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The world is urbanising Stichting Onderzoek Wereldvoedselvoorziening van de Vrije Universiteit
Agro Parks: Keystone for sustainable agriculture in Metropolitan Areas Population Density Inh./km2
Bert Harms, Madeleine van Mansfeld, Peter Smeets Alterra, Wageningen UR
5 25 50
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Metropoles are the nodes of the 21th century network economy
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Agro production is in transition towards metropolitan agriculture
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The distinction between urban and rural areas within metropoles is vanishing
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Spatial organization of industrial agro production systems is still based on traditional land dependant forms
Growth urban (red) and rural (grey) population
500 2500 5000
Diversification of demand in Metropoles: From food to fashion to pharmaceuticals • •
Farmaceuticals Functional Foods
• • •
Flagrances Flavours Flowers
• •
Fruits Vegetables
•
Food Crops Fodder
•
• •
From licence to produce towards licence to deliver based on triple P criteria From retail backwards quality management is forced upon every single link in the chain. Autonomous control in Control upon control system
1950 Time
1975
2000
2025
ETHICS
Selected products
CHAIN QUALITY FOOD QUALITY
All products FOOD SAFETY
AVAILABILITY Government, laws, choice of suppliers
Fibers Fuel
Example China Population density
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Consumers demand sustainable development
•
• •
Population (bln)
100
Why Agro Parks? • Increase of demand for diverse, convenient and high quality (fresh) food • Lack of fertile land and water • Environmental pressures • Veterinary risks • High tech developments
Suitability for agricultural production
Percentage land in agricultural use
0 – 10
Total agricultural land use in China: 11%
Sustainable development of agriculture: Agro Parks
10 – 20 20 – 30
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Agriculture: from traditional production towards chain production
What is an Agro Park: An innovation in urban agrofood production and processing
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Application of the C2C principle: waste is a valuable resource
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Spatial clustering of different agro8production chains
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Spatial combination of agro8 and non8agro functions (buildings, industrial and city waste etc)
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Scale increase through industrial production and processing
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Reduction of transport and by doing this: reduction of veterinary risks
Raw Materials
Processing
Waste = Food = Business
Agriculture: from chain production towards Agropark import of basic fodder
Raw Materials
Import of coproducts
feedproduction
Processing
livestock
Livestock farming
slaughterhouse
urine fraction
animal by- products solid manure
(co-)fermentation
Raw Materials
meat
vegetables vegetablesgrowing
leaves loss
Processing
electricity biogas
thicken
CO2
digestate
CO2
drying
Co-digestion plant
heat
gas-engine heat
processing
Raw Materials
nitrogen concentrate for agriculture
Primary Agri Centers
Production
cia l
Utilities & Services
Modern Farm Clusters Green Houses Livestock farms Mushroom Nursery
1
Social Infrastructure
Pro c
ess in
g
Primary Agri Centers
Agro park network
The Agrologistic Network: network elements
4
Distribution Retail Farmers
Collection Points
Primary \production
Primary processing Centres
Domestic markets
Export markets
Agribusiness Mgt. Trg. Inst
R & D
1• 2• 3•
Commissaries & Packaging Commercial Complex
mushrooms
Collection Centres
Convention Center IT/ Library Training Center
Terminal Markets Logistics
2
FP Zones
Agropark AFP
Cold Stores Ripening Chambers Warehousing
electricity
3
R&D Incubation QCL
Agro tourism Wellness & Nutrition
fertilizers
Example
Agropark: Combining production, processing, R&D, Trade and Social Functions
So
heat mushroom growing
Processing Agropark
Primary Agri Centers
heat
heat
Primary Agri Centers
4•
Farmers Rural Transformation Centre (RTC) Combining collection and storage of farmers’ products with rural development services Agropark Combining production, processing, R&D, education, training and showcase functions Distribution & Consolidation Centre Serves a metropilotan market througout the whole year. Seasonal products not available from local producers are being supplied from storage or by trade
Trade
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Agrologistic Network: network elements
Agriport A7 (operational) Export Market
Rural Transformation Centre
Centre for growing vegetables, agribusiness industry and logistics from fresh vegetables.
Agro Park
Consolidation Centre
Growing vegetables: Large scale glasshouses : Field crops :
1.000 hectare 40.000 hectare
Vegetables industry, logistics and services Business park Agriport A7: 70 hectare
Location near highway A7, 30 min. to Amsterdam
METROPOLE
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Fresh Park Venlo (operational): Distribution & consolidation • Storage, distribution, processing, trade and services, • Serves a metropolitan market, 7 mln consumers in German Ruhr Area • In a consumer responsive way • Throughout the whole year • Seasonal products not available from local producers are being supplied from storage or by world wide trade
Mixture: Biopark Terneuzen (under construction)
Agro Park Example : New Mixed Farm (under construction) • Agro and other activities: – chicken farming & slaughtering – bio8energy production + (including manure processing)
– supplying heat for glasshouses – compost production for mushrooms
Agro Park: Examples WAZ8Holland Park, Changzhou, China
Agro and industrial activities 200
ha glasshouses (will use residual heat and CO2 from industry) Biogas production (manure processing) Bio8diesel production
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Combination of agropark, market place and sightseeing park in WAZ8Holland Park
Metropolitan agriculture: Greenport Shanghai
Market place: •Education •Showcase •Hotels & restaurants •Sales
Sightseeing Park •Recreation •Education •Demonstration •Restaurants
26 km2: • Agro Food Park • Trade Centre • Demonstration Centre
First Stone Laying of Agropark Nellore on March 21, 2008
Agro Park: Greenport Nellore Why Agro Park? • Higher primary productivity
• Reduced spoilage/wastage • Higher price realisation • Aiming: • at top market segments • out of season products • new products For up to 6 mln consumers (growth rate 8 – 10%/y) in Bangalore8Chennai region
Experiences with Agropark development The Netherlands: • Active since 2000 • At present in operation: 4 Agro Parks • At present planned and under construction: 6 Agro Parks China: • Active since 2004 • 2 masterplans: Wujin en Greenport Shanghai • Support by local government • Cooperation with Universities (NAU, Jiaotong) • New project startup in Wuhan, Cangzhou and Caofeidian.
India: • Active since 2005 • Strong pan8India partner: • Feasibility studies for 7 Agroparks • Support by federal en local government • Involvement of small farmers • AP Project IIFCO Greenport Nellore • AP Project AURA Greenport Gujarat
To summarise… Agroparks provide: • high quality food • Reduction of waste • Profit and employment • Efficient logistic networks • Safe and convenient food, fresh and processed year round • Reduction of transport • Less veterinary risks
Feasibility Studies: Oman, Mauritius, Southern Africa, Egypt, Korea?
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Innovative technologies (1): closed greenhouse & energy
Agro Parks: Key stone for a sustainable development in agriculture
Heat Natural Gas
Power Generator
For processing or to heat exchanger
Power
For cooling
CO2
To greenhouse athmosphere
Hot period
Thank you for your attention! bert.harms@wur.nl www.agroparks.wur.nl
Heat Natural Gas
Power Generator
Colder period
Innovative technologies (2): closed greenhouse & energy: Power producing Greenhouse
For processing or to heat exchanger
Power CO2
To grid during rush hour To greenhouse athmosphere
Innovative technologies (3): Integrated poultry chain Retail Processing manure
Short
Slaughtering CO2
chain Broilers
broiler production
Energy Breeding Feed
Integration reduces transport and veterinary risks
Infrared filter mirrors heat to photo-voltaic cells Generated power used for additional air conditioning Remaining visible light homogeneous and on high radiation level in Greenhouse
Egg production
Better meat quality because of stress reduction Reduction of contamination and prevention of loss of taste Added value stays within primary production
Mother animals Genetics
Large scale and industrial mode of production enables radical environmental technology: Smell reduction Ammonia emission reduction Fine dust reduction
Innovative technologies (4): thermophylic co-digestation
Industrial Agro parks example: Zuid8Groningen
Manure Irrigation water & fertiliser (Urban) organic waste
Slaughterhouse waste
Digestate for compost Co-digestion plant
Heat
Power
Co-digestation at 55째C, very efficient Biggest operational plant processing 120.000 ton organic waste/yr, producing 4.5 MW power Co-digester is core of industrial ecology in agropark
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