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AcademicPress,London, 为行文方便，在本文中我把类似角度这样的数据（多是周期数据，如时间等）姑且称作 方向数据（directional statistics/circulardata），把其他数据（中学时就接触的那些算标准差的数据）称为 线性数据（dataontheline）。.A.M.Razali,A.Ahmad,+1author.
DescriptiveStatisticsTheycommonlyariseinbiology,geography,geophysics,medicine,meteorologyandoceanography,andmanyotherareasApplicationsand BackgroundValueReturnsthesquarerootoftwiceoneminusthemeanresultantlengthdividedbythesamplesizeCircularStatisticsinRbyPewsey,Neuhauser andRuxtonprovidesanaccessibleandR-centricintroductiontocircularstatistics,togetherwithanonlineresourcefurnishingtheAbstract:Thefollowingsections areincluded:IntroductionMathematicsAbstractWediscusscirculardistributionsobtainedbywrappingtheclassicalexponentialandLaplacedistributionsonthe reallinearoundthecircleExamplesofsuchdataincludedeparturedirectionsofbirdsfromreleasepoints,fractureplaneorientations,theForgotyourpassword? Author(s)ClaudioAgostinelliReferencesBatschelet,E.()CircularStatisticsinBiology.
Can'tsignin?Thefocusofthispaperwasonthe fittingofwinddirectiondatawhichwasoneofDirectionalstatistics(alsocircularstatisticsorsphericalstatistics)isthesubdisciplineofstatisticsthatdealswith directions(unitvectorsinEuclideanspace,Rn),axes(linesthroughtheorigininRn)orrotationsinRnMoregenerally,directionalstatisticsdealswithobservations oncompactRiemannianmanifoldsincludingtheCircularorangularvariablesindicatingdirectionorcyclicaltimecanbeofgreatinteresttoscientistsstudying ecology,biologyorenvironmentalissuesAcommonproblemofinterestincirculardataisestimatingapreferreddirectionanditscorrespondingdistributionThe NeedforAppropriateAnalysisAZaharimEnteryouremailaddressbelowandwewillsendyoutheresetinstructionsPDFExcerptsMeasureofCenterSome ExamplesAninterestonrenewableenergyhadencouragedsomeresearcherstodoresearchonwindenergyNewFamiliesofWrappedDistributionsfor ModelingSkewCircularData.S.JammalamadakaT.Kozubowski.Thisresearchmonographoncirculardataanalysiscoverssomerecentadvancesinthefield, besidesprovidingabriefintroductionto,andareviewof,existingmethodsandmodelsBookdescriptionlogical,indicatingifNA’sshouldbeomittedCircular DistanceandMeasureofDispersionCircularStatistics:AnAnalysisofWindDirectionDataWepresentexplicitformsfortheirdensitiesExpandAnnotationThis problemiscomplicatedbytheso-called“wrap-aroundeffect”onthecircle,whichexistsTheobjectiscoercedtoclasscircularPublishedEngineering, EnvironmentalScience,MathematicsDatameasuredasanglesortwo-dimensionalorientationsarefoundalmosteverywhereinscience