GROUP 6 AHT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS REPORT (SEM2,AUG2021)

FATIMA SHAHID NADREEN HUSSAIN YOOHA AHMED LEE SZE YAN

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STADIUM NEGARA INTRODUCTION introduction and function timeline analysis site context and accessibility ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT space organization organization analysis and space analysis ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS materials ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS façade interior features CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

ELEVEN TAN XIN LIN SHERVINA SEE PEI SHAN SARAH MOHAMED

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The Church of Our Lady Lourdes INTRODUCTION introduction and function timeline analysis site context and accessibility

ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT plan and section analysis space use organization analysis and space analysis ARCHITECTURE CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS materials ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS interior features - staircase & windows CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

STADIUM NEGARA

1.0 INVENTORY Fast Facts

Southeast Asia's first indoor stadium Built in 1957 By architect Stanley Jewkes Near the Stadium Merdeka and the Merdeka 118 skyscraper, about 2 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur City Centre 10,000 permanent seats Fully Air Conditioned Accommodates a wide range of events, including sporting events and concerts.

Early-modernism style

Architecture period and Style The brutalist architectural style (earlymodernism style) was used to construct Stadium Negara, and it plays a vital part in urbanizing the country's infrastructure, as seen by features such as the intricate truss. Furthermore, it was constructed in part to symbolize the political concept of modernity.

History The stadium's construction began in 1960, and it was inaugurated by the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Putra, on April 10, 1962. In 1982, 1985, and 2015, the stadium was refurbished three times.

It is a National Monument under the National Heritage Act 2005 and is part of a suite of post-independence public buildings in Kuala Lumpur.

HISTORICAL TIMELINE

1949

1956

1960

Proposition of the building for the next Thomas cup in 1952, due to the victory of Malaya in the first Thomas cup in Britain.

The building was initiated, as the victory of Malaya in the first Thomas cup in Britain meant that they would host the next one.

Construction was complete

1963

1962

Announced one of the eight symbolic national buildings.

Represented a healthy body and mind together with stadium merdeka

Official opening to the public

1992

1985

Hosting of the 1992 Thomas & uber cup (host team of the year)

Changing of the roof from the largest concave roof to a space-frame dome

2018 2003 Named one of the heritage buildings of Malaysia.

Appointed a landmark of Malaysia holding onto national identity, and representing an epitome of modern architecture in Malaysia.

1.2 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT

Stadium Negara has quite a few monumental landmarks such as stadium merdeka and Victoria institution as well as a central fire and rescue station. As the rescue station is located opposite side of the Stadium, it would be helpful when any incidents occur.

SITE ANALYSIS

Stadium Merdeka

There are quite few ways of getting to the stadium, depending on the traffic and your comfort of choice to travel. You could take an uber/taxi or the bus as well. There are choices of Monorail, lRT and MRT as well.

From monorail you can stop at maharajalela station and take Jalan maharajalela to reach the stadium. The entrance to the stadium is just beside the road at Jalan hang Jebat.

Victoria Institute

ORGANIZATION FORM-SHAPE

Central Fire and Rescuestation

The main shape of the stadium is a circle with a dome roof. This structure can be further simplified and explained as a hemisphere on top of a cylinder. This adds an edge to the stadium that makes it stand out from the neighboring stadium and buildings. The symmetrical layout allows the circle to be divided into equal parts vertically and horizontally, which enables fair view for everyone seated at the stadium. The hierarchy of the seating areas and walkways were created ascending from lower to top in circle form creating a hierarchy.

1.3 SPACE ORGANIZATION Function of the site spaces A total of four entrances are placed in the stadium.

Starting from the Main entrance (north), and the rest of the three entrances perfectly placed on (south, southeast, and southwest). The placement of these entrances allows the ease of entering and exiting of the venue avoiding congestion.

The stadium is well built and thought of the spaces, from the wide-open space for public with open seating, as well as on the ground floor there are two VIP (purple dot) rooms on both opposite sides of the stadium right from the main entrance. and rooms used by the working staff. In addition, there are rooms for the performers, organizers (blue dot) and changing (orange dot) rooms as well.

Repetition of circular form

lower level - grey upper level - violet

The yellow dot in the main entrance, that includes the ticket counters, waiting area and lobbies. The blue dot is the backstage entrance.

Symmetrical Balance

Radial Balance

Site Symmetry and balance The stadium is built as a circle, and it shows the balance to each of the arenas' sides. The stadium is evenly divided into four with the intention of even views from the people. In addition, the seating is arranged in a circular hierarchy fashion to help ensure a fair view for everyone.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIALS ANALYSIS DESIGN CONCEPT

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

The main design concept of the stadium is having form with concentric circles plan. In geometry, two or more objects are said to be concentric when they share the same centre or axis. Each circle fits inside each other and the distance apart each other is the same all the way around. Such design efficiently created a centralized space which users can focus on.

This geometric character also gives a stable configuration for the building due to the rigidity of the structure.

ROOF

Concentric circles

Interior view of Stadium Negara

The most attractive feature of Stadium Negara is the circular suspended roof. The roof was covered with corrugated plastic sheeting over the suspended ceiling of hardboard faced with PVC to reduce maintenance cost. Hence, the whole roof structure is relatively light in weight.

To overcome aerodynamic movement, the outer structure of the main roof and the inner roof were supported by 96 high tensile steel wires and 96 steel wires spanning the 100ft central diameter of the roof respectively.

The outer and inner wires were connected by stiff truss which gave essential rigidity to the two wires levels, and which provided the clerestory section to illuminate the central arena.

The dome roof was designed and built in 1985 due to water leakage caused by the former flat suspended roof designed by Stanley Edward Jewkes. The new dome roof integrated the space frame structure and Fuller’s Tensegrity Dome Structure to create a greater space with minimal interior support and noise to avoid disturbance to the activities held in the stadium.

THE THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS The construction of Stadium Negara can be broken down into 3 major parts, which were the roof, the terrace levels and the arena level (ground floor).

Original suspended roof

Current dome roof

SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE In architecture and structural engineering, a space frame or space structure (3D truss) is a rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports. Like the truss, a space frame is strong because of the inherent rigidity of the triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut.

Dispersion of transverse load by tubular columns

FULLER'S TENSEGRITY DOME STRUCTURE Fuller's tensegrity structure is widely used in long-span space structures in civil engineering, this is due to its super lightweight features, making a clear span of more than 200m easily achievable which outperform other long-span structures.

VENTILATION TUNNEL The stadium was designed to not be air-conditioned to allow true flight of the shuttlecock with low air velocities on the courts for badminton. To redress this issue, a large air tunnel is built circulating the stadium under the middle terrace. This tunnel allowed fresh air to be blown through the narrow slits in the seats on the concrete terraces. The air is also blown through the arms and backs of the upholstered seats.

Besides, the upper section of the perimeter of the stadium is provided with vertical louvres which are 12ft deep and finished in gold and bronze aluminium.

Space frame structure

Fuller's tensegrity dome structure

Materials for dome roof construction

SUPPORTIVE COLUMN The big rectangular timber columns surrounded the uppermost terrace level were to support the interior ceiling of the stadium. On the contrary, sloping metal tubular columns were designed and constructed around the perimeter walls to support the building from the outside. These tubular columns provided sufficient support to the horizontal weight of the stadium and the load was equally dispersed down to the ground. With its unique structural form, the building will not collapse.

Narrow slits on concrete seats

Specially designed upholstered seats

Interior view of louvres Timber columns supporting the ceiling

Sloping metal tubular columns

Interior view of Stadium Negara

Exterior view of louvres

MATERIAL ANALYSIS CONCRETE

STEEL

Concrete was the main raw materials used in the construction of Stadium Negara.

The staircase, columns, walls and some seatings are made from concrete. Concrete is known for its characteristic of high durability and low in maintenance cost. Concrete is also fire resistance and can be moulded into curved surface using appropriate formwork. The exposed concrete used in constructing some parts of the stadium had clearly portrayed the concept of brutalism.

Steel is a building material widely used in structural construction as it is lightweight, high durability and strong in tension. Thus, steel was used as supporting structure of the stadium’s dome roof. Steel can also be shaped into specific form as it is ductile and malleable. Hence, steel was used in the patterns of railing and window frames.

Steel roof framing, window framing and railing Concrete used in the cantilever roof, facade and ceiling

GLASS With the characteristic of transparent, the application of glass can be mainly seen on windows of Stadium Negara. Glass allowed penetration of natural light into the stadium’s interior to improve user’s vision and facilitate better user experience and environment. The aesthetic value of the stadium’s exterior was enhanced with the application of glass as windows.

Glass windows and panels

TIMBER Some parts of framing, columns, partitions and flooring of arena in the Stadium Negara were in timber. The used of timber created a sense of rusticity due to its rawness in surface. Timber flooring is used on the arena as it can absorb sound waves to prevent echo and excessive noise during singing performances. The down part of timber is timber has lower sustainability and requires regular and proper maintenance. Without proper preservative measure, the untreated timber is vulnerable to termite attack and decaying.

Timber framing, columns and partitions

SIMILARITIES

FLOORING There are various types of flooring can be found in Stadium Negara. For instance, timber parquet is being used on the flooring of the arena for users to perform sports activities, while terrazzo are being used towards the entrance for safety purpose.

Ceramic tiles, mosaic tiles and raw concrete are mainly for covering up the walkways for spectators and the staircase leading to different position of seats.

Timber parquet, terrazzo, ceramic tiles, mosaic tiles, raw concrete

ASTRODOME, HOUSTON

STADIUM NEGARA, KUALA LUMPUR

DOME ROOF Both stadiums have saucer dome roof made up of light-weighted steel to reduce the number of loads apply on the structure’s wall.

Roof of Astrodome

Roof of Stadium Negara

ROOF STRUCTURE

COMPARISON HOUSTON

WITH

The 70,000-seat Astrodome, debuted in 1965 as the world’s first domed stadium which located in Houston, Texas. Astrodome intention is to solve the climate problem in Texas, which is often hot and warm.

Before the Astrodome was built, spectators would have to endure heat, humidity and mosquitoes to watch sports games. If rained, the games would be interrupted. Hence, Astrodome was built as a sheltered stadium for sports games.

Unfortunately, Astrodome had closed down in 2008 due to construction issues, ending its 4 decades of service in Houston.

ASTRODOME,

Both stadiums’ roofs are using space frame structure and integrity structure comprised of interconnected triangle that enclosed a space. It provides complete freedom in large space area as it does not require column supports while providing strong resistance and economic efficiency.

Space frame structure of Astrodome

Space frame structure of Stadium Negara

SEATING ARRANGEMENT The seating of both stadiums is sloping down towards the centre of the building to allow users to have good view of the arena from any position they sit.

Astrodome, Houston

Sloping seats of Astrodome

Sloping seats of Stadium Negara

DIFFERENCES ASTRODOME, HOUSTON

STADIUM NEGARA, KUALA LUMPUR

RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

AIR VENTILATION Air-conditioning system is used to cool down the stadium due to high temperature in Houston. Smoke and hot air are expelled at the top of the dome. The indoor temperature was continuously maintained at 22C to avoid build up of heat and humidity.

Natural ventilation system is used by constructing a huge air tunnel running beneath the seats and large vents at the upper sections.

The small slits at the back of concrete seats allowed sufficient air ventilation.

Air-conditioning system of Astrodome

Natural ventilation system of Stadium Negara

LIGHT PENETRATION Light is transmitted into the stadium through the transparent glass roof.

Light is transmitted into the stadium through the clerestory windows.

Skylight of Astrodome

Natural light from clerestory windows of Stadium Negara

FLOORING Artificial turf is used as flooring material for conducting sports competitions especially football.

Artificial turf of Astrodome

Timber is used as flooring material for the arena for conducting performances, concerts, sports events and etc.

Timber flooring of Stadium Negara

During rainfall, the curvature of the dome enables raindrop to flow along the roof to drain away excess water to prevent accumulation of stagnant water.

To provide adequate light for vision, the exterior of the stadium is surrounded with many clerestory windows that act as opening to allow sunlight penetration into the stadium. The sunlight also can be penetrated through the PVC vaulted rooftop.

For air ventilation, the stadium is ventilated by a huge air tunnel running beneath the seats and large vents at the upper section and small slits at the back of the concrete seats. The cool air circulated and cooled down the stadium and hot air raised to the centre point of the rooftop then escaped through roof tip where ventilation openings were placed.

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

ROOF (1962)

The original concave roof had its design inspired by the bicycle wheel, as stated by Lai Chee Kien in “Building Merdeka”. In aerial views, the circumference of the roof resembles the tire whereas the panels jutting from the centre resemble the “spokes”.

Is history of being a great influence on the country’s transport system, this symbolism holds a nationwide charm of nostalgia, patriotism and unity but also relates to the sporting events the facility was built for.

stadium roofs were Typical

ROOF (DOME)

built of transparent glass in consideration of the fields beneath them, such as how much sunlight would be needed for the grass, how rain would affect the fields,etc. As an indoor stadium the field of Stadium Negara would be of wood instead, thus the fully covered, non-transparent PVC-concave roof.

FACADES

Large triangular patterns in the exterior wall also act as windows, combining brutalistic dynamics as well as International and Modernistic design influence with its geometric repetition

FENESTRATIONS

Fenestrations between the terrace level and the hemisphere of the dome are fitted with concrete and glass screen clerestory windows.

Angled windows, ground floor.

SHADING Repeating vertical louvers at the exterior of the building primarily provide support for the hemispherical roof but also function as sunshades by blocking the pathway of direct sunlight but allowing reflected light to pass through.

Entrance to the facility is framed by glass panels for the sliding doors as well as windows. Extended overhang shows the integration of International style plus gives shade.

ENTRANCES

SEATING

Following Brutalist architecture, many of the seats of the upper level are made of concrete in a simple elongated design with small slits in their backs for ventilation purposes.

Continuing the theme of circular patterns from its upper levels, some of the columns fashioned for Stadium Negara are cylindrical in contrast to its surrounding rectangular spaces.

Rectangular based timber columns are used as vertical support for the curving platforms of the arena as juxtaposition.

PATTERNS

The overall architecture may have symmetry, however the use of various patterns throughout the building adds interest and contrast to the otherwise simplicity of the spaces, walls and facades of Stadium Negara take influence from all Modernism,Islamic and Malaysian styles

For post-independence Malaysia, murals became a way for the state to project messages to the people.

Mural by Phoon Poh Hoong

Much of the flooring for the interior walkways are tiled.

Several surfaces, such as the front of the building, sections of the walls, are also cladded with large stones.

COLUMNS

MURALS

Followed by seats with wooden benches, seats with backrests, then armrests and upholstered seats that provide better comfort in expense of being costlier, as they get closer to the arena.

Mural by Yee Chin Ming

Yee depicts the lives of Malaysia’s three dominant ethnic groups engaged in social activity,each panel within close proximity to the next; while Phoon’s depicts the religious and cultural activities of these multiracial groups, showing harmony between the groups despite cultural and socioeconomic differences. Both artists consider the ethnic ratio of these populations as well, in descending order of Malay, Chinese and then Indians, while minorities such as the Orang Asli are not represented at all.

CONCLUSION Under the National Heritage Act of 2005, it is designated as a national monument and is part of Kuala Lumpur's postindependence public building inventory. Designed by architect Stanley Jewkes, Stadium Negara is Southeast Asia's first indoor stadium. Irrefutably, the stadium has been playing its role successfully throughout time, serving the locals with its space as a venue to interact and host important events. All the while, the architect did a successful job of portraying the beauty of its mixture of different styles of architecture, such as brutalism, hints of Islamic geometric patterns, and modernism that can be seen in different areas of the stadium. While also taking into account about its surroundings, such as the effects of the climate as well as incorporating Malaysian Historical Values.

CHURCH OF OUR LADY OF LOURDES

WHELTON SCHOOL OF MARKETING | SESSION 1

SPACE ORGANIZATION The Church of Our Lady of Lourdes has a similar plan and shape as compared to the Notre Dame de Paris .Despite the fact that the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes is a Catholic church, it does not follow the traditional Catholic church layout. It lacks a transept, which is the cross-section of the nave (main body) that gives the church its crucifix shape. However, traditional Catholic church features such as the altar, sanctuary, chancel, nave, and narthex were included in the design.

The church is built in the shape of a halved circle with a rectangular chancel and sanctuary.

Simple geometrical forms make up the overall form and shape of the church. Gothic design can be seen on both sides of the church. Geometry ,Repetition and similarity design elements that can be seen in both the interior and exterior of the building

DESIGN ELEMENTS : GEOMETRY :

the origin of all form. Sacred geometry is considered an ancient science that explores and explains the energy patterns that create and unify all things The church's shape is made up of simple geometrical shapes. The main shape of the structure is a rectangle, as can be observed from the floor plan. The altar, chancel, and sanctuary create a circular that may be seen from the end of the structure.

REPETITION :

MEZZANINE FLOOR PLAN

repetition is a fundamental teaching and learning principle. The gospel includes truths, concepts, and principles that believers should maintain in mind and heart while they're on their daily lives.

Principle of repetition can be found in both interior and exterior of the church. On the interior ceiling, barrel vault segments were constructed in intervals at fixed distance between each other. Similarly, the jalousie windows and columns along the exterior wall of the building clearly portray the principle of repetition.

SYMMETRIY :

The overall layout of the church is symmetrically balanced. This is portrayed by the plan which can be divided horizontally into two equal halves along an axis of symmetry in the centre. Besides that, the rear and front elevation can also be divided by an axis of symmetry drawn vertically building. across the

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

ELEVATION

SPACE ORGANIZATION MEZZANINE FLOOR PLAN :

GROUND FLOOR PLAN : The church was built mainly to serve as a church Encompassing basic necessities of a typical church, such as the altar, nave, transepts and narthex spiral staircase .

Only the front part of the church is used as an elevated deck looking down to the ground floor on the mezzanine level. A rectangular hole above the ground floor serves as an open space next to the seating area.

The sanctuary is positioned at one end of the church's ground level, just in front of the altar.

A series of steps separates the chancel from the nave, .

As part of the nave is seating areas for the laity as space to worship god. Seating area served only for sitting

LEGEND : SEATING AREA

LEGEND : ALTR

SEATING AREA

CHANEL

NAVE

NARATEX

VOID

CIRCULATION OF SPACE USE : Visitors enter the church through the narthex through three main doors that serve as entrances. Visitors usually go along the walkway between two columns of seating sections to find their seats.

The chancel, altar, and sanctuary are at the end of the walkway.

At the far end of the nave, there are two other rarely used entrances on both sides of the building. There are two other entrances on either side of the front half of the nave, but they are used much less frequently .A spiral staircase from the ground floor leads to a mezzanine level with minimal circulation.

LEGEND : PRIMARY CIRCULATION

TERTIARY CIRCULATION

SECONDARY CIRCULATION

ii. GABLE ROOF The Gable Roof is one of the unique features of Our Lady Lourdes church. It is also the detail characteristic of the Gothic Revival style. The purpose of the gable roof is to shed rainwater efficiently to deal with the tropical climate and it also provides maximum attic space. The main structure was made up of wood rafters that were supported by steel truss and concrete vault ceiling. Roof was covered with clay tile finishes which provide a layer of protection.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS

i. BRICK WALL

iii. DIAGONAL BUTTRESS

It is a buttress set 45 degrees to the walls and it’s intention was to carry the load of the ceiling that includes the steel trusses and support the barrel vault. It is made up of clay bricks with plaster finished.

The Church of Lady Lourdes does not require thick walls due to the local climate. The thickness of the wall would directly influence the rate of heat absorption, the thicker the wall it is, the higher amount of heat will be absorbed. Hence, heat gained is minimized by replacing it with a thinner wall. It was constructed in the conventional way by using bricks and cement as the binder, then covered with plaster finishing to obtain a smooth surface that could be painted to provide aesthetic purpose. The wall had undergone repainting years after construction when the paint faded away.

iV. BARREL VAULT

DETAILED ISOMETRIC

Barrel vault is one of the significant features of Our Lady Lourdes church. It is a continuous arched shape that may approximate a semi-cylinder in form, parallel naves that run down the entire building. It acts as structural support using a barrel vault mechanism to support the wall.

CLIMATE RESPONSE

MATERIAL ANALYSIS

The sloped design of the gable roof allows for exceptional water drainage, as the way the pitch is angled means rain can slide off the roof easily. This will lead to fewer leaks as it eliminates any build up of water, which ensures the roof remains functional for a longer period of time. Hence, it is suitable for Malaysia's rainy season. Clay roof tiles being used as it is good in insulation, helping maintain the temperature inside the church and weather resistance to adapt Malaysia’s hot climate.

LEGEND: EVAPORATION

RAIN FLOW

SUNLIGHT

COOL AIR

The Jalousie windows were used to reduce sunlight into the church, besides that it also provides better ventilation by allowing cool air flows into the church. Hot air rises and dissipates through the Jalousie window in the bell tower.

Furthermore, stained glasses installed above the jalousie window in a smaller scale to control the amount of light entering the church. Rose windows and tinted windows allow sunlight to penetrate and light up the church, however, the amount of heat entering the church will be reduced, as it minimizes the transmission of light through it.

i. BRICK

BRICK AND CEMENT WALL

The wall of the Church of Our Lady Lourdes is made of brick as brick was rich locally and is cheaper compared to other materials, such as stone and timber. Brick is possible to create beautiful buildings with limited spending and a long lifespan. Unlike other materials, bricks look better with age as they do not rot and dent. Besides, brick walls actively stabilize internal temperatures because heat is unable to transfer through easily or quickly. During hot weather, the interior temperature will remain low by the brick.

ii. CLAY The roof of Church of Our Lady Lourdes is made of clay as clay is a more conventional and cheaper material that can be easily acquired in Malaysia. Clay is sustainably available locally and it acts as a natural thermal mass insulator which helps to control temperature.

GABLE ROOF WITH CLAY TILES FINISHING

MATERIAL ANALYSIS V. GLASS

iii. TIMBER

Stained glass was used in windows of the Church of Lady Lourdes as architectural elements. Stained glass allows sunlight to pass through and create colour and light into the building.

Each stained glass represents a chapter in the bible and this may create the sense of holiness to the church.

The timber overhanging pitch roofs are constructed along the sides of the exterior to accommodate the weather in Malaysia (tropical country), using the locally abundant Meranti wood.

It also ensures the temperature stays at a low level and provides shade or shelter in certain areas.

TIMBER OVERHANG ROOF ROSE WINDOW

iV. METAL

ROOF FRAMING

STAIRCASE

There were two types of metal being used for the construction, the steel and wrought iron. The steel was used for the roof framing as steel is light in weight yet high strength and durability materials that are able to support roof structure stably. Wrought iron was used for the spiral staircase in the church as it is high in ductility and malleability enabling it to form shapes for decorations.

Vi. CERAMIC

CERAMIC TILES

Ceramic tile was used for interior floor finish as it is high durability, water resistant and easy to maintain (dirt, stains, and liquids rest on just the surface of the ceramic tile, which will allow you to easily wipe them up).

Furthermore, ceramic is good in insulation of heat which reduces temperature in the church, preventing absorption of excess heat.

SPIRAL STAIRCASE A VICTORIAN STYLE SPIRAL STAIRCASE MADE OF WROUGHT IRON. IT IS NOT A PART OF THE BUILDING WHEN IT WAS FIRST BUILT, ITWAS ADDED IN LATER ON DURING FURTHER CONSTRUCTIONS.

INTERESTING FINDINGS

ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS

THE STAIRS IN THE CHURCH HAVE A SIMPLISTIC DESIGN WITH A LOCAL TASTE. ALTHOUGH IT IS A VICTORIAN STYLE STAIRCASE, IT DOESN'T HAVE THE HEAVY DETAILS ON THE BALUSTRADE OR THE STAIR STEPS. AS COMPARED TO THE RIGHT IS THE VICTORIAN STYLE STAIRS WHICH CAN BE FOUND AT THE KAPITAN CHUNG THYE PIN BUILDING IN IPOH, THAT IS IMPORTED FROM SCOTLAND, WALTER MACFARLANE AND CO. WE CAN SEE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BOTH OF THESE STAIRS, HAVING ONEIMPORTED AND THE OTHER WITH A LOCAL TASTE.

THE STRINGER OF THE STAIRS WHICH IS THE SIDE OF THE STAIRS STEPS HAVE A TOUCH OF LOCAL MALAY TASTE TO IT. YOU CAN SEE THE PATTERNS OF SOMEWHATA SIMILARITY OF THE MALAY WOOD CARVINGS FOUND IN TRADITIONAL MALAY BUILDINGS. IT CAN BE SEEN THAT THE PATTERN IS SIMILAR TO THE FLORAL MOTIF CARVINGS ON THE LEFT.

JALOUSIE WINDOW The Church of Our Lady Lourdes uses jalousie windows to reduce sunlight into the church.

Stained glasses are installed above the jalousie in a smaller scale. Each stained glass window represents a biblical chapter.

INTERESTING FINDINGS THE JALOUSIE WINDOWS ARE LOCAL STYLE AS WELL, IT'S UNIQUE FEATURE STICKS OUT FROM THE GOTHIC-STYLE ARCHITECTURE OF THE BUILDING. THE WINDOW ABOVE IS FROM THE BLUE HOUSE MANSION, PENANG. A BABA NYONYA HOUSE WHERE IT IS COMMONLY SEEN WITH THIS SPECIFIC STYLE OF LOUVRE WINDOW. HAVING THE SAME RECTANGULAR SHAPE THAT ENDS WITH A SEMI CIRCLE TOP, RAILINGS ON THE OPENING, SHUTTERS FOR THE WINDOW AND ALSO A GLASS OR STAINED GLASS WINDOW AT THE TOP.

THE WINDOW SHUTTERS HAVE METAL LATCH TO SECURE IT WHEN IT IS CLOSED AND ALSO METAL HOOKS AND RINGS ON BOTH SIDE, LEFT SHUTTER AND RIGHT SHUTTER TO SECURE THE SHUTTER WHEN IT IS OPENED, TO PREVENT IT FROM MOVING AND EASILY DESTROYED FROM THE CONSTANT HITTING ON THE WALL WHEN THE WIND BLOWS.

THE RAILINGS FROM THE WINDOW ALSO CREATES BEAUTIFUL RAYS OF SUNLIGHT IN TO CREATE AN AESTHETIC AND WARM ENVIRONMENT. THE STAINED GLASS WINDOW BRINGS IN COLOURS TO THE INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH.

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