Scope Objective Of Earthing And Method Of Earthing

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Scope:

• The primary reason for earthing in an electrical network is for safety. When all metallic portions of electrical equipment are grounded, there are no harmful voltages present in the equipment case. If the live wire comes into contact with the grounded case the circuit is effectively shorted, and the fuse will blow. When the fuse blows, the harmful voltages are no longer present.

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The objective of Earthing:

Human Life/Building/Equipment Safety:

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By blowing a fuse, it saves human life from the dangers of electrical shock or death, i.e., by providing an alternate path for the fault current to flow so that it does not imperil the user.

• To safeguard structures, machinery, and appliances in the event of a failure. To ensure none of the exposed conductive elements reaches a harmful voltage.

• To offer a safe path for lightning and short circuit currents to dissipate. To provide a stable platform for the operation of sensitive electronic equipment, i.e., to maintain a known voltage at any portion of an electrical system to avoid overcurrent or excessive voltage on appliances or equipment.

Protection against overvoltage:

• High voltages in the electrical distribution system can occur by lightning, line surges, or unintended contact with higher voltage lines.

• Earthing provides an alternative channel around the electrical system to reduce system damage.

Stabilization of voltage:

• Electricity comes from a variety of sources. Every transformer can be its source. It would be difficult to calculate the relationships between these voltage sources if it lacks a common reference point.

• Because the earth is the most pervasive conductive surface, it was accepted as a practically universal standard for all-electric systems from the beginnings of electrical distribution networks.

Methods of earthing:

Iron/Copper Plate Earthing:

• Cast iron plates measuring 600 mm x 600 mm x 12 mm for plate style earthing OR a 600 mm × 600 mm x 6 mm galvanised iron plate OR a copper plate with dimensions of 600 mm x 600 mm x 3.15 mm.

• The plate is buried vertically at a depth of 8 feet, and a GI strip of 50 mm x 6 mm bolted to the plate is pulled up to ground level.

• Up to 4 feet from the bottom of the pit, these earth pits are usually filled with an alternate layer of charcoal and salt.

Pipe Earthing:

• GI pipe [C-class] of 75 mm diameter, 10 feet long, welded with 75 mm diameter, GI flange with six holes for the connection of earth wires, and insertion in the ground by auger method is the standard practice for pipe type earthing.

• These earth pits are filled using an alternate layer of charcoal and salt or an earth reactivation mix.

GI Plate Earthing:

• Galvanized Iron (GI) pipe is an earth electrode for earthing house wiring, factory wiring (especially electrical installations in large industries), neutral wire of the supply line, and other applications.

• The pipe’s size is determined by the fault current and the soil’s condition. If moist and soft soil is present in the earth pit, the pipe should be at least 2 metres long with a diameter of 38.1 mm, according to the Indian Code of Practice.

• The length of the pipe should be increased to 2.75 metres if the soil is dry and rocky. In such cases, 12mm diameter holes are drilled into the pipe at equal intervals with its length for excellent contact between the inner surface of the pipe and the earth.

• Galvanized iron wire or strip is used as an earth lead, while the pipe is an earth electrode. The maximum current that will flow through the earth wire when a fault occurs will determine the size of the earth wire. The cross-section of this wire, on average, is 0.645 square centimetres

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