Newsletter 22.04.2022

Weekly Report and Newsletter Lancaster Auction Mart: Show and Sale of Pedigree Dairy Cattle, and Dispersal Sale of 222 Dairy Cattle from Lawrence House Farm, Thursday 21st April 2022 Pedigree Heifers sell to £2350 at North West Auctions Lancaster.

North West Auctions held its monthly sale of dairy cattle which this month included the dispersal sale of the Lawrence House herd on behalf of JC&E Mason, Levens, Kendal.

The sale commenced with the collective sale of pedigree cattle which saw a top prices of £2350 achieved for the first prized heifer, Pennine Peace 856 bred from 6 generations of VG/EX cows and gaining 32lts from Drinkall Bros, Over Wyresdale selling to JE Walton, Preston. This heifer was closely follows by Phoenix G Dollywood from AE&A Swale, Blackburn. This heifer has an EX94 100t Grand Dam and sold for £2300 to W Oldfield, Gisburn. A tri of heifers from W&G Cornthwaite & Son, Claughton on Brock sold to £2100 for Garsby Spring Pandora 2 to S Forshaw, Longridge.

Cows sold to £2200 for Wyredale Dealmaker Dawn 44 (VG85) fresh into her second lactation from MJ&H Atkinson, Quermore purchased by A&FM Bolland & Sons, Ellel.

NC Heifers to £2350 Average £1993.

NC Cows to £2200.

Pedigree Show: Heifer Class: 1st Drinkall Bros, Lot 301 selling for £2350.

2nd Drinkall Bros, Lot 303 selling for £2200.

3rd W&G Cornthwaite and Son, Lot 308 selling for £2100.

Cow Class: 1st MJ&H Atkinson, Lot 309 selling for £2200

Dispersal Sale peaks at £2200 The autumn calving flying herd of 222 Holstein Friesian and crossbred cows on behalf of JC&E Mason, Lawrence House, Levens which saw a large crowd of buyers on attendance keen to secure additional and replacement stock suitable for modern dairy farming.

The cows were all presented in calf to a British Blue Bull and due to calve August to October. The sale peaked at £2200 for Fleckvieh cows with £2100 achieved for Holstein Friesian and Swedish Reds. A group of pro cross cows attracted keen interest selling to £2100, £2050 with 17 averaging £1710.

Dairy Shorthorns sold to £1800, Ayrshires £1500, Brown Swiss £1450 and Jerseys £1400. Younger cows sold to £2150 for Swedish Red & Whites with Norwegian Reds achieving £1950 and Fleckvieh £2000.

222 in calf/ in milk cows averaged £1483.

Sale conjunction with Gwilym Richards.

Lancaster Auction Mart: Weekly Sale of Spring Lambs, Prime Hoggs, Cast Sheep and Sheep with Lambs at Foot, 18th April 2022.

Spring Lambs The spring lamb trade today was very similar to in previous weeks selling to an overall market average of 305p/kg. GA&A Atkinson, Cantsfield led the way selling Texels to £140 and Suffolks to £134 twice. Suffolk lambs from S Wilson & Son, Scotforth sold to £138 with other Texels to £130 from G&D Ball & Son, Little Eccleston.

Spring Lamb Top Prices: Texel: £140 Abbotson Farm, £130 Woodstock, £128, £126, £125 Burrow Heights Farm.

Suffolk: £138 Burrow Heights Farm, £134, £128 Abbotson Farm. Continental: £127 Burrow Heights Farm. Charollais: £120 Woodstock.

Prime Hoggs No bank holiday blues at Lancaster today with well meated handy weighted hoggs a sharper trade and heavy weights selling to a similar trade to the previous week. Handy weighted hoggs averaged 265p/kg with nicer bred ones 300p/kg and more. Andrew Butler led the way today selling a pair of Beltex hoggs to £150 or 375p/kg. This was followed by a run of hoggs from RJ Byron, Woodplumpton selling to £148 and £146 twice with others from the same home to £138. The consignment from S Rossall, Over Wyresdale sold to £138.50. Plenty of hoggs sold in excess of the £130 mark. Upland hoggs saw Cheviots sell to £128 from J&H Davis, Cabus with others to £124.

Horned hoggs peaked at £119.50 for Dalesbreds from DC Miller, Claughton on Brock with Swaledales from the same home twice selling to £113.

Prime Hogg Top Prices: Beltex: £150 Park Farm Barn, £148, £146 Moorville, £146 Moorville, £125 Park Farm Barn.

Texel: £138.50 Stonehead, £138 Park Farm Barn, £138 Moorville, £136 Lower Oakeneaves, £135 Park Farm Barn.

Cheviot: £128 Weavers Farm, £125 Bowers Farm, £124 Weavers Farm, £117.50 Bowers Farm, £117 Hilliam House Farm.

Charollais: £126.50 Jacksons Farm, £124 Carr House Farm, £120 Jacksons Farm, £119.50, £113.50 Brabiner House Farm. Continental: £123 Moss Gate Farm, £122 Brabiner House Farm, £115 Carr House Farm, £115 Hilliam House Farm, £114.50 Beaumont Gate. Suffolk: £122.50 Maddison Avenue, £119 Hillam House Farm, £116, £115 Lyndale Farm, £112 Harestone House. Horned: £119.50, £113.50 Cobble Hey, £108 Deep Clough, £100 Lower Oakeneaves. Mule: £117 Cobble Hey, £112 Lower Oakeneaves Farm, £105 Sandy Lane Farm. Swaledale: £113 Cobble Hey. Scotch Blackface: £97 Sandy Lane Farm, £94 Lakeside View.

Cast Sheep The trade for cast sheep continues to be as strong with cast tups leading the way today at Lancaster. Topping the market at £230 was a Texel tup from S&J France, Over Wyresdale. This was followed by Suffolk tups to £212 from J&L Howard, Cockerham and £190. Other Texel tups sold to £176 from PG Thornton, Scorton. Pure Texel ewes sold to £202 from A&E Howson, Thornley with Leicester ewes peaking at £158 from AC&K Pye, Abbeystead.

Charollais x ewes sold to £154 from JA Lambert, Out Rawcliffe with Suffolk x Mules to £150 from A&E Howson.

Mule ewes peaked at £138 from Pilling Hall, Pilling with others to £137 from S Wilson & Son, Scotforth. Plenty of Mule ewes sold in excess of the £130 mark. Cheviot ewes sold to £138 from Stockdale Farms, Sedbergh. Horned ewes saw Swaledales peak at £89 from T Ayrton & Son, Abbeystead.

Cast Sheep Top Prices: Texel: £202 Elliotts House Farm, £140 Parkside Farm, £138 Lakeside View, £136 Pilling Hall Farm, £132 Burrow Heights Farm. Leicester: £158 Dunkenshaw Farm. Charollais: £154, £128 Jacksons Farm. Suffolk: £150, £136 Elliotts House Farm. Continental: £140 Lakeside View, £108 Woodstock, £104 Bowers Farm. Cheviot: £138 Bowers Farm, £118 Hardhead Farm, £114 Cliftons Farm. Mule: £138 Pilling Hall Farm, £137 Burrow Heights Farm, £132 Cliftons Farm, £132 Jacksons Farm, £130 Maddison Avenue. Swaledale: £89 Yates Farm.

Cast Ram Top Prices: Suffolk: £212 Harestones House. Continental: £190 Harestones House. Texel: £230 Kays Farm, £176 Cliftons Farm.

Sheep with Lambs at Foot A handful of sheep with lambs were forward today which saw Continental x sheep with young lambs sell to £170 from R Parkes, Cockerham with hoggs with single lambs from the same home to £155. Vendors are requested to enter sheep so that buyers can be informed of numbers coming forward.

J36 Rural Auction Centre: Weekly Sale of Prime Hoggs, Cast Sheep and Sheep with Lambs at Foot, Tuesday 19th April 2022 Spring Lambs The weekly sale of spring lambs saw a reduced number forward of fifteen. They sold to an overall market average of £126.80. Leading the way today at £140 were Texel lambs from GA & A Atkinson, Cantsfield purchased by Plumgarths Farm Shop.

Spring Lambs Top Prices: Texel: £140 Abbotson Farm, £130 Woodstock, £128, £126, £125 Burrow Heights Farm.

Suffolk: £138 Burrow Heights Farm, £134, £128 Abbotson Farm. Continental: £127 Burrow Heights Farm. Charollais: £120 Woodstock.

Prime Hoggs The weekly sale of prime hoggs saw the trade for in specification hoggs a sharper trade and eagerly bid. Best types of hoggs sold in excess of the 300p/kg a kilo mark with a full spectrum of hoggs forward today. The market was topped at £148 for heavy weight Texel’s from Jonathan and Josie Smith, Brookhouse selling to David Morland of Westmorland Services. Plenty of good quality hoggs sold between the £130 and £140 mark. Horned hoggs peaked at £125 from RS & BA Harker, Holme for Swaledales.

Prime Hoggs Top Prices: Texel - £148 Moorcock Hall Farm, £140 Gladden Hey Farm, £135 High Wardses Farm, £132, £131 Gladden Hey Farm. Beltex - £138 High Wardses Farm, £130 Sandy Lane Farm, £128 Mountain View, £122 Thornbush Farm. Suffolk - £130 Dalton Old Hall, £128 Kiln Beck, £127, £124 Smithy Green Farm. Cheviot - £127.5 Green Head, £120 Swallowmire Farm, £110 Howriggs. Continental - £127 Gladden Hey Farm, £125, £115.5 Underhelm Farm, £107 Oak Avenue. Swaledale - £125 Overthwaite Farm, £110 Yoad Pot. Mule - £124.5 Gladden Hey Farm, £124 Red Scar Farm, £122 Dalton Old Hall, £121 Red Scar Farm, £121 Swallowmire. Herdwick - £124 Moorthwaite Lane.

Horned - £119 Underhelm Farm. Rough Fell - £118 Millriggs. Gritstone - £99 Gladden Hey Farm.

Cast Sheep Another sharp trade for all cast sheep at Junction 36, leading the way with pure Suffolk ewes from E Newsham, Stainton selling to £220. Texel ewes topped at £158 from R Fox, High Niblethwaite with other Texel ewes selling to £153 from D Jackson, Cartmel Fell who also sold Beltex ewes to £155. Many of the best Continental ewes were regularly selling in the £130-£135. Mule ewes were the trade of the day with the best end getting into the £140’s topping at £144 from R Oldfield, Yealand Redmayne with all Mules forward averaging £105. Cheviot ewes led the hill section selling to £146 from RJ Handley, Whinfell with others to £142 from RHM&S Boyren, Colton. Rough Fells sold to £133 from MW&M Hodgson, Cartmel Fell. Some good returns for Swaledale ewes topping at £119 from MW&PA Rollinson, Methorpe with others to £116 from R Fox, High Niblethwaite. Medium fit Swaledale ewes were regularly £80-£90.

Cast rams saw some other high returns with Texels selling to £228 from T Bunting, Gatebeck. Charollais selling to £185 from JR Handley, Whinfell.

Cast Ewe Top Prices: Suffolk - £220, £150 Birkrigg Park Cottage, £137 Crabtree Farm, £125 Ninezergh. Texel - £158 Town End, £153 Summer Close Farm, £150 Cinderbarrow Farm, £144 Lundholme Farm, £138 Summer Close Farm.

Beltex - £155 Summer Close Farm. Leicester - £148 Thursgill. Cheviot - £146 Craketrees, £142 Hill Park, £139 Howriggs, £137 Blea Tarn Road, £129 Seedhowe Cottages. Mule - £144 Brow Foot Farm, £138 Crabtree Farm, £134 Cinder Barrow, £127 Swallowmire, £125 Hill Top Farm. Swaledale - £138 Swallowmire, £119 Kendal House Farm. Rough Fell - £133 Swallowmire. Masham - £130 Higher Standen Drive Continental - £128, £115, £97 Mansergh Hall Farm. Charollais -

£116 Agnes Meadow. Kerry Hill - £116 Rose Cottage. Horned - £112 Rose Cottage. Dorset - £103 Brow Head. Lleyn - £99 Craketrees. Dales Bred - £90 Ghyll Farm Ryeland - £88 Cinder Barrow. Scotch - £88 Thursgill. Hampshire - £86 Brow Head.

Cast Ram Top Prices: Texel - £228 Low Moor Farm, £172 Cinderbarrow Farm, £158, £130 Gilpin Farm, £129 Nab House. Charollais - £185 Craketrees, £130 Gilpin Farm. Beltex - £168 Poppy Farm, £154 Mosergh Farm. Leicester £142 Gilpin Farm, £117 Swallowmire. Cheviot - £130 Brow Head. Swaledale - £99 Ashstead.

Sheep With Lambs at Foot A wonderful day in the sheep with lambs at foot ring today at J36 saw the largest entry of the season forward with 955 head or 345 outfits with types to suit all buyers’ requirements and buyers in attendance looking for all types.

Young replacement breeding sheep once again stole the headlines at J36 and were in big demand. Topping at £345 was the consignment from J & M Wilson, Selside with Texel x shearlings with Texel twins lambs with others from the same home selling to £300. The consignment from G & KM Atkinson, Colby were eagerly bid for selling fully vaccinated Mule shearlings and twin texel lambs to £315 twice, Mule 1 crops and twins to £272 and Mule 2 crops and Texel twins to £260. Texel ewes and twins from the same home sold to £315 twice. Continental ewes and twins sold to £300 from RR Owen, Kirkby Stephen. Mule two crops ewes with Suffolk twin lambs sold to £285 from MJ & JD Handley, Sedbergh with the singles from the same home selling to £180. Aged Charollais ewes with Texel twin lambs at foot sold to £275 from B & D Willison & Son, Levens. Plenty of strong Mule and Continetal aged ewes suckling there lambs well sold between £220 and £240. The first hoggs with lambs of the season on the market today sold to £240 for Mule hoggs sucking twins from RR Owen, Kirkby Stephen.

There are over 200 Sheep with lambs at foot already entered for next weeks sale with more required for next weeks sale.

Sheep with Lamb Top Prices: Hogg & Twins: Mule - £240 Sandwath Farm. Continental - £155 Midtown Farm.

Hogg & Single: Mule - £158 Midtown Farm.

Shearling & Twins: Continental - £345, £300 Cooper House. Mule - £315 Green Farm, £240 The Borrans, £235 Burnhead Farm. Texel - £315 Green Farm. Leicester - £230 William House. Suffolk - £215 The Gables, £1200 Agnes Meadow. Beltex - £172 Burnhead Farm.

Shearling & Single: Mule - £220 Midtown Farm. Suffolk - £188, £165 Agnes Meadow. Continental - £175, £168 Agnes Meadow. Beltex – £172 Burnhead Farm.

Ewe & Twins: Texel - £315 Green Farm, £300 Sandwath Farm, £242 Steel Croft. Mule - £285 Archers Hall, £272, £260 Green Farm, £242 The Gables, £240 Grayrigg Foot. Charollais - £275 Cinderbarrow Farm, £220 The Borrans.

Continental - £260 Grayrigg Foot, £248 High Wray Farm, £240 The Gables, £240 Nook Farm, £135 High Wray Farm.

Suffolk - £235, £230 Cinderbarrow Farm, £2225 William House. Beltex - £222 Scar Sykes Farm. Swaledale - £140 Benson Hall.

Ewe & Single: Suffolk - £165 Agnes Meadow.

Lancaster Auction Mart: Sale of Calves, OTM's and Store Cattle, Friday 22nd April 2022 Calves & Weanlings It was great to welcome more numbers back to the Lancaster ring following a quiet week last week due to the Bank Holiday weekend. The consignment of weanlings from EW & R Towers, Hornby led the way and create plenty of interest. British Blue bulls sold to £505 and £465 with British Blue heifers to £410, Fleckvieh bulls sold to £490, £460 and £450 with Aberdeen Angus heifers from the same home to £490. Good conformation British Blue bull calves from AD & R Milner, Claughton on Brock at seven weeks old sold to £420. A run of Aberdeen Angus calves from Tom Barron Farms, Woodplumpton saw Bulls to £385 and £350 with heifers to £290 and £280. Limousin bull calves sold to £365 and £345 from DJ Clarke Farming, Barnacre. A run of fortnight old Montbeliarde and Fleckvieh cross calves from JR Newsham & Son, Conder Green sold to £180, £170, £165, £160 and £155. Once again, more interest ringside for calves today at Lancaster with more required.

Heifer Calves Top Prices: Angus: £490 Holmehead, £290, £280, £270, £245, £175 Ambrose Hall Farm. British Blue: £410, £390, £350 Holme Head. £230 North Farm, £220 Ambrose Hall Farm, £220 North Farm. Charollais: £250 Myerscough House. Hereford: £135, £110 Westfield House Farm.

Bull Calves Top Prices: British Blue: £505, £465 Holme Head, £420 Lane Head Farm, £390 Holme Head, £300 Ambrose Hall Farm, £250 North Farm. Fleckvieh: £490, £460, £450, £370, £300 Holme Head. Angus: £385, £350, £250, £220 Ambrose Hall Farm. Limousin: £365, £345 Kellbrick Farm. Charollais: £325 Myerscough House.

Montbeliarde: £180, £170, £155, £145 Sellerley Farm. Friesian: £95 Sellerley Farm, £70 Gibsons Farm, £65 Sellerley Farm.

Heifer Stirk: Angus: £470 Highthorn Farm. Hereford: £400, £350 Highthorn Farm.

Steer Stirk: Hereford: £550 Highthorn Farm.

Store Cattle A larger entry of store cattle were forward today which was met with new and returning buyers ringside, ensuring that all types were eagerly bid for and a strong trade. Lancaster continues to offer a fantastic trade for those short keep cattle, with Beef Shorthorns leading the way today selling to £1760 from EW&CR Clegg & Sons, Stalmine with Aberdeen Angus bullocks from the same home selling to £1570. TC Whiteside & Son, Pilling had a good day with their consignment of bullocks selling Limousins to £1680 and Aberdeen Angus to £1640 and £1560. A good pair of Aberdeen Angus bullocks from L Parsons & Sons, Low Levens sold to £1600 followed by a run of Aberdeen Angus bullocks from Pilling Hall selling to £1560 and £1500. A couple of Limousin bullocks from CF Hoggarth & Son, Burneside sold to £1560 followed by other Limousin bullocks to £1540 from J Prest & Son, Bay Horse with other Limousin bullocks to £1500 from DE&SM Moorhouse, Natland. British Blue bullocks sold to £1480 from R&DM Rossall & Sons, Pilling with Welsh Blacks from the same home to £1470.

The heifer trade peaked at £1480 for a pair of Aberdeen Angus’s from L Parsons & Sons, Low Levens. British Blue heifers peaked at £1410 from K&DE Woodhouse, Ellel. This was closely followed by other Aberdeen Angus heifers to £1400 from JB Moore, Allithwaite. Friesian bullocks sold to £1290 from K&DE Woodhouse, Ellel. Demand remains strong for all classes of store cattle with vendors urged to enter for next weeks sale.

Store Bullocks Top Prices: Shorthorn: £1760 Yew Tree Farm, £1200 Mill House Farm. Limousin: £1680 New Ridge Farm, £1560 Low Hundhowe, £1540 Upper Foxholes Farm, £1500 High House Farm, £1460 Cracalt Farm, £1350 Barker Knott. Angus: £1640 New Ridge Farm, £1600 Low Levens, £1570 Yew Tree Farm, £1560 Pilling Hall Farm,

£1560 New Ridge Farm, £1500 Pilling Hall Farm. British Blue: £1480 Abrahams Farm, £1460 Low Hundhowe, £1400 Shaws Farm, £1380 Higher Lees Farm, £1370 Windy Hall Farm, £1340 Intack Farm. Welsh Black: £1470 Abrahams Farm, £1160 Buck Bank Farm. Saler: £1460 High House Farm. Simmental: £1450 Barker Knott, £1420 Upper Foxholes, £1350 Hazelslack Tower Farm, £1200 Barker Knott. Hereford: £1300 Upper Foxholes Farm, £1240 Hall Bank, £1240 Thornton Barn Farm, £1220 Edenmount Well Lane, £1170 Intack Farm, £1060 Edenmount Well Lane. Friesian: £1290 Kitchen Ground Farm, £1260 Upper Foxholes Farm, £1190 Plumpton Hall Farm, £1190 Green Dragon Farm, £1180 Lambrigg Head Farm, £1160 Kitchen Ground Farm. Fleckvieh: £1170 Hall Bank. Belted Galloway: £330, £300 Mellings Barn.

Store Heifers Top Prices: Angus: £1480 Low Levens, £1400 Outerthwaite Farm, £1310 Kays Farm, £1300 Lower Swainhead, £1300 Kitchen Ground Farm. British Blue: £1410 Kitchen Ground Farm, £1390 Woodnook Farm, £1360 Stubb Hall Farm, £1350 Barker Knott, £1190 Greenalls Farm, £1170 Hare Field House. Simmental: £1360 Brunstow.

Charollais: £1290 Intack Farm, £1130 Hall Bank. Limousin: £1280 Brunstow, £1280 Park House Farm, £1210 Barker Knott, £1200 Thursgill, £1200 Cracalt Farm, £1190 Mill House Farm. Blonde: £1250 Outerthwaite. Friesian: £1270 Kellbrick Farm. Shorthorn: £1200 Mill House Farm. Hereford: £1160 Plumpton Hall Farm, £1000 Little Fell Farm, £800 Bull Bank Farm.

OTM Cattle The cast cow and OTM trade continues to go from strength to strength, with the highest market average yet of 186p/kg or £1217 per head. Leading the way today was OTM steers selling to 249.5p/kg twice with Montbeliardes grossing at £1694 and Aberdeen Angus at £1594 from JH Woof & Son, Oxenholme. Herefords sold to 241.5p/kg or £1494 from A Kirkby & Co, Pilling. OTM dairy heifers regularly sold in excess of 220p/kg peaking at £1834 and £1810 from Drinkall Bros, Over Wyresdale. Best beef cows today sold in excess of the 220p/kg mark with Continental cows from G Llyod, Marston selling to £1846, £18616 and £1715. The best dairy cows today continued to sell in excess of the 200p/kg mark. A six year old Friesian cow sold to £1731 from RG&B Lewis, Kirkby Lonsdale. Fleckvieh cows sold to £1679 from B&AC Barnes, Middleton. Plenty of well fleshed dairy cows sold in excess of the £1600 mark.

OTM Cow Top Prices: Friesian: 224.50 Park House, 211.50 Lawsons Farm, 201.50 Park House, 199.50 Strickland Hall, 199.50 Rose Farm, 199.50 Holly House Farm. Limousin: 224.50 Lloyds Bank Farm, 209.50 Lloyds Bank Farm, 209.50 Thornbush Farm. British Blue: 219.50 Lloyds Bank Farm. Blonde: 214.50 Lloyds Bank Farm. Fleckvieh: 211.50 Hawkin Hall, 204.50 Hawkin Hall, 199.50 High House, 194.50 High House, 189.50 Hawkin Hall. Charollais: 209.50 Lloyds Bank Farm. Angus: 204.50 Lloyds Bank Farm, 191.50 Manor House Farm, 189.50 Manor House Farm, 177.50 Cragg Farm, 174.50 Cragg Farm. Saler: 201.50 Lloyd Bank Farm. Montbeliarde: 194.50 Sellerley Farm. Jersey: 147.50 Hallbeck, 104.50 Hallbeck.

OTM Heifer Top Prices: Friesian: 224.50, 221.50, 219.50 Catshaw Hall Farm, 214.50 Knowsley Farm, 211.50 Deerslet Farm, 209.50 Ackenthwaite Farm. Limousin: 224.50 Ackenthwaite Farm.

Cast Steer Top Prices: Angus: 249.50 Underhelm Farm, 239.50 Intack Farm. Montbeliarde: 249.50 Underhelm Farm.

Hereford: 241.50 Gulf Farm. Friesian: 211.50 Whinney Carr Farm.

Cast Bull Top Prices: Friesian: 191.50 Stubb Hall Farm, 169.50 Kirkwood Lodge Farm.

Next Week's Upcoming Sales Saturday 23rd J36: 10.30am Sale of Rare & Minority Breeds of Livestock.

Monday 25th Lancaster: 10.30am Weekly Sale of Spring Lambs, Prime Hoggs and Cast Sheep.

12noon Sale of Sheep with Lambs at Foot.

Tuesday 26th J36: 10:30am Sale of all classes of Pigs.

11am Sale of Sheep with Lambs at Foot.

1pm Weekly sale of Spring Lambs, Prime Hoggs and Cast Sheep.

Thursday 28th J36: Grass Day Show and Sale of 1000 Store Cattle, OTM Cattle, Stirks and Calves.

Friday 29th Lancaster: 10am Monthly Sale of Stirks, followed by Calves.

10.15am Weekly Sale of Cast Cattle.

11.15am Weekly Sale of Store Cattle.

Saturday 30th J36: 10:30am General Sale of Horses and Ponies.