Something, in the air; Unbeknownst to us (2017)

Eunmi Kim (Mimi)

•

Something, in the air. ; Unbeknownst to us Eunmi Kim (Mimi)

Royal College of Art, School of Communication MA Information Experience Design, Experimental DesignPathway.

6737 Words CHS Tutor : Adriana Cerne 23rd, June 2017

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Contents Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 2!

Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 3!

1. Olfactory communication ...................................................................................................... 7!

1.1 Smell and memory ........................................................................................................... 7!

1.2 Omnipresence of smell .................................................................................................... 8!

1.3 Olfactory perception and the corresponding olfactory communication .......................... 8!

1.4 Subliminal odorant ........................................................................................................... 9!

2. Olfactory human-computer communication ........................................................................ 12!

2.1 Olfactory as a medium ................................................................................................... 12!

2.2 Multi-modality ............................................................................................................... 13!

2.3 Olfactory data................................................................................................................. 15!

3. Mechanism of smell: Chemical combination vs quantum vibration ................................... 17!

3.1 Chemical combination ................................................................................................... 17!

3.2 Quantum vibration ......................................................................................................... 18!

4. Memory and emotion ........................................................................................................... 20!

4.1 Memory .......................................................................................................................... 20!

5. Emotion: Something in the air ............................................................................................. 22!

5.1 Olfactory echo, emotional molecule .................................................................................. 22!

5.2 Biological ground........................................................................................................... 23!

6. Transcendence...................................................................................................................... 26!

6.1 Time: a non-linear relation of time, corresponding odour-memory .............................. 26!

6.2 Time and space transcendence ....................................................................................... 28!

7. Technology expands olfactory capability? .......................................................................... 31!

7.1 Smell augmentation: new smelling perceptions ............................................................ 31!

7.2 Olfactory-centric thinking .............................................................................................. 33!

7.3 Sensory transduction ...................................................................................................... 33!

7.4 Wearing perfume ........................................................................................................... 34!

8. So keep on inhalin’ / smellin’ .............................................................................................. 37!

1

Table of Figures Figure 1| Unknown, source: terrible-reflection< https://terriblereflection.tumblr.com/post/15814464008 > .............................................................................. 3!

Figure 1| Perfect Sense (2011), directed by David Mackenzie ................................................ 6!

Figure 2| Air molecule movement Source: 2007-2009 University of Waikato, www.sciencelearn.org.nz ........................................................................................................... 7!

Figure 3| Subliminal perception .............................................................................................. 10!

Figure 4| Shannon-Weaver model: Sender-receiver-based communication ........................... 12!

Figure 5| Sensorama, by Morton Heilig .................................................................................. 14!

Figure 6| a. AromaJet Pinoke, b. DigiScent iSmell, c. FH Hagenberg SmellBox, d. NTT Com Aroma Geur, e. TriSenx Scent Dome, f. Osmooze Personal Diffuser ............................ 15!

Figure 7| Smell of data, by Leanne Wijnsma and Froukje Tan, Source: https://vimeo.com/180520417 ................................................................................................. 16!

Figure 8| When a smell molecule fits into the odour receptor protein, it sends a signal to the brain ......................................................................................................................................... 17!

Figure 9| Smelling your way through the city, Source: Sissel Tolaas .................................... 23!

Figure 10| The brain ................................................................................................................ 25!

Figure 12| Smell camera/Scent-ography, Source: Amy Radcliffe .......................................... 29!

Figure 13| Smell extract experiment Source: Susana Soares (2012) from V2, Vimeo. .......... 30!

Figure 14| a. Person using a sensory extension to enhance odour recognition; b. Nose plug interface.................................................................................................................................... 32!

Figure 15| Nasal objects start to transform appearance and beauty concepts ......................... 32!

Figure 16| Swallowable Parfum, Source: Lucy McRae ........................................................ 35!

Figure 17 | Swallowable Parfum , Source: Lucy McRae ....................................................... 36!

Figure 18 | Communion, Director Philippe Mora (1989) ..................................................... 37!

2

Preface

Let us – slowly yet deeply – inhale, before we go any further.

How is the weather today? Do you feel wet-soil or an Indian summer breeze? Savour the ambience! What can you perceive at the

moment?

Space,

distance,

colour,

light,

temperature,

humidity, and what about ventilation? What else – a whiff from a passer-by, distant piped music? Does it make you invigorated or annoyed, or even just indifferent, not caring at all?

‘Can you feel planet earth in which we breathe?’

The

breath,

energy,

aura,

vibration,

amplitude,

frequency,

chemical, signal and particles that a person emits are in the air, inclusively. Each entity emanates atomic substances that render us idiosyncratic – distinctive from one another. Albeit infinitesimal, even impalpable, ‘All kinds of levels of micro invisibility are being communicated.’1

Figure 1| Unknown, source: terrible-reflection< https://terrible-reflection.tumblr.com/post/15814464008 > 1

Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep And Then Follows Her Nose In Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne [accessed 15 March 2017]

3

A creature who communicates is one that has interacted with organisms

and

environments,

voluntarily

or

otherwise;

‘The

human being – with language and the scientific method – is the most

interactive

Communication,

as

creature commonly

in

the

understood,

known means

universe.’ to

impart

2

or

exchange information, not merely in linguistic form, through utterance or text, but also in other various forms. Language, as William Dwight Whitney (1875) said, ‘might be defined as all symbols that can be ignited by the mouth and heard by the ears’.3

2

Bernard S. Phillips and David Christner, Saving Society: Breaking out of our bureaucratic way of life (London: Routledge, 2012), Part I, p.4.

3

William Dwight Whitney, The Life and Growth of Language: An Outline of Linguistic Science (London: King, 1875), quoted in Noam Chomsky, What Kind Of Creatures Are We?

4

However, apart from the verbal medium, what else enables us to communicate? Amongst many other answers to this question, I reckon that a sense of smell could be one.

Humans, as physical beings, are inextricably affiliated with their senses: sensory entanglement. As has been pointed out by Andy

Habermacher

(2012),

we

are

adjoined

to

our

body

–

obvious, maybe, but our embodiment is so obvious that we take it

for

granted.

4

Applying

this

sensory

entanglement

into

olfaction, we are exposed to smell in almost every single moment; hence, we could say that olfaction is an integral part of lives. Put differently, as Valdueza (2013) says, ‘What we smell has a profound impact on what we do, what we remember, what we feel and what we are rather than other senses’.5

According to Freecs (2007), the human sense of smell is a crucial deeply

sensory

transmission

influences

human

channel,

experience

and

and

this

mood.

information

It

becomes

a

mighty substance in our subconscious mind. In addition to that, identifying and decoding odour molecules seem to be almost involuntary actions; its information operates, and thereby a relationship

with

this

influences our lives.

6

unconscious

information

channel

To recapitulate, this mysterious and

elusive sense, smell, has permeated into almost every aspect of our lives from memory and emotion to consciousness as a whole; certainly, it is a major part of our experience of this planet.7

4

Andy Habermacher, ‘Embodied Cognition, Gestures and Computer Interfaces’, in andyhabermacher.blogspot.co.uk, 2012. Available from: <http://andyhabermacher.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/embodied-cognition-gestures-and.html> [accessed 15 June 2017]

5

Raquel Valdueza, ‘We Are 90% Visual Beings’, Infographic Design Agency – Ernesto Olivares, 2013 [online]. Available from: https://ernestoolivares.com/2013/01/11/we-are-90-visuals-beings [accessed 14 May 2017] ‘Freecs’, Cafe.Naver.Com, 2007 [online]. Available from: <http://cafe.naver.com/freecs/18897>

6

7

Omer Polak, Smell as a Design Tool: The S Sense Project, 2014 [online video]. Available from: <https://youtu.be/dgPoLM3E-VA>

5

In accordance with the three paragraphs above, I daresay smell is deemed as one form of the language or communication medium that allows us to experience the world. I shall articulate how influential the sense of smell in communication is, and will also recalibrate its potency. Going further, I will scrutinise how it could be utilised as art practice, and, ultimately, investigate whether it expands our capability to interact in this

world

or

not.

‘What

can

olfaction

indicate

us

about

ourselves and the world around us?’8 (Jennifer 2010)

“Without smell, an ocean of past images disappears.” 9

Figure 2| Perfect Sense (2011), directed by David Mackenzie

8 J.C. Brookes, ‘Science Is Perception: What Can Our Sense Of Smell Tell Us About Ourselves and The World Around Us?’, Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical And Engineering Sciences, 368.1924 (2010), 3491-3502.

9

Perfect Sense. Dir. David Mackenzie. BBC Films. 2011.!

6

1. Olfactory communication

‘We experience odour molecules daily – using a perfumed shower gel, flavouring our meals with herbs, or burying our nose deep in a rose.’10

Figure 3| Air molecule movement Source: 2007-2009 University of Waikato, www.sciencelearn.org.nz

1.1 Smell and memory Smell is everywhere, though intangible. Smelling is deemed an intangible and invisible experience. Imagine when you smelling or

inhaling

deeply

–

we

can

find

ourselves

with

our

eyes

closed.

Both memory and smell are invisible and intangible – that is, opaque and obscure. Humans are predisposed to believe what we can see and touch. In other words, substance with physicality is regarded as a more plausible manifestation of being. ‘We can

hold

tangible

objects.

We

can

clearly

own

tangible

objects.’11But, what if intangible one?

10 11

Angelika Börsch, ‘Small Molecules Make Scents’, Science In School, 6 (2007) <http://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue6/scents> [accessed 15 June 2017] David R Koepsell, The Ontology Of Cyberspace (Chicago, IL: Open Court, 2003), p.28.

7

1.2 Omnipresence of smell ‘Every nano-part of this planet emits a smell,’ says Tolaas. 12 We smell almost every single moment – as long as air exists, odour molecules float; from when we were born, we breathe onwards.

Anywhere,

anytime

on

the

planet

Earth

we

are

surrounded by many substances – all with odour molecules yet with different intensity and persistency. More accurately, in fact, a human being is able to smell even when there is one odour

molecule

amongst

30,000,000,000

(30

billion)

air

molecules. Conclusively, we hem in odours on a daily or even second-by-second basis, though not deliberately.

1.3 Olfactory perception and the corresponding olfactory communication Nostrils

allow

us

identification

of

‘Olfaction

trying

identifying

is

to

differentiate

airborne

unknown

to

chemicals be

like

substances’.

the one

an

detection from

the

analytical 13

Smelling

and

other:

chemist, means

comprehending, interpreting, and analysing particles in the air, as well as doing so with our memory and our past, as if translating

air

into

our

own

experience.

According

to

Nietzsche, ‘Ich höre und rieche es’ – ‘I hear and smell it’: hearing and smelling means to guess something of the living body, although it is not exposed to sight, although it is hidden, distant, obscure, and deep – unconscious.14 ‘Our perception of and reaction to scent stimuli is continuous as we must breathe and further cannot wilfully choose to not

12 Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep And Then Follows Her Nose In Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 <https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne> [accessed 15 March 2017] 13

Luca Turin, quoted in Mark Anderson, ‘Study Bolsters Quantum Vibration Scent Theory’, Scientific American, 28 January 2013 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/study-bolsters-quantum-vibration-scent-theory/ [accessed 03 June 2017]

14

Friedrich Nietzsche, Z III ‘On Apostates’ quoted in Christa Davis Acampora, ‘Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals’: Critical Essays (2006) p 70-71

8

react to or subconsciously interpret olfactory stimuli.’ 15 In short, I would say that olfactory experience is omnipresent in this

world

since

our

perception

of

and

reaction

to

scent

stimuli are ongoing, back and forth perpetually. It might be outside of one’s will. With respect to stimuli, these are referred

to

as

external

energies

or

objects

that

trigger

reactions in the sensory organs. 16 However, from time to time we

perceive

smell

forthwith,

even

before

we

have

time

to

notice where this smell is coming from, of from which object it emanates. In this respect, are we capable of perceiving whilst not being aware of what external stimulus is being given?

1.4 Subliminal odorant As a matter of fact, not all stimuli can be detected; that is to

say,

very

subtle

stimuli

are

being

processed,

albeit

unconsciously, for us. The minimum stimulus that people are able to detect is called the threshold. Thresholds can be seen as

the

sensing

boundary of

the

between stimuli

conscious below

and

this

subliminal, threshold

is

and

the

called

subliminal perception. 17 Perceiving means acquiring information through

visual,

acoustic,

haptic

and

olfactory

information

channels.18

15

Linda Solay, ‘Scent in Contemporary Art: An investigation into challenges & exhibition strategies’ (unpublished master’s dissertation, Lasalle College of the Arts Singapore, Goldsmiths College, University of London, 2012).

16

Changho Park, ‘Unconscious Perception’, Terms.Naver.Com, 2014 [online] <http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3578548&cid=59039&categoryId=59044> [accessed 22 June 2017].

17

Changho Park, ‘Unconscious Perception’, Terms.Naver.Com, 2014 [online]<http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3578548&cid=59039&categoryId=59044> [accessed 22 June 2017].

18

The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction – Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011), p.48

9

Figure 4| Subliminal perception

The

above

figure

relationship

is

between

a

schematic

the

subjective

representation events

of

associated

the with

subliminal perception of olfactory stimuli and hypothetical neural activity.

As has been pointed out by Lee (2014) regarding perception and consciousness,

I shall paraphrase. Let us imagine strolling

down a secluded path in the spring, when growing things burst into life. Whilst we are walking when our body is activating for

movement,

pieces

of

simultaneously

information

around

we

are

transmitting

us

consciously

and

various sometimes

unconsciously; for instance, the scent of a wild flower and the breeze that kisses our hair, and also the information of the person walking in front of us will be felt through eyes, ears, skin, and nose. When our consciousness is concentrated on one of these pieces of information and selective attention is given to the information, it will be taken into account as special

in

our

consciousness.

To

elaborate,

the

perception

occurs in the process in which the sensed data transmitted

10

from the senses is interpreted as meaningful information by an upward or downward method.19

The reason why I mention the threshold of consciousness is because I found interrelation – not merely the process of how we perceive odours involuntarily, but the fact that people bring back long-forgotten memories from the depths of their un- or subconscious minds seems to be under a mutual basis: subliminal relationship.

Utilisation with the distinctive feature of smell based upon a subliminal potential.

relationship Scent

art,

sounds using

promising, its

with

perception

plenty and

of the

corresponding communication, is likely to embody an immersive experience either consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, I insist that smell is the most idiosyncratic sense we have; it has a great deal of potency that could be a kind of praxis in an artistic and communicatory way.

19 Lee Youngchang, ‘Depth Perception’, Terms.Naver.Com, 2014 [online] < http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2118675&cid=41991&categoryId=41991 > [accessed 22 June 2017]

11

2. Olfactory human-computer communication 2.1 Olfactory as a medium The relevance of olfactory perception and the corresponding olfactory communication, as well as the attitude of cultures toward odours.

smelling, Over

installations

has

the with

transformed

last

few

odours

through

years,

have

the

ages:

artistic

gradually

social

multimedia

emerged;

scented

products have been prevalent and there has been an increasing application interesting

of

aromatherapy.

medium

for

Odours

technical

are

becoming

information

transfer

an or

communication, especially in human-computer interaction (HCI).

Figure 5| Shannon-Weaver model: Sender-receiver-based communication

Theoretically

definable

as

a

medium,

odour

is

capable

of

implying data including emotions, warnings, memories, and also genetic

code

as

pheromones.

Thus,

odour

is

theoretically

definable as a medium. According to the Shannon-Weaver model (see

Figure

4),

it

is

defined

as

a

sender-receiver-based

communication system.20

20 The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011)

12

2.2 Multi-modality The increasing development of olfactory technology has enabled us to equip computer systems with olfactory interfaces, in particular, Synaesthesia

a

useful

manifests

olfactory a

human-computer

particularly

striking

interaction. relationship

between the sensory modalities. Apparently, multi-modality is a completely genuine multimedia experience and allows for an ultimate

natural

interaction

between

human

and

computer.

I

shall outline this with three examples.

The very first technological system associating with humans via smell was scenting cinema, called Sensorama, pioneered by Morton L. Heilig (Figure 5). Evolutionarily, it was for the sake of an immersive, multi-sensory experience that contained an olfactory channel, not just visual-acoustic technology.21

Additionally, there has been an experiment that indicates new ground in the cross-modal perception field by a research team that

psychology

department

research

team

led

by

Professor

Charles Spence at Oxford University: ‘They found that amongst individual cells, most responded to odour but a significant number were also active when a tone was played. Some cells even behaved differently when smell and sound existed together …

Imagine,

ordering

a

the cup

collaborations of

coffee

and

between

musician

and

befitted

soundtrack

chef,

will

be

feasible, one day.’ 22 Embarking on such a different perspective on trans-modality seems to have a great deal of potency on the multi-sensory experience.

21

The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction – Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011), 48-60.

22

Cassie Barton, ‘How sound and smell can create perfect harmony’, The Guardian, 22 October 2012 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/22/soundand-smell-create-harmony [accessed 15 March 2017]

13

Figure 6| Sensorama, by Morton Heilig

14

2.3 Olfactory data

In the contemporary era, there have been HCI systems in many variations, not just for advertising purposes but also advanced as ambient indicators. !

Figure 7| a. AromaJet Pinoke, b. DigiScent iSmell, c. FH Hagenberg SmellBox, d. NTT Com Aroma Geur, e. TriSenx Scent Dome, f. Osmooze Personal Diffuser

For

instance,

application

an

with

integration an

odour

of

an

machine

to

augmented improve

reality on

the

AR(Augmented Reality) experience is presented (2002). What is more, NTT Communicationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (2007) digitally-controlled gizmos called Aroma Geur (see Figure 2, d) laid the path to the first olfactory

emails

in

2004.

In

2005,

TriSenx

launched

their

Scent-Dome to enable websites emitting scents.23

Another example is using data but transforming data itself into smell.

Both

violation

gas

and

incidents

smell show,

have data

no

smell. leaks

As can

recent

privacy

have

serious

consequences. Smell of data is a new scent developed in response

23

The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011), 48-60.

15

to issues regarding data security on the Internet as an alert mechanism that is more instinctive.24

Figure 8| Smell of data, by Leanne Wijnsma and Froukje Tan, Source: https://vimeo.com/180520417

24

https://smellofdata.com/ [accessed 25 April 2017]

16

3. Mechanism of smell: Chemical combination vs quantum vibration

Figure 9| When a smell molecule fits into the odour receptor protein, it sends a signal to the brain

3.1 Chemical combination Scientists have hitherto found two theories for the mechanism of

how

we

can

distinguish

the

scent

between

chemical

combination and quantum vibration. Predominantly, the former is known as the most fundamental for the public. The idea is that the millions of different odorants in the world are like as puzzle pieces (see Figure 9). Smell molecules have shapes that bind with specific odour receptor proteins, much like two puzzle pieces fit together. When a molecule comes together with a protein, that protein sends a signal to the brain.25

25

"Smell: Sensing On The Nanoscale", University Of Wisconsin-Madison Materials Research Science And Engineering Center Interdisciplinary Education Group, 2008 <http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/nanoquest/smell/> [accessed 23 February 2017].

17

3.2 Quantum vibration

Of late, another quantum vibration theory has proved that how we

perceive

smell

is

parallel

to

quantum

electron

state

transitions. Basically, an electron on one part of a protein may move, and then arrive at another part lacking a quantum of vibrational energy, binding with an adequate frequency instead of its shape.

This sounds thrilling for two reasons: first off, it signifies apples

smell

different

like

intensity

apples

to

depends

everyone, upon

even

individual

to

flies,

yet

capability

and

distance. Briefly described, this theory finally eliminates the subjectivity of sensation – something philosophers have wondered about for ages. Is my perception the smell of an apple the same as yours? 26 Or do we have different consistent perceptions and just learn to associate them both with the concept of ‘apple’? It meant to say that there is an external objective

reality

to

the

perception

of

smell,

which

is

impressive considering that it is a quantum phenomenon.27

Secondly, if other perceptions have an unparalleled reality, it might be worth thinking if the same is true for spiritual experiences. The fact that most, if not all, have a concept of a higher reality might mean that there is an objective reality that could be tested – and that it is not a totally subjective expression that cannot be discussed in scientific terms.28

26 Nick Knisely, ‘Sense Of Smell Is A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon’, Entangled States, 24 March 2011 https://entangledstates.org/2011/03/24/sense-ofsmell-is-a-quantum-mechanical-phenomenon/ [accessed 3 February 2017].

27 Nick Knisely, ‘Sense Of Smell Is A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon’, Entangled States, 24 March 2011 https://entangledstates.org/2011/03/24/sense-ofsmell-is-a-quantum-mechanical-phenomenon/ [accessed 3 February 2017].

28 Nick Knisely, ‘Sense Of Smell Is A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon’, Entangled States, 24 March 2011 https://entangledstates.org/2011/03/24/sense-ofsmell-is-a-quantum-mechanical-phenomenon/ [accessed 3 February 2017].

18

Upon delving into which argument is more acceptable, chemical combination

or

quantum

vibration,

scientists

set

forth

opposing notions. The ethereal quantum vibration theory can explain

the

relatively

mechanism narrower

behind

scope

than

the

sensation

the

chemical

of

smell

in

combination.

Experiments from Turin (2000, e.g. rotten eggs, the sulphur) presents we can perceive smell by an oscillatory signal like auditory sense even few types of smell though. Despite of this, it seems to be a glimpse at the scientific breakthrough, so that the realm of communication media might be broadening: Multi-modality (see Chapter 2.2). As Jim Al-Khalili’s latest experiments (2000) indicate, our quantum noses are listening to smells.29

In addition, the way we communicate might utterly transform – we

might

classify

odour

chemicals

through

our

smell

spectrogram by their frequency, timbre, resonance, etc. One day, we will be able to listen to each other’s body odour or say something like, ‘This pasta smells like impeccably-tuned guitar!’

29 Jim Al-Khalili , Let There Be Life, Episode 2 of 2 – The Secret of Quantum Physics, 2016 [BBC]. Available from: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj>

19

4. Memory and emotion

Among

a

variety

of

substances,

odour

molecules

seem

have

traction power. In particular, distant memories and emotions associated with our consciousness: odour-associated memory.

Smell and memory were connected in the brain. Cinnamon might have reminded you of your grandmother’s apron. The scent of cut hay could evoke a childhood fear of cows. Diesel oil might bring back your memories of your first ferry crossing; without smell, an ocean of past images disappears.30

4.1 Memory Unbeknownst teleported

to

us,

toward

people a

experience,

glimpse

into

the

sporadically,

being

past

their

through

nostrils. All of sudden, two mere nasal cavities acting as a teleporting portal bring us toward a past that has been almost buried beneath our deepest corners of the mind but one that, ultimately, resonates with us. Specifically, smell evokes a linked memory – so-called odour-evoked autobiographical memory – as a study shows, supporting a theory by Marcel Proust.

Proustian

phenomenon,

is

named

after

Marcel

Proust

(1922/1960), who is the author of one often-quoted literary anecdote, À la recherche du temps perdu (In search of lost time), in which the author is vividly reminded of childhood experiences by the smell of a tea-soaked pastry:31

And soon, mechanically, weary after a dull day with the prospect of a depressing morrow, I raised to my lips a spoonful of the tea in which I had 30

Perfect Sense. Dir. David Mackenzie. BBC Films. 2011.

31

S. Chu and John J. Downes, "Odour-Evoked Autobiographical Memories: Psychological Investigations Of Proustian Phenomena", Chemical Senses, 25.1 (2000), 111-116 <https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.1.111>.

20

soaked a morsel of the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid, and the crumbs with it, touched my palate than a shudder ran through my whole body, and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary changes that were taking place. … I was conscious that it was connected with the taste of tea and cake, but that it infinitely transcended those savours, could not, indeed, be of the same nature as theirs. (p. 58)32

Proust’s experiences formed the basis of what has become known as the Proust phenomenon, the ability of odours spontaneously to

cue

autobiographical

memories

that

are

highly

vivid,

33

affectively toned, and very old.

32

Proust, À la recherche du temps perdu (In search of lost time), p.58. quoted in S. Chu and John J. Downes, "Odour-Evoked Autobiographical Memories: Psychological Investigations Of Proustian Phenomena", Chemical Senses, 25.1 (2000), 111-116 <https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.1.111>.

33 S. Chu and John J. Downes, "Odour-Evoked Autobiographical Memories: Psychological Investigations Of Proustian Phenomena", Chemical Senses, 25.1 (2000), 111-116 <https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.1.111>.

21

5. Emotion: Something in the air 5.1 Olfactory echo, emotional molecule What is the most memorable and resplendent fragrance that has resonated

with

you?

Olfactory

memory

is

often

taken

into

account as a deep emotional cue, that is to say emotional, sentimental

memory

affiliated

to

the

air

and

floated

air-

molecule at that moment.

As for me, by far the most unforgettable smell was in my very first backpacking destination, India. Six years ago, when I embarked on my literal first step at Indira Gandhi Airport, I experienced the breathless heat for the first time in my life through my nostrils and, exaggeratedly, to all the holes and skin surfaces on my body. However, it was not due only to temperature

and

humidity,

but

also

to

smell,

sound,

and

feelings.

Among these, for instance, was the smell of Indian spice that pervaded not just from the airport lounge area; the spicedperspiration odour that evaporates what people eat; the light spreading from the street light; the unrecognisable language, Hindi,

and

language;

the the

speed

of

lips

unfamiliar

parting

feeling

that

ignited

between

that

passers-by;

innumerable things were reflected, maybe. All of these bizarre and surreal things were perceived through airflow.

Sissel

Tolaas

(2016)

said

that

all

air-chemicals

are

communicating, and we, human beings, communicate with it, and are

communicated

by

it.

This

happens

particularly

strongly

when it is a very hot day. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;In the different seasons different 22

smells are diffused.’ 34 Not just a different time of year or even each time of the day but a different space and place: ‘Cultural

molecule’.

comprehension

of

smells

she

that

This

Tolaas’ accrued

context work,

definitely

where

from

she

seven

aids

in

recreated

years

of

our

7,000

walking,

travelling, and smelling parts of the world.35

Figure 10| Smelling your way through the city, Source: Sissel Tolaas

Tolaas

mentioned

that

a

hot

day

reminds

her

of

other

neighbourhoods in Berlin and New York. Personally, a whiff of an extremely hot day is a collection of my reminiscences about backpacking in India. It takes me places in which incredible happenings occurred, and reminds me of what I felt and what I learned from being there. Even six years after, once in a blue moon, single

such

fossilised

waft,

like

a

memory CPR

is

from

vividly oblivion

retrieved

by

to

memory.

vivid

one

‘There’s something in the air’.36

5.2 Biological ground

34

Caro Verbeek, Inhaling history, smelling future, 2016 [Youtube]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj

35

Sissel Tolaas quoted in Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep and Then Follows Her Nose in Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne [accessed 15 March 2017] 36

Sissel Tolaas quoted in Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep and Then Follows Her Nose in Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne [accessed 15 March 2017]

23

When

combined

with

specific

places

and

experiences

in

the

past, the odour drifts into old memories, and eventually an emotional

reaction

occurs.

To

demystify

such

a

splendid

phenomenon, I shall explain in more detail how the process happens. The essential thing is olfactory signals are not only the area of the brain responsible for the smell, but also the area of the brain responsible for emotions and memory.37

With respect to odour memory, the association of fragrance and emotion is neither counterfeit anecdote nor fabrication from poets or perfume-makers. Our olfactory receptors are directly involved with the limbic system, which is the oldest, most primitive part of the brain. The limbic system is a network of connected within

structures

near

central

nervous

the

together emotions,

to

affect

a

motivation,

the

wide and

middle

system. range

of

the

These of

memory’.

brain

linked

structures

behaviors (e.g.

‘work

including

Fox,

2017;

38

Rodriguez-Gil, 201039).

According to Rodriguez-Gil, ‘The olfactory bulbs have sensory receptors

that

are

actually

messages directly to: they

influence

part

of

the

brain

which

send

The most primitive brain centres where

emotions

and

memories

(limbic

system

structures), and ‘Higher’ centres where they modify conscious thought (neo-cortex).’40

37 38

Jonghye Han, ‘Smell and Memory’, 2004 [online] <http://bsrc.kaist.ac.kr/board/read.cgi?board=Drhan&y_number=2> Kate Fox, The Smell Report, 2017, pp.5-7 <http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell.pdf>

39

Gloria Rodriguez-Gil, ‘The Sense Of Smell: A Powerful Sense’, Tsbvi.Edu, 2010 [online] <https://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/summer05/smell.htm>

40

Gloria Rodriguez-Gil, ‘The Sense Of Smell: A Powerful Sense’, Tsbvi.Edu, 2010 [online] <https://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/summer05/smell.htm>

24

Figure 11| The brain Source: http://faculty.tcc.fl.edu/hss/mcguffr/bbcontent/2012/units/images/limbsys1.jpg / https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/olfpic.gif

‘It is not easy to scientifically identify the quality and physical properties of odours.’41 Apparently smell is the strongest inducer of memories of early memories and by far the most phenomenal thing is that even people suffering from Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia never lose their olfactory memories.42

41

Jonghye Han, ‘Smell and Memory’, 2004 [online] <http://bsrc.kaist.ac.kr/board/read.cgi?board=Drhan&y_number=2>

42

‘Caro Verbeek, Inhaling history, smelling future, 2016 [Youtube]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj

25

6. Transcendence

Figure 11| English tense illustration

6.1 Time: a non-linear relation of time, corresponding odourmemory As far as I remember, the first time that I visualised time by drawing was when I learnt English tense, like Figure 12 shows above. Before then, I had never thought about what the entire time we have already passed, the present moment, and future looks like. Generally, a timeline is embodied into a straight line so that people are coerced into believing ‘time flows linearly’.

43

It means to say that we may have lived in an

awfully short and straight frame.

As I have scrutinised smell and memory, one question has been buzzing around in my head: Is our memory of smell linear, or non-linear, or could we even say metaphysical?

43

‘Arrival’, 2017 [online] < http://intheatre.tistory.com/916>

26

Perhaps this is why smell potently triggers memory: when you encounter a new fragrance, increased oscillations spanning the olfactory bulb, the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus binds the scent to the where and what. A whiff of the same scent – even years or decades later – reactivates these previously synchronized networks and pulls the associated memory trace from the depth of your mind...44

Does

the

memory

of

more

distant

past

in

a

straight

line

consistently affect the more recent past or the present? If past

memory

has

been

continually

influencing

on

an

almost

daily basis, can it be just considered as memory of the past?

Because we do not usually smell entirely new smells in daily life, how we comprehend smell is by tending to trace back, decode, and retrieve from what we have smelled before. That is to say, it is seemingly the continuation of the activity that brings out memories of the past back and forth. Recognising the present based upon experience from the past is like an echoic memory that has distinguished the subtle differences between each combination of impalpable odour molecules.

Due to the inevitable correlation between memory from the past and currently, is that the right way to define the memory of past

and

present

is

separated?

Can

we

say

that

past

and

present coexist with each other while influencing one another?

If we might say those exist, what shape should we draw about time?

Is

it

possible

to

say

that

memory

of

smell

rather

transcends time in some way perhaps? As Proust wrote:

When nothing else subsists from the past, after the people are dead, after the 44 Shelly Xuelai Fan, ‘Brain Oscillations Bind Smell To Memory’, Neurofantastic, 13 January 2014 https://neurofantastic.com/brain/2017/1/13/brainoscillations-bind-smell-to-memory [accessed 23 April 2017]

27

things are broken and scattered … the smell and taste of things remain poised a long time, like souls ... bearing resiliently, on tiny and almost impalpable drops of their essence, the immense edifice of memory.45

6.2 Time and space transcendence Speaking of transcendence, if we can trap our memory of smell in the past into certain physical forms instead of storing only in the brain, we can sniff stored smells from the past.

Is the smell that is diffusing now situated in the present or the past or in-between, or even transcendence?

As Thalassa Cruso (1973) said: ‘Nothing else can equal, for the sense of smell can be extraordinarily evocative, bringing back pictures as sharp as photographs of scenes that and left the conscious mind.’46 As can be seen from Figure 13, I reckon Amy Radcliffe’s work embodies both what Thalassa Cruso mentioned and the transcendence that I articulated in the preceding chapter.

45

Marcel Proust quoted in Linda Solay, "SCENT IN CONTEMPORARY ART: AN INVESTIGATION INTO CHALLENGES & EXHIBITION STRATEGIES" (unpublished Degree of Master of Arts & Cultural Management, LASALLE College of the Arts Singapore Goldsmiths College, University of London, 2012).

46

Thalassa Cruso, ‘Everything There Is a Season: The Gardening Year’, (1973)

28

Figure 12| Smell camera/Scent-ography, Source: Amy Radcliffe

To be precise, the Madeleine ‘smell camera’ is capable of recording odours for the future, capturing the smell of the source

object

officially

in

titled

a

porous

Madeleine

resin and

is

trap.

This

described

as

device

is

being

an

analogue odour camera. In other words, the reference to a camera is a fitting one, as photographs are an obvious and essential specific

way

of

moments

recording

and

in

forever

time

retaining

memories,

captured

for

with future

generations to explore. This is a variation on that theme, just with a different sense being piqued.47

47

Dave Parrack, ‘Madeleine "smell camera" records odors for the future’, 2013 [online] < http://newatlas.com/smell-camera-madeleine/28126/ >

29

Figure 13| Smell extract experiment Source: Susana Soares (2012) from V2, Vimeo.

Another

example

experiment derived

by

from

of

capturing

Susana each

Sores

individual

odorant (2012). have

is

the

smell

Condensed

the

extract

body

peculiarity

odours of

each

human being, which is called an individual olfactory code. To sum this chapter up, transcendence as to smell seems to be possible.

Regardless

of

time

and

space,

smelling

even

the

scents that no longer exist in physical form is no longer a far-fetched idea, as long as we have already captured them in a certain form. To quote the video title itself, ‘Inhaling past, Smelling future’: 48 sniffing in the present based upon bygones in the future no matter what time and space seems to be possible. It is likely to be applicable as a new way of reminiscence for history, culture, etc. In the near future, instead of saying ‘when I look back’, people might say ‘when I smell back’.

48

Caro Verbeek, Inhaling history, smelling future, 2016 [Youtube]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj

30

7. Technology expands olfactory capability?

As examined above, regarding a speculative way of how we can preserve

scent,

it

signifies

eventually

a

new

realm

of

olfactory experience. Since people dwell in what we call the pinnacle of the digital age, the state-of-the-art technologies have allowed mankind to interact at an unprecedented level.

Particularly,

the

ICT

(Information

and

communication

technology) industry is embarking on a totally new paradigm of CMC

(computer-mediated

emerging

technology,

communication). are

we

Yet,

expanding

along

our

sense

with of

communication and our sensory capability?

7.1 Smell augmentation: new smelling perceptions Our technology has been focused on stimulating our visual and audio

capabilities,

but

new

advances

in

areas

such

as

genetics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology are changing our own nature in a way that we cannot perceive. 49 One example of this, Sniffing Others by Susana Soares, is one of two projects that were created in the context of New Organs of Perception.

Smell augmentation utilising a sensory nanoparticles interface stimulates the vomeronasal organ and transmits body odour data, enabling precise pheromone recognition.50

49

V2, Sniffing others, 2012 [online]. Available from: < http://v2.nl/archive/works/sniffing-others/?searchterm= > [accessed 14 May 2017]

50

http://www.susanasoares.com/?id=76 [accessed 13 February 2017]

31

Figure 14| a. Person using a sensory extension to enhance odour recognition; b. Nose plug interface Source: Sniffing Others, Susana Soares (2012)

The

above

stimulate

illustration the

explains

vomeronasal

how

organ.

sensory

Perhaps

in

interfaces the

not

can too

distant future, as a consequence of genetic technologies, new organs

of

perception

or

the

increase

and

augmenting

of

existing perceptions might be forthcoming, like smell, which have been thus far neglected in a visually based society.51

Figure 15| Nasal objects start to transform appearance and beauty concepts Source: Sniffing Others, Susana Soares (2012)

51

V2, Sniffing others, 2012 [online]. Available from: < http://v2.nl/archive/works/sniffing-others/?searchterm= > [accessed 14 May 2017]

32

7.2 Olfactory-centric thinking Speaking

of

the

visually-dominant

tendency,

it

is

commonly

presumed that there is a hierarchy amongst the human senses.

Some have claimed that we are 90% visual beings, 52 probably due to the dominancy, usage, and range of sight. In spite of this, it

seems

way

too

ocular-centric

thinking,

which

is

over-

estimated; yet the power of smell is under-estimated.

Alternatively, ‘The reason we can recognise the triangle is because the shape is deeply imprinted in our brain through the air’. 53 I would rather say that the reason we can recognise the bread is because of a certain smell of it, not just by shape or

texture.

We

have

already

experienced

each

compound

of

bread’s odour molecules in the past – the smell is embedded in our consciousness through the air. So that is the reason why we can identify certain objects without seeing, touching, or hearing but smelling.

7.3 Sensory transduction To back up this opinion with examples, there are findings published in the journal Psychological Science that show that fear can be conveyed by smell, namely emotional contagion. What they found is contrary to the generally acknowledged assumption, that

‘Human

visual

communication

channels’

54

–

runs

rather,

exclusively

via

it

about

is

all

language

or

emotional

contagion, sensory transduction from smell to feeling. Humans are

able

to

smell

fear

and

disgust,

and

the

emotions

are

transmittable, according to a new study. To begin with, the 52 Raquel Valdueza, ‘We Are 90% Visual Beings’, Infographic Design Agency – Ernesto Olivares, 2013 [online]. Available from: <https://ernestoolivares.com/2013/01/11/we-are-90-visuals-beings> [accessed 14 May 2017] 53

Noam Chomsky, What kind of creatures are we? (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2016)

54

Write Gun Semin and colleagues, quoted in Tia Ghose, ‘Humans smell fear, and it’s contagious’, Live Science, 6 November 2012 https://www.livescience.com/24578-humans-smell-fear.html [accessed 08 June 2017]

33

researchers gathered perspiration from the armpits of 10 men while they watched a horror film and then let 36 women take a visual test while they unknowingly inhaled the scent of the men’s sweat. Surprisingly, when the women sniffed the ‘sweat of

fear’

they

opened

their

eyes

widely

in

a

scared

face

expression. As the authors conclude, ‘Our research suggests that emotional chemo-signals can be potential contributors to emotional contagion in situations involving dense crowds’.55

‘As other souls sail along on music, So mine, O my love, swims on your scent.’56 (‘The Head of Hair’, from Les Fleurs du Mal by Baudelaire)

7.4 Wearing perfume This has long been regarded as one method of manifesting who we

are.

Another

example

here,

of

new

ways

for

smelling

perception that utilises biotechnology, is called ‘Swallowable Parfum’ by Lucy McRae. She usually explores how technology can transform the human body, one of the ideas being that we can reprogram our own body odour, modify, and biologically enhance it.

Ultimately,

how

would

that

change

the

way

that

we

communicate with each other?57

55 Tia Ghose, ‘Humans smell fear, and it’s contagious’, Live Science, 6 November 2012 https://www.livescience.com/24578-humans-smell-fear.html [accessed 08 May 2017] 56

Charles Baudelaire, ‘The Head of Hair’, from Les Fleurs du Mal. Lucy McRae, How can technology transform the human body?, 2014 [Ted]. Available from: < https://www.ted.com/talks/lucy_mcrae_how_can_technology_transform_the_human_body/transcript?language=en > [accessed 02 May 2017]

57

34

Figure 16| Swallowable Parfum, Source: Lucy McRae

Collaborating

with

a

synthetic

biologist

creates

an

edible

cosmetic pill, basically, releasing fragrant molecules through the skin surface upon perspiration, excreting a biologically enhanced odour. Once absorbed, the capsule enables the skin to become a platform, an atomiser, a biologically enhanced second skin synthesised directly from the natural procedures of the body. Interestingly, the potency of scent depends upon each individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s acclimatisation to temperatures, to stress, to exercise, or to sexual arousal.58

58

https://www.lucymcrae.net/swallowable-parfum/ [accessed 02 May 2017]

35

Figure 17 | Swallowable Parfum , Source: Lucy McRae

Despite it sounding way too artificial, or unwholesome to eat, I found it extraordinary, like an artistic breakthrough that is situated between art and science. No matter how it will turn

out,

signalling

it a

seems

new

cycle

to of

have

far-reaching

evolution,

not

implications,

only

toward

the

perfume industry but in how we communicate with individual identity through bespoke scent.

36

8. So keep on inhalin’ / smellin’

Not only Nietzsche but other philosophers have used metaphors in relation to smell for describing the method of genealogy.

As Witterung noted: What fine instruments of observation we have with our senses! The nose, for instance, which no philosopher ever spoke of with respect and gratitude, is even, in the meantime, the most delicate instrument we dispose of: it is able to ascertain infinitesimal differences of movement which the spectroscope itself is not even sensitive to.59

As a re su lt of Figure 18 | Communion, Director Philippe Mora (1989)

th e

foregoing, undoubtedly, smell plays a profound role in human relations. In the eighth century there was a group called sympathy.

Their

invisible

part

basic –

hypothesis

sympathetic

59

was

material

that –

there that

is

an

emits

an

Friedrich Nietzsche quoted in Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals: Critical Essays, ed. by Christa Davis Acampora (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) pp.7071.

37

interesting sometimes

message.

It

may

also

affect

in

our

emotions

spontaneously,

a

person’s and

sense,

memories.

60

Notwithstanding that our sensation of smell is not as acute as it is with animals, it is at a very embryonically level; there is, clearly, something to be considered about smell.

Ergo,

odours

are

also

becoming

an

interesting

medium

for

technical information transfer or communication. 61 Apparently, it enables us to broaden our horizon, to get multifarious experience and communication, and, ultimately, to shed light on

the

depths

of

our

consciousness.

As

both

a

multi-

disciplinary artist and a communication designer, I daresay we cannot deny the power of smell with regard to communication on this planet, and that enables me to understand the world.

Someday,

we

will

be

able

to

transform

what

we

feel

about

certain smells into exact data; even like The film ‘Brainstorm, (Douglas Trumbull, 1983) may someday convey our emotion toward others, what we feel exactly, further adapting the new way of communication and into art practice.

Let us be more conscious about scents around us. Let us get a whiff of what we are surrounded by. Let us keep inhaling, keep smelling!

60

‘Freecs’, Cafe.Naver.Com, 2007 [online]. Available from: <http://cafe.naver.com/freecs/18897>

61

The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction – Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011)

38

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Raquel Valdueza, ‘We Are 90% Visual Beings’, Infographic Design Agency – Ernesto Olivares, 2013 [online]. Available from: https://ernestoolivares.com/2013/01/11/we-are-90visuals-beings [accessed 14 May 2017] Write Gun Semin and colleagues, quoted in Tia Ghose, ‘Humans smell fear, and it’s contagious’, Live Science, 6 November 2012 https://www.livescience.com/24578-humanssmell-fear.html [accessed 08 June 2017] V2, Sniffing others, 2012 [online]. Available from: < http://v2.nl/archive/works/sniffingothers/?searchterm= > [accessed 14 May 2017]

Films Perfect Sense. Dir. David Mackenzie. BBC Films. 2011. !

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