is my knowledge and development of the Earthship strategies: Less dependency on shared resources and infrastructure, improving the performance of these architectural prototypes. Essentially, Earthships are built using recycled materials such as rubber tires, glass bottles, aluminium cans and other re-purposed waste.

These are then stabilized with large amounts of rammed earth or adobe bricks, which add to the thermal mass of the surfaces. Once constructed, these shelters are fine-tuned in accordance to the climate and comfort. Apertures, fenestration, orientation, heat gain and heat loss strategies are all tweaked as per the location and its Geo-climatic context, to provide optimum indoors.

REFLECTION SYMBIOSIS Combining the personal enrichment with the professional one, I conclude that my entire internship was intense but rewarding along the semester. Even though Mรกrio did not live up to my expectations I believe the outcome of the whole journey followed some of my objectives and expectations.

I found myself being challenged while acting in a professional environment and that fact made me evolve in my relations as well as ways of thinking. I had to adapt my performance depending who I was working with and I had to strive and improve my acquired skills from the past semesters. That in such a way that it will be well presented or even thrilled to others and satisfactory personally.

In relation to Construction Management lectures a simbiosis was achieved by refining my managerial, financial, environmental and spiritually capabilities.. Even though I passed the course twelve months earlier, I consulted the online lectures as a reminder of all the platforms included in any Project. Relating the practical workload with the construction management lectures helped understanding the professional dynamics as well as thinking about social and economic aspects that influence sustainable construction realm.

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REFERENCES QUOTES CHAPTER 1 (page 6)| http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21932200?selectedversion=NBD12152474 CHAPTER 2 (page 10) | http://sea-globe.com/earthship-landing-philippines-southeast-asia-globe/ CHAPTER 3 (page 16) | http://builditbackgreen.org/bushfires/community-events/february-2012/ earthship-biotecture-seminar.aspx CHAPTER 4 (page 28) | http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/522887-if-you-think-adventure-isdangerous-try-routine-it-is CHAPTER 5 (page 32) | http://www.thextraordinary.org/index.php?option=com_ k2&view=item&layout=item&id=315&Itemid=376 & http://earthship.com/blogs/2012/04/ michael-reynolds-inspiring-words-from-the-maverick-eco-architect/ CHAPTER 6 (page 46) | http://www.garbagewarrior.com/press

BOOKS & eBOOKS

- Todd, N.J. (2005). A safe and sustainable world - The promise of ecological design, Island press - Baggs, S.A. ; Baggs, J. ; Baggs, D. (1991). Australian Earth-covered building, New South Wales University press.

- Cowman, P. (2013). The Sheltermaker´s Manual - Volume 1, Python Press - Cowman, P. (2013). The Sheltermaker´s Manual - Volume 2, Python Press - Hollo, N. (1997). Warm House, Cool House, Choice Books

-http://www.unaescuelasustentable.uy/ -http://construirtv.com/una-escuela-publica-sustentable-en-uruguay/ -Global model: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2so9hyNWxc&t=39s -Simple survival model: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4RYgAbjhAc

WEBSITES & VIDEOS

[Page 24] | www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4MrUvjVbZw Normandie (Page 24) - www.youtube.com/watch?v=qlijB6G392Q New solutions - www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5PxPvbaxmQ old from the ground up

[Page 12] | https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf - http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013D1386#ntr12-L_2013354EN.01017101-E0012 - www.fivetalents.org.uk/un-sustainable-development-goals/ - https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvimento_sustent%C3%A1vel#Hist.C3.B3ria - http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/40Years_sustainable_Development_sept13_Access.pdf [Page 13] | http://www.unep.org/sbci/pdfs/SBCI-BCCSummary.pdf

- Knudstrup, M.-A., (2005). Arkitektur som integreret de- sign in , red. L. Botin & O. Pihl, Aalborg Universitets- forlag.

- Aalborg University - 3 Ma Acrhitectural design 2016 - MSc03 ARK Semester Description.

- Amado, M. (2016). Construção sustentável. 1st ed. Casal de Cambra, Caleidoscópio.

- Grendon, F. (2014). The greenhouse of the future, Solution Era (e-book) - Campbell, S. (). The underground house book, a garden way book - Reynolds, M. (1990). Earthship: How to Build Your Own. Vol. 1, Solar Survival Press.

- Reynolds, M. (1990). Earthship: Systems and Components. Vol. 2, Solar Survival Press.

- Reynolds, M. (1993). Earthship: Evolution beyond Economics. Vol. 3, Solar Survival Press.

- Bradbury, D. (2011). New Natural Home, Thames & Hudson.

- Well, M. (1998). The Earth-Sheltered House - An Architect´s Sketchbook, Chelsea Green Publishing Company 54

[Page 14] | https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/TargetIssues/evaluating-sustainable-construction -https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/AboutPages/what-is-sustainable-construction [Page 18] | http://magazine.uc.edu/issues/0509/architect.html -https://thearchiblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/08/michael-reynolds-earthship/ -http://www.garbagewarrior.com/press -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Reynolds_(architect) [Page 19] | http://houseoffallentimbers.blogspot.pt/2013/03/earthships.html -http://www.wow.com/wiki/Earthship

[Page 20 to 23] | http://earthship.com/design-principles

ILLUSTRATION REFERENCES CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 | www.tecnologiaetreinamento.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/residuos-toxicos-tecnologia-e-treinamento.jpg CHAPTER 2 | https://collingwoodearthship.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/12313925_646443375 497274_7043792296955131296_n-top1.jpg CHAPTER 3 | Photo by David Hiser : www.wikiwand.com/cs/David_Hiser#/Galerie

[Page 27] | www.earthshipmodelkit.com/product/ - www.kickstarter.com/projects/333599232/earthship-model-kit?ref=project_share - http://earthship.com/blogs/2016/12/earthship-model-kit-fundraiser-eric-ficinus-independent-study/

CHAPTER 4 | Photo by Martin Gowe : www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=1180275605394138&s et=a.250151088406599.60642.100002351306457&type=3&theater

[Page 34] | www.expressodefafe.pt/festival-terra-mae-pegada-ecologica-do-evento-foi-reduzida-ao-maximo/

CHAPTER 6 | https://www.instagram.com/p/BLSJEGZj0dn/?taken-by=kamaiap

[Page 38] | https://paginas.fe.up.pt/~ntiec/

[Ill.1] to [Ill.2] | Own illustration during Summer Experience Workshop August 2016

[Page 39] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montessori_education

[Ill.3] | Adapted from UN Global goal: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51968#.

WFo37tB950s

[Page 42] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_education [Page 44] | http://ecoaldeiajanas.org/ & http://www.quinta7nomes.com/ [Page 50] | http://earthship.com/blogs/2013/09/10-reasons-why-we-need-an-earthship-home/ [Page 52] | http://www.arch2o.com/earthships-michael-reynolds/

CHAPTER 5 | Photo courtesy of Earthship Biotecture Crew

[Ill.4] | Own diagram adapted from: http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/IMG/pdf/40Years_sustainable_Development_sept13_Access.pdf ; https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvimento_sustent%C3%A1vel#Hist.C3.B3ria & Amado, M. Construção sustentável [Ill.5] | Own diagram adapted from Amado, M. Construção sustentável [Ill.6] | Own diagram adapted from Amado, M. Construção sustentável & https://www.lafargehol55

cim-foundation.org/AboutPages/what-is-sustainable-construction [Ill.31] | Illustrations courtesy of Earthship Biotecture Crew [Ill.7] | Photo by David Hiser, Thumb House, Michael Reynolds first built house in 1972 http://www.

[Ill.32] to [Ill.35] | Resume in how to build one Earthship step by step extracted from video: www. wow.com/wiki/Earthship youtube.com/watch?v=t4MrUvjVbZw [Ill.8] | Another attempt for achieving the best solution, Canon: https://growingarden.wordpress.

[Ill.36] to [Ill.41] | Earthship Model kit, courtesy of Eric Ficinus: http://www.earthshipmodelkit.com/ com/tag/earth-ships/ product/ & https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/333599232/earthship-model-kit?ref=project_share [Ill.9] | Michael Reynold & Mário Roriz in the Philipines courtesy of Mário Roriz [Ill.10] | Michael Reynold & Mário Roriz in Portugal courtesy of Mário Roriz

[Ill.42] to [Ill.43] | Own Timeline Diagrams

[Ill.11] | School in Uruguay layout section: www.vix.com/es/imj/actualidad-uy/157809/la-primera-escuela-publica-sustentable-de-latinoamerica-estara-en-uruguay

[Ill.44] to [Ill.45] | Terra Mãe Flyers courtesy of Terra Mãe Festival Crew

[Ill.46] to [Ill.50] | Photos during Terra Mãe festival courtesy of Expresso de Fafe newspaper: http:// [Ill.12] | Different Earthip layout section, courtesy of Earthship Biotecture: http://www.arch2o.com/ www.expressodefafe.pt/festival-terra-mae-pegada-ecologica-do-evento-foi-reduzida-ao-maximo/ earthships-michael-reynolds/ [Ill.13] | Own diagram adapted from http://earthship.com/design-principles

[Ill.51] | Terra Mãe Festival foto courtesy of Terra Mãe Crew

[Ill.14] to [Ill.16] | https://offthegridonthegrid.wordpress.com/case-studies/earthship/

[Ill.52] | Own Flyer

[Ill.17] | Adapted from: https://offthegridonthegrid.wordpress.com/case-studies/earthship/

[Ill.53] | Flyer courtesy of NTIEC associated group from FEUP - Porto Engeneering University

[Ill.18] to [Ill.28] | Resume of Earthship Principles extracted from video: www.youtube.com/ [Ill.54] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Santiago+de+Candoso,+Portugal/@41.4413145,-8.3373736,13.38z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0xd24f030eac2d467:0xwatch?v=qlijB6G392Q 7e00a421d9d95a64!8m2!3d41.428248!4d-8.323774 [Ill.29] | Adapted from: https://offthegridonthegrid.wordpress.com/case-studies/earthship/ [Ill.55] to [Ill.73] | Own illustration during Summer Experience Festival [Ill.30] | Resume of Earthship Principles extracted from video: https://www.youtube.com/ [Ill.74] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/ watch?v=QEzbOMvrlIA 56

Faculdade+de+Engenharia+da+Universidade+do+Porto/@41.1777478,-8.5984345,17z/ c6ac64365:0x73670e83382e74c1!8m2!3d39.0098574!4d-9.2715778 data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd246446d48922a3:0x8b1e4a0bcdacc840!8m2!3d41.1777478!

4d-8.5962405 [Ill.109] to [Ill.118] | Courtesy of Fábio Diniz, also a NTIEC member [Ill.75] to [Ill.83] | Courtesy of Fábio Diniz, also a NTIEC member

[Ill.119] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Colares,+Portugal/@38.8020705,-9.5332663,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd1edb64362d1229:0x1b[Ill.84] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Guim- c6a95daab6f276!8m2!3d38.8066307!4d-9.4426867 ar%C3%A3es,+Portugal/@41.4370955,-8.7630893,8.92z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0xd24efe83f799c09:0x8086cc4f15f1ea1!8m2!3d41.4425179!4d-8.2917589 [Ill.120] to [Ill.121] | Own images [Ill.85] to [Ill.95] | Courtesy of Fábio Diniz, also a NTIEC member

[Ill.122] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Kinglake+ VIC+3763/@-37.5198757,145.208807,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ad7d05fc1b8b403:0x[Ill.96] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Escola+Se- 5045675218cff50!8m2!3d-37.518382!4d145.3591263 cund%C3%A1ria+Martins+Sarmento/@41.4450496,-8.2903417,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd24efeb1c1cb2f7:0x49d5743f13d8bb5c!8m2!3d41.4450496!4d-8.2881477 [Ill.123] to [Ill.127] | Own images [Ill.97] to [Ill.102] | Courtesy of Fábio Diniz, also a NTIEC member [Ill.128] | Courtesy of Agari Farms [Ill.103] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Quinta+do+Minhoto/@41.4684862,-8.184514,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0xd24e881ed- [Ill.129] | Own image 823ee1:0x566286dd09944f5d!8m2!3d41.4684862!4d-8.18232 [Ill.130] to [Ill.131] | Internship Agreement [Ill.104] | Own panorama image [Ill.132] | Summer Experience Workshop Certificate [Ill.105] | Courtesy of Earthship Biotecture [Ill.133] & [Ill.134] | Own images of Kinglake project [Ill.106] | Courtesy of Patrick Fernandes, Quinta do minhoto Co-owner [Ill.135] | Courtesy of Agari Farms before the tire wall was finished [Ill.107] | Courtesy of Earthship Biotecture [Ill.136] & [Ill.139] | Own images of Kinglake project [Ill.108] | Image taken from Google maps: https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Caneira+Nova,+2665-001,+Portugal/@39.0092695,-9.2761988,15.94z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0xd1f2bd57

ANNEXES

Ill.130

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Ill.131

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CERTIFICADO

Ill.135 | Earthship extension tire wall in progress late 2016

Certifica-se que Joana Quintas participou na Formação “ACADEMIA EARTHSHIP BIOTECTURE PORTUGAL”, que se realizou entre os dias 22 e 26 de Agosto de 2016, na Comunidade de Aprendizagem Gomos de Tangerina - Eco Escola São Tiago de Candoso em Guimarães.

Ill.136 | Earthship extension tire wall in early January 2017

Ill.133 | Workshop notes

Ill.138 | Earthship extensions sections

Guimarães, 26 de Agosto de 2016

Mário Roriz Ill.137 | Earthship rafters late January 2017

Mário Roriz (EBPortugal Founder) Academy Graduated Earthship Biotecture, Taos, New México, USA Ill.132

Ill.139 | Earthship extension floor plan

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Ill.134 | Workshop notes

61