A BREATHING LANDSCAPE ZHANGJIABANG URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN
S
hanghai is among the world’s largest and fastest growing cities and it faces many urban environmental challenges including impaired air and water quality, urban heat island, and biodiversity loss. Zhangjiabang Park, located between downtown and Yangtze River’s estuary, is the first of eight green wedges planned by the city to address these challenges. This 4.65 km2 park is ideally situated for comprehensive ecological interventions to recreate native wetlands and forests in an accessible public park surrounded by lively neighborhood redevelopments. Informed by a thorough scientific review, the master plan strives to maximize microclimate benefits to cool and cleanse the city’s air at the local and city-wide scale. The network of canals will be transformed through wetland restoration and de-channelization to maximize water quality benefits and habitat diversity. This ecological park will feature a diversity of habitats and provide much-needed access to nature for the city’s residents.
CONTENTS VISION INTRODUCTION DESIGN & EXPERIENCE APPENDIX
More than 70% of the world population will live in urban areas by 2050. Mega cities like Shanghai will face many urban challanges as they expand, such as the urban heat island, air pollution, and the public health probablems. Urban Heat Island effects have increased 14 folds in the psat 4 decades.
CHALLENGE DEGRADING URBAN MICROCLIMATE
Shanghai has experienced more frequent extreme storm events and flooding in the recent years. The extreme flooding in 2005 affected over one million people and caused over 200 million us dollars damages to the city. The natural hydrological cycle is broken. The canal network in Shanghai has significantly degraded in the last few decades.
CHALLENGE BROKEN URBAN HYDROLOGY
1965
1979
1994
2006
Hydrological Network in Shanghai from 1965 to 2006
Frederick Law Olmsted (1822 - 1903) asserted that the ideal city should be configured around a system of parks, which he called "the lungs of the city." Potentially the largest public open space in Shanghai, Zhangjiabang’s continuous forest and water bodies will bring refreshing air and help cool the city.
VISION 1 COOLING MICROCLIMATE
Urban parks are more than just green and open spaces, design for zhangjiabang strives to integrate ecological principles and BMP (Best Management Practice) to reveal a healthy ecosystem’s metabolism that improves water, air, soil quality and urban biodiversity.
VISION 2 CLEAN WATER, AIR AND SOIL VISION 3 IMPROVE URBAN WILDLIFE HABITAT
Diverse open spaces provide rich recreational opportunities and intimate experience of the nature to the urban citizens. Active and permeable urban interfaces build a strong spatial and functional synergy to the park and public transits.
VISION 4 URBAN RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
CONCEPT
Re
cr
io
na
l sp
aces
align
ed w ith
sum
m
er
a
节点 URBA 市
ili ng
RE CO
ev
N
pr
城
e
at
w
in
d
Existing
Conn cted U e
on
ati get
rban
Forest E co
Ve
m ste sy
Scatt ered
Forest And River Corridors Delineate A Series of Recreational Open Spaces
Existing Straight & Channelized Canal
dor With Substant i
s on the Bot
s nd hE
点
nd
UR BAN CO
RE
iver Corri
城市节
R zed
a etl al W
i ral Natu
Conn ected
Path System Throughout The Park
0
200
400m
CONTEXT
外环
路O
路
中环
dle
Mid
g Rin
uter
SITE LOCATION Ring
Roa
The site is easily accessible by 3 subway stations to the north and the lightrail from the south.
d
d
Roa
线
号 14
tro
Me
e Lin
14
铁
地
路 内环
In
ad
g Ro
Rin ner
上海虹桥站 Hongqiao Railway Station
SHA
基地 SITE
ine
上海虹桥国际机场 Hongqiao Airport
线
2号
M
oL etr
2
铁
地 张
江
有
轨
电
车
Zh
an
gji
an
gL
RT
浦东国际机场 Pudong Airport
PVG
HYDROLOGY Zhangjiabang is one of the major canals connecting downtown and Huangpu River to the Yangtze River. It plays critical roles in the regional hydrology, trasportation, flooding control and recreational uses.
曹
Ri ve r
家
江 黄浦
市中心 DOWNTOWN
H
ua
pu ng
沟
马
浜
Ca o
jia
家
M
aji
aB
Go
u
an
g
浜
张家
陆家嘴 Lujiazui
vjia 浜L
吕家
川
huan 杨河 C
Yang R
iver
gjia Zhan
g
Ban
Bang
HYDROLOGIC HISTORY From Huangpu River to its end at the Yangtze River, Zhangjiabang stretches 23.5 km. After decades of pollution and recent engineering reinforcement, water quality is at landscape type V, except for NH3-N level. The ecological condition must be improved.
水质良好并有相对完整的野生动植物系统
工业和生活污染日益严重
Clean water with healthy aquatic community
19
60
’s
截流纳污 Separate Sewage System
Worsening industrial and sewage pollution
19
70
’s
19
90
’s
19
98
20
01
2014
1670
1990s
ROOM TO BREATHE: URBAN OPEN SPACES
10% 18% Present
上海的森林覆盖率
Existing Forest Coverage Shanghai
2
82% Absent
5% 18% Present
中国城市平均森林覆盖率
Existing Forest Coverage China Cities Average
82% Absent
张家浜基地
Site Location
世纪公园
Century Park
云层
The cooling effects of the urban open spaces can be clearly measured in a thermal map. 1400%
.70o
2005
.45o
1995
.20o
1985
.05o
1975
上海城区与郊野年平均温度差值 （1975 - 2005)
DIFFERENCE IN AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE BETWEEN SHANGHAI & LOCAL COUNTRYSIDE (CELSIUS) Zhao et al. (2006) Frontiers in Ecology & Environment 4(7) 341-346
Cloud
上海地表温度远红外图，2013年8月13日 THERMAL SURFACE IMAGE OF SHANGHAI LANDSAT 8 THERMAL INFRARED SENSOR - 13 AUGUST 2013
URBAN CLIMATE SIMULATION PROCESS An Urban Climate Simulation Process A three-dimensional campus climate simulation process is used to explore the seasonal urban climate of the proposed master plan. The process involves creating a 3D computational model from CAD geometry, simulating and analysing 36 wind directions and hourly 3D solar exposure, coupling the wind simulations and solar exposure simulations with annual meteorology statistics, and finally deriving key climate performance indicators (KPI’s): • A 3D simulation mesh is created from a 3D CAD model consisting of the masterplan buildings, surrounding buildings, and the urban pedestrian realm; • A weather time series is sourced consisting of the hourly data or a typical meteorological year, here representative data from Shanghai was used; • Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) wind simulations are performed for 36 wind directions using the simulation mesh; • For the same computational domain, a three-dimensional sun-shade simulation is performed for all relevant hours of the year to determine the hourly solar exposure on the
pedestrian realm; • The 36 wind direction simulation results, the annual hourly solar exposure solution and the annual hourly meteorology data are combined to determine hourly time series describing such indices as thermal comfort and natural ventilation potential; • Histograms of the hourly metrics are used to determine annual frequencies and thus yield key campus climate performance indicators (KPI’s); • The KPI’s that are produced and described here include a seasonal solar shade factor (SHF), a seasonal ventilating wind factor (VWF), a seasonal pedestrian level wind comfort factor and a seasonal thermal comfort factor (TCF). The definition of these KPI’s are provided in Table 1. • Note 1: This simulation process is used as a design tool to identify and map urban area solar exposure, wind exposure, and thermal comfort, so that it can help inform the master plan design. It does not intend to reflect exactly the actual climatic conditions that may be experienced on site.
• Note 2: The present simulations does not include the actual surroundings or landscape as found at the existing site. It is excluded here to facilitate fast analysis and comparision of the local simulated urban climate metrics. • Note 3: Background information on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is provided in Appendix B.
MICROCLIMATE SIMULATION SCENARIOS Winter No Forest
Winter With Forest
Simulated streamlines at pedestrian level for prevailing Northwest winds (winter) without forested areas. Red and yellow colours indicate higher wind exposure compared to reduced and low relative wind exposure in blue.
Simulated streamlines at pedestrian level for prevailing Northwest winds (winter) with forested areas. Red and yellow colours indicate higher wind exposure compared to reduced and low relative wind exposure in blue. Forested areas shield the north side of the south neighbourhood as well as the western perimeters at interior urban blocks.
Summer No Forest
Summer With Forest
Simulated streamlines at pedestrian level for prevailing South-southeast winds (summer) without forested areas. Red and yellow colours indicate higher wind exposure compared to reduced and low relative wind exposure in blue.
Simulated streamlines at pedestrian level for prevailing South-southeast winds (summer) with forested areas. Red and yellow colours indicate higher wind exposure compared to reduced and low relative wind exposure in blue. Forested areas shield the south side of the north neighbourhood as well as the eastern perimeter urban blocks.
Diagram Plan
Diagram Plan Slow Wind Speed Fast Wind Speed
MICROCLIMATE SIMULATION SCENARIOS
Simulated temperature difference is 4 degrees Comparison of Mean Thermal Climate (TCM) for Summer All Day with and without the central forested areas. The forested areas are sheltered from solar radiation which improves the summer time thermal climate. The reduction in wind speed simulated for the north neighbourhood and on the eastern perimeter, marginally increases the perceived temperature.
Legend for summer
Legend for winter
Mean Thermal Climate (TCM) for Summer All Day
Mean Thermal Climate (TCM) for Winter All Day
Pedestrian Level Wind (PLW) for Summer All Day
Pedestrian Level Wind (PLW) for Winter All Day
Mean Ventilating Wind Speed (VWM) for Summer All Day
Mean Ventilating Wind Speed (VWM) for Winter All Day
Comparison of Pedestrian Level Wind (PLW) for Winter All Day with and without the central forested areas. On average, the wind shelter provided by the forested areas improved the wintertime pedestrian level wind condition to suitable for sitting or standing at the north perimeter of the south neighbourhood, as well as around the southeast neighbourhood.
Comparison of Mean Ventilating Wind Speed (VWM) for Winter All Day with and without the central forested areas. For the forested model, lower mean wind speeds are simulated for winter on the north side of the south neighbourhood due to shelter from prevailing northwesterly winds. Reduced winds speeds are also simulated on the perimeter of the southeast neighbourhood.
ADJACENT PARK PROGRAM - Lack of large sports fields and water sports - Lack of educational, arts, and performance program - Lack of green space with rich ecological functions
DOWNTOWN
General Park Sports Park Community Park Cultural Park Forest/Wetland Park Waterfront Park Public Green
SITE
SCALE COMPARISON
4000m
3000m
5000m
2000m
1000m
上海张家浜楔形绿地
加州橘子郡公园
旧金山金门公园
德国柏林滕珀尔霍夫公园
纽约中央公园
ZHANGJIABANG SITE - SHANGHAI
OC GREAT PARK - IRVINE, CALIFORNIA
GOLDEN GATE PARK - SAN FRANCISCO
TEMPELHOFER - BERLIN
CENTRAL PARK - NEW YORK CITY
494 ha.
465 ha.
412 ha.
386 ha.
341 ha.
Zhangjiabang Park is comparable to Orange County Great Park and Golden Gate Park in California in terms of scale and the development density around the park.
DESIGN & EXPERIENCE
0
200
400m
及 市民公园
CIVIC
园 运动公
区
TS SPOR
PA
G
NE R K ZO
N& ARDE
花
索景 园及探
动态 ACTIVE
自然 NATURE
FORE & URBAN
区
龙东湖区
S T ZO N E
NE
观区
动态 ACTIVE
静态 PASSIVE
自然 NATURE
都市 URBAN
都市 URBAN
都市 URBAN
都市 URBAN
静态 PASSIVE
DISC
ZO O V E RY
城市森林
LA
K E ZONE
LANDSCAPE ZONES & ACTIVITIES
动态 ACTIVE
静态 PASSIVE
自然 NATURE
动态 ACTIVE
静态 PASSIVE
自然 NATURE
EXPERIENTIAL ITINERARY
7
& 地 湿 ING 和 RM 场 农 C FA 机 NI 有 GA OR
W
L ET
AN
D
2
场 ZA 广 园 PLA 公 RK 区 心 E PA 核 路 OR 湘 TH C 金 R NO
3
草 动 活 A 园 Z 公 LA 市 TP 城 EN EV
坪
4
园 PE & 蝶 CA 蝴 和 NDS 观 LA 景 叠 ING 折 LD FO
8
场 市 R 夫 OO 农 TD OU
9
R MA
KE
B
T UT
T
湖滨 LAKEFRONT
F ER
G LY
D AR
EN 瞰
1 6
岛 AN 地 ISL 湿 ND 心 湖 TLA E W
鸟 V 地 息 AT O 栖 BIT HA
V ER
D
5
AN 道 步 GHL 徒 HI 林 森 ONT L I 湖 滨 EFR TRA K LA REST FO
D
IEW
HABITAT OVERVIEW
HABITAT TYPES THE NEW ZHANGJIABANG PARK WILL PROVIDE
46
HECTARES
MEADOW/ OPEN HABITAT
medium-low connectivity
48
215
% Proposed Tree Cover In The New Park
HECTARES
FOREST/ WOODLAND HABITAT
Evergreen broadleaf forest
65 ha Upland deciduous forest
16 ha Lowland deciduous forest
128 ha Bamboo forest
6 ha
high connectivity
61 WETLAND & AQUATIC HECTARES
HABITAT
high connectivity
5% Existing Tree Cover At the Zhangjiabang Site
THE EXISTING SITE ONLY OFFERS
22
HECTARES
OF TREE COVER
low connectivity
7
2
E R CO Z A H LA T R P O N RK PA
3 1
4 6 8
9
5
ACTIVE NORTH CORE
ENLARGEMENT PLAN NORTH URBAN CORE 1
金湘路地铁广场 METRO PLAZA
5
雕塑公园 SCULPTURE GARDEN
9
社庄湖 TEMPLE LAKE
13
社区绿廊 COMMUNITY GREENWAY
2
零售商街 COMMERCIAL
6
公园入口广场 GATEWAY PLAZA
10
降噪坡地森林 FORESTED BERM
14
人行天桥 PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS
3
酒店 HOTEL
7
游客信息中心 PARK INFORMATION CENTER
11
园景住宅区 PARKVIEW RESIDENTIAL
15
社区泳池 COMMUNITY POOL
4
艺术馆 ART MUSEUM
8
社庄庙 THE TEMPLE
12
城市景观河道 URBAN LANSCAPE CANAL
1
12
2 13
8
11 3
9
4 15
6 10 7 5
14
0
100
200m
INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSIT
METRO LINE 14
ZHANGJIANG LRT
NORTH URBAN CORE
The heart of the district is the Jinxiang Retail Street. This corridor begins at the subway station and join together to form a large plaza and culutral center at the edge of the park. The first 2 levels of the buildings along the corridor will be retail and entertainment programs creating a vibrant social core. This retail complex anchors the district in a series of horziontal pavilions with overhanging photovoltaic canopies that connects right into the entrance of the park. The canopies will provide comfort shading for pedestrians while generating renewable energy for the commerical buildings. The pedistrian scaled cultural and social amenities linked to the larger park system form a vibrant neighborhood of Jinxiang Road Commercial Hub.
NORTH URBAN CORE
金湘路中心广场
Jinxiang Hub Plaza 公园游客中心
Park Visitor Center
北部公园零售区
North Park Retail Village 艺术博物馆 商业街酒店
Market Street Hotel
滨水林荫道
Canal Front Treelined Street
步行街零售和娱乐中心
Marketplace Hub Retail & Entertainment Center
金湘路商业街地标
Jinxiang Gateway Tower
Art Museum
NORTH URBAN CORE COMMERCIAL PROGRAM
The retail plan highlights the active commercial district shown at ground level. This illustrates a kind of retail “figure-ground�, where the figure is colored red and the ground is the landscape paths and paving. The fragmented pavilions in the central area break down in scale in order to integrate with the landscape paving geometries. This specific pavement curvature leads the pedestrian path into the entrance of the park.
JINXIANG ROAD METRO UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE
金湘路商业组团 Jinxiang axis retail wedge
商业街地铁出口 地铁线
Retail street subway exit
Subway line
地下零售 Below ground retail
电梯 Subway escalator
Jinxiang Road station will be served by 5 exits, accessible from all directions near Jinxiang Rd intersection. The Main exit is connected to the commercial hub seamlessly. Underground commercial space is integrated with the passanger corridors and the exits.
NORTH PARKVIEW RESIDENTIAL
城市河道
社区公共空间
Street edge canal
Community public space
现有住宅
Existing residential
学校
School
学校 社区公共空间 公园景观住宅
Park edge residences
School
Community public space
公园景观住宅
Residential park view
公共图书馆
Public Library
7
2
3
N W A L K R T N PA E EV IVIC C
&
1
4 6 8
9
5
RECREATIONAL PROGRAM
ENLARGEMENT PLAN EVENT LAWN AND CIVIC PARK 1
户外剧场 AMPHITHEATER
5
聚会大草坪 EVENT LAWN
9
湿地小岛 WETLAND ISLAND
13
透视花园 PERSPECTIVE GARDEN
2
地形舞台 LANDFORM STAGE
6
树阵 TREE GROVE
10
城市森林 URBAN FOREST
14
竹林书屋 BAMBOO READING ROOMS
3
湿地驳岸 WETLAND EDGE
7
森林山坡 FOREST HILLS
11
社区广场 COMMUNITY PLAZA
15
图书馆 LIBRARY
4
公园零售亭 KIOSKS
8
城市连接道 URBAN LINK PATH
12
木栈道 BOARDWALK
11
4 3
12
5 1 2
13
3
6
14
8
9
7
10 15
0
100
200m
URBAN THERMAL COMFORT
cool-sinking air
warm rising air causes negative pressure
cooler air is drawn into the neighoborhood displacing the rising warmer air
large open spaces allow cooling summer breezes to descend to ground-level The cooling effect of urban green space
Urban Core
Large Parks
DESIGNED THERMAL COMFORT The relocation neighborhood is surrounded by the canals on two sides and the park on the other two sides. It has excellent potential to take advantage of the amenities. The plan suggests naturalize the canal edges to improve water quality and create decks for community uses. Neighborhood green corridors link the residential courtyards to the park.
蒸发与蒸腾
东南风 t Wind Southeas
evapotranspiration
蒸发与蒸腾
evapotranspiration
feed流向城市 ing t he ci ty
蒸发与蒸腾
evapotranspiration
森林
蒸发与蒸腾
蒸发与蒸腾
t Fores
evapotranspiration
evapotranspiration
feed 流向城市 ing t he ci ty
湖区
3~4oC decrease within 2km 两公里内降温3-4摄氏度
森林
心 城市核 ore n a Urb C
森林
场 t 露天剧 ter Fores thea
i Amph20m) (1
草坪 聚会大
Lawn Event0m) 0 (2
t Fores
院 文化庭 rd re Ya
Cultu50m) (2
折 野花坡
叠景观
g FoldinField r e Flow00m) (2
森林
Lake ) (400m
t Fores
风动方
向趋势
W
ORY GECT A R T IND
AMPHITHEATER
Stage
Amphitheater
Meadow Hill
Cafe/Retail
Pedestrian Bridge
TREES AND AIR QUALITY
= 19.3
ZHANGJIABANG PARK WILL HAVE >=
100,000
trees
215
tons CO2
hectares forest & woodlands
captured annually (estimated average)
PM2.5 PM10
Absorbtion
PM2.5 PM10
NO
SO
C(H O)
O
HO
CO CO
Interception
Removed / yr (min.)
O
6.9 6 6.1
PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10
PM10 PM2.5
CO2
50.3 167.8 4.1 tons tons tons NO O
tons of 03 C(H O )
C(O H
tons of dust
NO NO
Based on: Center for Urban Forest Research, USDA (2007) New York Municipal Forest Research Analysis.
O
OSO
SO
H OH O tons of SOx / NOx
SO
O SO
NO
O
C(H HO)O)
PM2.5 PM10
NO
SO
Produced / yr (min.)
average annual emissions per vehicle type
CO
O O
O
1,080 tons of O2
CO
CO CO
CO
ENLAREGEMENT PLAN SPORTS PARK 10 2 1
3
1
室内运动馆 GYM
2
滑板公园 SKATE PARK
3
1,000米跑道 1,000M TRACK
4
足球 SOCCER FIELDS
5
800米跑道 800M TRACK
6
棒球/垒球 BASE BALL/SOFT BALL
7
网球/篮球 TENNIS/BASKET BALL
8
停车 PARKING
9
森林步道 TRAILS IN THE WOODS
10
市民广场 CIVIC PLAZA
11
儿童游乐场 PLAYGROUNDS
11
4
8
9
7 8
9 5
4 7 6 8 11
7
0
100
200m
& E
7
2 3
4
P A C N S E D D N R A A L G G N FLY I D ER L FOUT T B 1 6
8
9
5
SPRING TIME ACTIVITIES IN THE BUTTERFLY GARDEN
ENLARGEMENT PLAN FOLDING LANDSCAPE & BUTTERFLY GARDEN 1
森林山坡 FOREST HILLS
5
竹林书屋 BAMBOO READING ROOMS
9
趣味折叠景观 FOLDING LANDSCAPE
13
日出坡 SUNRISE SLOPE
2
湿地 WETLAND
6
图书馆 LIBRARY
10
人行天桥 PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS
14
湖岸沙滩 BEACH
3
步道 BOARDWALK
7
野花坡 WILD FLOWER SLOPES
11
社区果蔬园 COMMUNITY GARDEN
15
码头1号 PIER 1
4
透视花园 PERSPECTIVE GARDEN
8
蝴蝶园 BUTTERFLY GARDEN
12
常绿林 EVERGREEN FOREST
16
湖滨步道 PROMENADE
11
2
3 10 4
12 7
8
13
5 1 9 6
14 10 15
16
0
100
200m
EXTENSIVE TRAIL NETWORK
The urban spine trail threads through the major event spaces and provides a strong link between the two neighborhood centers on both sides of the park. Throughout the diverse habitats, 26.5 km of trails provide access including 18.5 km multi-use and 8 km unpaved trails. The series of the recreational fields threaded by the path systems are so diverse that no experiences through our the park are quite the same. From the vibrant summer outdoor concerts, kite festival on the event lawn to the tranquil moments in the folding landscape and butterfly garden, the modes of the landscape vary while the activates on the paths remain energetic.
EXTENSIVE TRAIL NETWORK
Spine Trail 6.6km
Urban Trail 4.7km
Lakefront Trail 4.3km
Island Trail 3.9km
Hill Hiking Trail 2.8km
Sports Trail 3.8km
Urban Forest Loop 2.9km
North Cultural Loop 2.6km
PATH / INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION
Utilize the existing bridges and infrastructure to establish a continous pedestrian network
Accessible Bridge Underpass
3 BRIDGES RETAINED FOR UNDERPASSES
Retrofitted to Pedestrian Bridge
13 BRIDGES RETAINED AS PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES
EXISTING BRIDGES
Landform (To Community Garden)
Middle Ring Expresway
Landform (To Urban Forest)
7
G I H T IL N O RA R F TT E K ES 1 A L OR F
2 3 4 6 8
9
5
A L H
D N
CYPRESS FOREST
ENLARGEMENT PLAN LAKEFRONT HIGHLAND FOREST
1
湖景日光浴山坡 SUNBATHING SLOPE
2
湖岸沙滩 BEACH
3
湖滨步行长廊 LAKE PROMENADE
4
船坞码头 BOAT HOUSE
5
多功能市场 FLEXIBLE MARKET
6
游人码头 PIER
7
游泳池 SWMMING POOL
8
湖区游客信息中心 LAKE INFO CENTER
9
高地森林 HIGHLAND FOREST
10
湿地岛 WETLAND ISLANDS
11
森林岛 FOREST ISLANDS
12
自然体验中心 NATURE CENTER
13
社区菜园 COMMUNITY GARDEN
14
植物治污草甸 PHYTOREMEDIATION
15
社区健身设施 COMMUNITY SPORTS
15 9
14 15
10 13
12
10
1 2
9
11
3
10 9
4 5 11
6 7
8
0
100
200m
NO
SO
O)
FORESTH COMPOSITION O O
O SO
O
NO
O
SO
PM2.5 PM10
C(H O )
O
C(H HO)O)
O
C(O H
Birdwatching Tower
C(H
PM2.5 PM10
NO
O NO
H OH O CO
CO
CO
CO
SO
O
CO
CO PM2.5 PM10
CO CO
Accipiter virgatus
NO
C(H O)
O
SO
O
HO C(H O)
O
CO HO
CO
Upland Deciduous Forest Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
CO CO
Lowland Forest/ Wetland Complex Backwater Stream Vernal Pools Lowland Deciduous Forest
Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Lowland Deciduous Forest Emergent Wetland
Cinnammomum camphorum Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Castanopsis carlesii
Nyssa sinensis
Schima superba
Ulmus parviflora
Quercus glauca
Liquidambar formosana
Sophora japonica
Magnolia x soulangiana
Quercus variabilis
Cornus controversa
CANOPY STRUCTURE
Light
Temperature
Clanga clanga
Glaucidium cuculoides
Accipiter virgatus
Phylloscopus subaffinis
Bombycilla japonica
Anoplophora glabripennis
Cyclophiops major
Horornis diphone
Papilio clytia
Rhinomyias brunneatus
Emergent Canopy Level
Canopy Level
Sub-Canopy Level
Nyctereutes procyonoides Erinaceus amurensis Shrub Level
Herbaceous Level
Plestiodon chinensis
Bufo gargarizans
PLANT MATERIALS
行道树/落叶林
STREET TREES / DECIDUOUS FOREST
选取本地树种因其抗城市 污染物、美观、活力和 净化空气等特征。除伦敦 悬铃木之外，和水杉外其 余均为长江三角州乡土物 种。
Native trees chosen for their tolerance of urban pollutants, their beauty, vigor, and air cleansing ability. Only London Planetree is not native to East China.
銀杏
Ginko biloba
枫香树
Liquidambar formosana
法桐
Platanus x acerifolia
玉兰
Magnolia denudata
灯台树
Cornus controversa
木兰
Magnolia x soulangiana
榔榆
榉树
盐肤木
国槐
Ulmus parvifolia
Rhus chinensis
Zelkova serrata
Sophora japonica
Saphora japonica
鹅掌楸
Liriodendron chinense
七叶树
Aesculus chinensis
水杉
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
栓皮栎
Quercus variabilis
金钱松
Pseudolarix amabilis
蓝果树
Nyssa sinensis
檫木
Sassafras tzumu
PLANT MATERIALS
常绿林 常绿森林原生于离靠近上 海的丘陵地区。常绿林冠 能够常年四季净化空气， 减少污染物。
EVERGREEN FOREST
Evergreen forest community native to the hilly regions nearest Shanghai will cleanse the air and reduce pollutants through all four seasons. 樟树
红楠
榔榆
多穗石柯
柱冠粗榧
小叶青冈
福建青冈
硬壳柯
米槠
苦櫧
Cinnammomum camphorum
天竺桂
木荷
茅栗
灰柯
青冈树
蕈树
Cinnamomum pedunculatum
Lithocarpus henryi
Schima superba
Quercus glauca
Castanea seguinii
Altngia chinensis
Machilus thunbergii
Cephalotaxus harringtonia
Lithocarpus hancei
Castanopsis cuspidata
Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia
Castanopsis carlesii
Lithocarpus polystachus
Cyclobalanopsis chungii
Castanopsis sclerophylla
NOISE AND VISUAL IMPACTS
Major Infrastructure as Noise and Visual Barriers 路路 路路
The middle ring road bisects the site, creating physical and visual barriers. The middle and outer ring road are the major noise sources.
+74dB 65-74dB 60-65dB
NOISE MITIGATION
STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING NOISE POLLUTION
现状中环路和基地的噪音研究
With several bisecting streets, an eleveated highway, and other major roadways surrounding the site; noise reduction strategies have been studied and will be integrated into the overall landscape concept.
Noise Study of Existing Section of Ring Road and Site
1、假定交通量条件：6000辆/小时 2、在这6000辆车里面： 小汽车： 85% 5100 中性汽车： 5% 300 重型汽车： 15% 600
Unobstructed
74dB 65dB
3、车速：80公里/小时 4. 使用硬质基地的图表（阿尔法值为0） 用于生源物和接受物高度大于10英尺（3.048米）， 或者连接高度高于地面10英尺（3.048米）的情况下
100m
Forest Buffer
现状噪声量：73.6dB 噪音减少量： 3-6m高遮音板可减少：5-12dB 土坡阻挡视线可减少：5dB
74dB 64dB 60m
1. Assumptions: 6000 Vehicle/Hour 2. Among All The 6000 Vehicles: Automobiles: 85% 5100 Medium Trucks: 5% 300 HeavyTrucks: 10% 600
Landscape Berm
74dB
3. Speed: 80 km/Hour
64dB 4. Use of hard site nomograph (ALPHA=0) in all situations in which the source or the receiver is located 10 feet above the ground or whenever the sight averages more than 10 feet above the ground. Existing Noise: 73.6dB
30m
Noise Barrier
74dB
Noise Reduction: 5-12dB(3-6m noise barriers ) 5dB(when the earth berm break the line-of-signt)
63dB
60dB 60m
66dB 30m
15m
EARTHWORKS + NOISE MITIGATION
2 Forest Buffer
60m -10dB
2
1
3
30m -10dB
variable
Forest Meadows Earth Berms
-5-12dB 1 Noise Barrier + Landscape Berm
3 Landscape Berm
7
2 3 4 8
9
6
W
E
D N A TL 1
5
I
A L S
D N
LAKEFRONT AND WETLAND
ENLARGEMENT PLAN LAKE ZONE
1
1
自然体验中心 NATURE CENTER
2
鱼类孵化场 FISH HATCHERY
3
湿地 WETLAND
4
观鸟塔 BIRD WATCHING TOWER
5
湿地木栈道 WETLAND BOARDWALK
6
森林眺望台 FOREST OUTLOOK
7
林间步道 FOREST TRAIL
8
回水段 BACKWATER
9
水生鸟类保护区 WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
10
信息中心 TRAIL HEAD INFO CENTER
11
游人码头 PIER
12
城市湿地 URBAN WETLAND
13
船坞 BOAT HOUSE
14
湖岸沙滩 BEACH
15
城市常绿林 EVERGREEN URBAN FOREST
2
15
14
6
3 11
6
5 4
7
8
13 6
12 11 9 10
6
0
100
200m
WETLAND STRUCTURE WETLAND NATURAL PEST CONTROL:
1 bat can eat up to
1000
mosquitos per hour!
N78%
Griffin, D.G. et al (1960). The echolocation of flying insects by bats. Animal Behavior 8: 141-154
P49%
Bats
ESTMATED % NUTRIENT REMOVAL: UP TO 49% PHOSPHOROUS; UP TO 78% NITROGEN
Dragonflies
Cygnus colombianus
Grus grus
RaptorPlatform
Lotus Backwater
Catfish Spawning
XX Upland
Evergreen Broadleaf Forest Emergent Wetland Lowland Deciduous Forest
Scrub Shurb Wetland Emergent Wetland
Lowland Deciduous Forest
Submerged Wetland Artificial Reef Structure Near-shore | littoral zone
Open water | limnetic zone Phragmites
Scirpus
Cattail
WETLAND FOODWEB
Tertiary Predators INCREASING BIODIVERSITY + ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE
Secondary Predators
Primary Predators
Herbivores
Primary Production
WETLAND AREA + COMPLEXITY
WINTERING / MIGRATORY WETLAND BIRDS (IUCN LISTED)
LEAST CONCERN 无危
NEAR THREATENED 近危
VULNERABLE 易危
ENDANGERED 濒危
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED 极危
EXTINCT 灭绝
MIGRANTS
OCCASIONAL MIGRANTS
Greater Spotted Eagle (Clanga clanga) Habitat: Hunts over marshes, swamps, wetlands Status: Vulnerable
Lesser White-Fronted Goose (Anser erythropus) Habitat: Lakes, mixed wetlands - Omnivorous Status: Vulnerable
Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) Habitat: Emergent wetland / wet meadow / fields Status: Vulnerable
Dalmatian Pelican (Pelicanus crispus) Habitat: Lakes - Eats fish Status: Vulnerable
Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) Habitat: Emergent wetlands / shallows Habitat: Varied wetlands & shores Status: Endangered Status: Near-Threatened
乌雕 生境：于沼泽、湿地狩猎 状态：易危
小白额雁 生境：湖泊、各种湿地 - 杂食 状态：易危
白头鹤 生境：湿地/湿草甸/田野 状态：易危
达尔马提亚鹈鹕 生境：湖泊 - 吃鱼 状态：易危
黑面琵鹭 生境：新生湿地/浅滩 状态：濒危
黑尾塍鹬 生境：多样湿地和海岸 状态：近危
Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) Habitat: Wetlands with tall perches Status: Vulnerable
Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides) Habitat: Varied freshwater / wet meadow Status: Vulnerable
Falcated Duck (Anas falcata) Habitat: Emergent & Floating Veg. - Dabbler Status: Near-Threatened
Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) Habitat: Varied wetlands, meadows, ponds Status: Endangered
Chinese Egret (Egretta eulophotes) Habitat: Emergent wetlands Status: Vulnerable
Nordman’s Greenshank (Tringa guttifer) Habitat: Wet meadows, fields, paddies Status: Endangered
白肩雕 栖息地：湿地与高栖木 状态：易危
天鹅 栖息地：淡水/湿草甸 状态：易危
罗纹鸭 生境：新生与浮游植物 状态：近危
丹顶鹤 生境：湿地、草地、池塘 状态：濒危
中国白鹭 生境：新生湿地 状态：易危
小青脚鹬 生境：湿草地、田野、稻田 状态：濒危
Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata) Habitat: Beaches, shores, wetlands, meadows Status: Near-Threatened
Baer’s Pochard (Aythya baeri) Habitat: Freshwater lakes - Dabbler Status: Critically Endangered
Scaly-sided Merganser (Mergus squamatus) Habitat: Open water - eats fish Status: Endangered
Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) Habitat: Shallows, wetlands - eats fish Status: Endangered
Black-Headed Ibis (T. melanocephalus) Grey-tailed Tatter (Tringa brevipes) Habitat: Varied wetlands Habitat: Rocky shores, rock platforms Status: Near-Threatened Status: Near-Threatened
白腰杓鹬 生境：海滩、海岸、湿地、草地 状态：近危
青头潜鸭 生境：淡水湖泊 状态：极危
中华秋沙鸭 生境：开放水域 - 吃鱼 状态：濒危
东方白鹳 生境：浅滩、湿地 - 吃鱼 状态：濒危
黑头白鹮 生境：多样湿地 状态：近危
Ochre-rumped Bunting (Emberiza yessoensis) Habitat: Reed beds & varied wetlands Status: Near-Threatened
Collared Crow (Corvus torquatus) Habitat: Parklands, openings with trees Status: Near-Threatened (Resident)
Japanese Waxwing (Bombycilla japonica) Habitat: Parks and woods and gardens Status: Near-Threatened
Yellow-breasted Bunting (Embiriza aureola) Habitat: Fields, wetlands, reedbeds Status: Endangered
赭石腰鹀 生境：芦苇塘和多样湿地 状态：近危
白颈鸦 生境：园地，开阔树林 状态：近危
日本太平鸟 生境：公园、树林、花园 状态：近危
黄胸鹀 生境：田野、湿地、芦苇 状态：濒危
短柄鹬 生境：岩石海岸，岩石台地 状态：近危
OTHER WILDLIFE
Common Amphibians, Reptiles, and Potential Mammals
Black-spotted Pond Frog(Pelophylax nigromaculatus) Habitat: Varied freshwater habitats, meadows, wet forests Status: Near Threatened
Eastern Golden Frog (Pelophylax plancyi) Habitat: Favors lotus ponds Status: Least Concern
Common Pond Frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) Habitat: All freshwater habitats and wet forests. Status: Least Concern
Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus) Habitat: All freshwater habitats. Eats other amphibians. Status: Least Concern
Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans) Habitat: Forests with adjacent wetlands Status: Least Concern
黑色斑点池蛙 生境：淡水栖息地、草地、湿地森林 状态：近危
东方金蛙 生境：喜好荷花池 状态：无危
泽蛙 生境：所有淡水栖息地和湿地森林 状态：无危
虎纹蛙 生境：所有淡水栖息地。吃其它的两栖动物 状态：无危
中华蟾蜍 生境：与湿地相邻的森林 状态：无危
Racoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) Habitat: Status: Least Concern
Siberian Weasel (Mustela sibirica) Habitat: Status: Least Concern
Chinese Rabbit (Lepus sinensis) Habitat: Status: Least Concern
Manchurian hedgehog (Erinaceus amurensis) Habitat: Status: Least Concern
Chinese pond turtle (Chinemys reevessi) Habitat: Wetlands and ponds. Uplands for nesting Status: Endangered
Chinese skink (Eumeces chinensis) Habitat: Fields, meadows, and woods. Status: Least Concern
Green Snake (Cyclophiops major) Habitat: Fields, meadows, and woods. Status: Least Concern
中国石龙子 生境：田野、草地、树林。 状态：无危
青蛇 生境：田野、草地、树林 状态：无危
貉 生境： 状态：无危
黄鼬 生境： 状态：无危
中国兔 生境： 状态：无危
The freshwater wetlands, rivers, and lakes of the Yangtze Delta region comprises critical nonbreeding winter habitat for a number of declining and listed migratory birds. Some of these are declining due to issues in their breeding range; however, most of them are being impacted by habitat destruction / degradation in their non-breeding winter ranges as well. In the case of wetlands, this often is due to impoundment, development, or other human activities. At Zhangjiabang we have to opportunity to create meaningful habitat for these birds within the urban fabric of Shanghai. We can create artificial structural habitats for these birds as well as others. For example, installing perch poles adjacent to open wetlands will support the two listed eagles. Installing islands in the lake provides safe roosting for the geese. Among these listed birds, only the Collared Crow is a resident breeder.
满洲刺猬 生境： 状态：无危
中国塘龟 生境：湿地和池塘。高地筑巢 状态：濒危
上海两栖动物多样性减少50% （从14种减少到7种） Shanghai 50% reduction in amphibian diversity (14 to 7 sp.) Li, Anlan (2014). Frogs though diminishing, varieties still found in region’s waterways. Shanghai Daily 06/11/14.
Japanese Gecko (Gekko japonicus) Habitat: Varied, including urban. Status: Least Concern 日本蛤蚧 生境：多样，包括城市 状态：无危
NATURE CENTER
Zhangjiabang Hatchery shall produce: • Fish for aquatic systems restoration (nongame fish including minnows) • Chinese Pond Turtle (Endangered) for population restoration • Amphibians (esp. Tiger frog (Hoplabatrachus rugulosus, Gunther’s frog (Hylarana guentheri, and spot-legged treefrog, Polypedates megacephalus) for population restorations • Sport fish for recreational fishing (esp. mandarin fish, yellowcheek, and chinese catfish)
Wetland Island
Fish Hatchery Overlook
Nature Center
Forest Hill
Meadow Hill
Boardwalk
ZHANGJIABANG LAKE AND WETLAND SECTION
THREATENED FISH POPULATION
Ocean / Estuary Spawning
Lake/Wetland Spawning
Takifugu (Takifugu obscurus)
Yellowcheek (Elapichthys bambusa)
Snakehead (Channa argus)
Marbled Eel (Anguilla marmorata)
Barbel Chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus)
Chinese catfish (Silurus asotus)
Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi)
Bronze Gudgeon (Coreius heterodon)
Redfin Cutter (Chanodichthyes erythropterus)
Chinese bleak (Aphyocypris chinensis)
Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus)
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
High-fin Banded Shark (Myxocyperinus asiaticus)
Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Japanese Grenadier Anchovy (Coilia nasus)
Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
暗纹东方鲀
鲈鳗
50%
River Spawning
鳡鱼
赤眼鳟
鳜鱼
43%
VULNERABLE TO UNREASONABLE HARVESTING
黄鳝
胭脂鱼
Citation：
铜鱼
中华细鲫
金鱼
鲤
VULNERABLE TO HABITAT LOSS / DEGREDATION 刀鲚
30%
花鲶
UP TO 50% OF YANTZE RIVER FISH SPECIES IMPACTED BY LIMITED DISPERSAL OR RESTRICTED RANGE 红鳍鲌
86%
乌鳢
青鱼
Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)
VULNERABLE TO WATER POLLUTION
Shaowen Ye, Zhongjie Li, Jiashou Liu, Tanglin Zhang and Songguang Xie (2011). Distribution, Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Ecosystems Biodiversity, PhD. Oscar Grillo (Ed.) ISBN: 978-953-307-417-7, InTech.
草鱼
CONSTRUCTED HABITAT
FISH STRUCTURES
RAPTOR STRUCTURES
BAT STRUCTURES
WATERFOWL STRUCTURES
SWIFT COLONIES ART STRUCTURES
BASKING LOGS
EXISTING WATERBODIES
THE NEW PARK PROPOSES
78
LINEAR KILOMETERS
OF RESTORED RIPARIAN EDGES
CURRENTLY, ZHANGJIABANG HAS
49
LINEAR KILOMETERS
OF EXISTING HARD-EDGED CANALS
WATER QUALITY & WETLAND
Constructed wetlands increase riparian edge and filtation potential Adjacent canals lack riparian buffers
Riparian buffers & wetland filters overland and groundwater flow
Artificially drained wetland in the Lower Yangtze River Delta for agriculture • Simplified hydrology • Habitat diversity loss • Minimized ecological edge condition • Fast water drainage
Existing channelized water edge
Proposed filtering wetland edge
Design principles for Wetland • Restore and maximize water/land edge condition • Re-establish wetland habitat diversity to including highland woodland to submerge aquatic habitat • Maximize the time that water flows through soil and vegetation to have the highest exchange rate. • Create a hierarchy of water bodies for various habitat and recreational purposes.
WETLAND ECOSYSTEM SERVICE
HOW CAN INTEGRATED NATURAL SYSTEMS IMPROVE WATER QUALITY Building upon knowledge of proven “best management practices,� restored natural systems become one of the primary features of the park lansdcape both in design and funtion. Outside of the future park area, existing canals are being expanded and retrofitted with hard, stabilized edges. Recognizing that these hard edges eliminate both instream and buffer filtration, canal edges within the park examine the potential for establishing continuous riparin wetland buffers throughout, restored floodplain wetlands at locations where the canal enters and exits the park, and constructed wetlands at stormwater outfalls.
2-4%
Effective size should be 2-4% of the contrubuting watershed area
Constructed Stormwater Wetland (Ouftall)
30m
Reccomended minimum buffer width for filtration and biodiversity
Naturalized Canal Edge/Riparian Buffer
Restored Floodplain Wetland (Canal)
These expanded naturalized wetland edges will provide significantly increased potential for the removal of nutrient and sediment pollution, improving the water quality of Zhangjiabang.
Constructed wetlands
Enhanced riparian buffer wetland
effective treatment up to :
100% Removal of suspended solids
100% N reduction from surface & groundwater
90% Removal of nurients
Food source supporting
80% Removal of heavy metals
90% of aquatic species
7
R A F C I N D A N G A OR ETL W 2
I M
G N
&
3 1
4 6 8
9
5
COMMUNITY HARVEST
ENLARGEMENT PLAN URBAN FARMING & WETLAND 1
温室 GREEN HOUSE
5
森林廊道 FOREST CORRIDOR
9
花园草坪 GARDEN LAWN
13
社区健身 COMMUNITY SPORTS
2
花园中心 GARDEN CENTER
6
草甸迷宫 MEADOW LABYRINTH
10
城市农场 URBAN AGRICULTURE
14
儿童游戏场地 PLAYGROUND
3
花园中心湿地植物岛 WETLAND PLANTS ISLAND
7
植物治污草甸 PHYTOREMEDIATION FIELD
11
工作坊 TOOLSHED/WORKSHOP
15
湿地 WETLAND
4
草甸步道 TRAILS
8
湿地森林 WETLAND FOREST
12
果园 ORCHARDS
5
4
11
12
10
15 2
5
6 3 1
8 9
7
13
14
0
100
200m
SOIL ECOLOGY
PLANTING, PHASING, AND PROCESS Considering long-term phasing strategies for the Zhangjiabang site, several areas may require a process-based approach to transition from postindustrial to park. Strategic plantings can help to remove any residual low-grade contaminants and build soil organic matter and nutrients over time, improving the environmental quality and soil ecology of grey/brownfield areas destined to be future parkland. Many common plants used for agriculture and afforestation have been shown to provide detoxifying and nitrogen fixing capabilities. Planting and harvesting these beneficial species as part of the park phasing constuction process will guide the site back toward a more healthy and optimal ecological condition using natural processes.
Removal of metals
Phytoextraction
Phytostabilization
Removal of organic compounds and some chlorinated solvents Rhizodegradation
Phytovolatilization
Soil building
Nitrogen fixing
NH
As
Zn Cd
Se
TCE
NH
N
Cu Ni
Hg
N
SOIL ECOLOGY
Process based site regeneration
Site preparation Soil building cover crop Site preparation
1
Afforestation
Removal of debris and remaining structures
Soil building
Carve out park program
2
Planting of cover crops and nitrogen fixing plants
Design principles for previously developed/post-industrial areas Afforestation
3 Once soil organic matter and nutrient levels are increased, plant with early, mid, and late-successional tree species
Program
4 Carve park program areas out of established meadows and forested areas
• It is likely that the park would be developed in phases due to the scale and complexity of the site • Previously developed areas likely would have deminished capacity for the establishment of plant material • The master plan proposal suggests that the afformentioned areas follow a processed-based approach to minimize cost and to work with natural processes as park of the park’s phasing plan
POTENTIAL CONTAMINATION & PHYTOREMEDIATION
Potential Source of Contamination 路路 Most of the existing factories are potential source of contamination, based on the produc-
tion being manufactured 路路 Any contaminated buildings and site shall be remediated before being reused in the park
Phytoremediation & Soil Building Areas Existing Structures
PLANTING & PHASING STRATEGY FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION
PHASE 1 SPORTS
GARDEN & DISCOVERY
CIVIC & RECREATION
LAKE ZONE
PHASE 2
PHASE 3
7
2 3 1
4 6
8
R O T O E D K T R U A O M
9
5
EARLY MORNING AT THE FARMER’S MARKET
ENLARGEMENT PLAN FARMER’S MARKET 1
码头 PIER
5
湖景餐厅/茶室 LAKE VIEW RESTAURANT/ TEAHOUSE
9
城市湿地 URBAN WETLAND
13
社区公园 COMMUNITY POCKET PARK
2
湖景公寓 LAKE VIEW CONDO
6
商业 RETAIL
10
游泳池 SWIMMING POOL
14
水岸平台 DECK
3
驳船岸 BOAT DOCK
7
露天市场 FLEXIBLE OUTDOOR MARKET
11
运河岸混合商业/办公 CANAL FRONT MIXED USE RETAIL
15
街区绿轴 NEIGHBORHOOD GREEN AXIS
4
船坞 BOAT HOUSE
8
酒店 HOTEL
12
购物中心/ 办公 SHOPPING MALL/ OFFICE
16
阶梯运河景观办公楼 CANAL TERRACE OFFICE
1
2 15
1 5 3
6
4
7
13
1 14
9
8 5
11
10 1
16
12 0
100
200m
LAKESIDE URBAN PARK
LAKESIDE URBAN CORE
办公大楼
复合用地住宅
Office Tower
Residential Mixed Use
湖景酒店 Lakeview Hotel
商业庭院
滨河商业
Retail Courtyards
Canal Retail
滨河商业 Canal Retail
河景阶梯办公楼 Canal Office Terraces
湖景公寓 Lakeview Reisdential
多功能集市 Linear Market
景观地形滨水餐饮 餐厅
Landform Waterfront
Restaurants 船坞俱乐部 Civic Boathouse
RESIDENTIAL BLOCK TYPOLOGY
线性低密度住宅 Linear Low Residential 开放空间
Landscape Open Space
街区微气候 Block Microclimate
Eve r 街区 green 西北 Tree 两侧 s on 种植 Nort 常绿 h and 乔木 Wes ，以 t to B 挡冬 lock 天冷 Win 风 ter W ind
un rS e t n Wi 光 for 态采 t s 动 Ea nd 促进 a ， uth So 乔木 n s o 落叶 ree 植 T 种 s ou 侧 idu 南两 c De 区东 街
街区构成 Axon Composite
5m
17 105
m 0
25
50m
OFFICE TERRACE BLOCK TYPOLOGY
河景阶梯办公组团
Canal Office Terraces
开放空间
Landscape Open Space
建筑界面
Building Interface
街区构成 Axon Composite
185
m
150
m
0
25
50m
HYBRID RETAIL BLOCK TYPOLOGY
混合商业
Hybrid Retail 庭院式商业
Courtyard Retail
线性多功能集市 Linear Market
城市滨河商业 Canal Retail
街区构成 15 5
m
Axon Composite
178 m
0
25
50m
LANDFORM WATERFRONT BLOCK TYPOLOGY
景观地形滨水 Landform Waterfront 景观和步道交汇口
Landscape/boardwalk intersect
建筑界面
街区构成
13
3
m
Building Interface
Axon Composite
77m 0
25
50m
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
口
地下停车入
5m 1.5m ay Drivew
8m
2.5m
Setback
lk Sidewa
后
建筑退
人行道
Bike
自行车
7m ay Drivew
车行道
Ramp
坡道 m
ROW 30
生态过滤池
5m
Bioswale
4m
1.5m
车行道
Bioswale
7m
2.5m Bike
自行车
4m lk Sidewa
人行道
Setback
后
建筑退
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
7
2
R E M
3 4 8
M O E C T ON N O LZ 1 R F RA E K U A L ULT C 6 5
9
A I C
& L
DUSK ON THE LAKE
PARK RELINKS THE CITY
高
湖
滨
步
地
林
地
徒
步
道 休
闲
鱼
塘
及
垂
钓
科
研
湿
地
及
社
区
湿
教
育
观
湿
花
公
共
地
园
地
木
栈
鸟
雕
道 湿
及
农
地
植
餐
花
术
马
都
户
园
莲
装
艺
步
场 野
物
林
徒
塑
和
置
池
和
两
栖
动
物
生
外
剧
市
有
机
农
草
甸
野
森
营 湖
上
划
球
网
球 放
风
筝 热
业
营
境
林
篮
游
场
野
术
及
船
泳
足
球
自
行
车
气
球
赛 跑
步
PARK RELINKS THE CITY
We worked closely with ecologists and climate scientists to investigate the
complex environmental challenges to Shanghai as well as the ecoregion beyond. The research findings together with Shanghai’s long term goals for the green wedge concept reinforced our design phylosophy. We strive to create a new model and catalyst for the rest of the eight green wedges proposed by Shanghai.
ECOLOGY CREATES VALUE FOR SHANGHAI
GLOBAL WETLAND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
FOREST ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
(Russi et al, 2013)
GLOBAL WETLANDS
200
态
系统 EM
生
%
A RE A 地球 面
ST SY
.5 1 积的
服务
40 % G OBAL ECO L
A OB GL 1.5 % OF
LL AN D
SE
R VI CES
0% 4 提 供 全球
评估树木量：100000 （芝加哥取样）
ESTIMATED TREES: 100,000 (Chicago Example)
种植与维护成本（30年） 净价值总计： 每棵树：
Cost of installation and maintenance (over 30 yrs): 22.1 million USD Total net present value: 62.1 million USD Per Tree: 402 USD
评估树木量：100000 （纽约市取样）
ESTIMATED TREES: 100,000 - Annual Benefits in $ (New York City Example)
能量 空气质量 雨洪 二氧化碳 美化/其它
Energy 47.63 / tree Air Quality 9.02 / tree Stormwater 61 / tree CO2 1.29 / tree Aesthetic / Other 89.88 / tree TOTAL: 209 USD / tree / yr
= 20.9 million USD / yr
ACCORDING TO NEW YORK CITY GOVERNMENT’S DATA ESTIMATE IN 2014, THE ESTIMATE VISIBLE VALUE FROM THE ECOLOGICAL SERVICE OF ZHANGJIABANG’S
million USD
ESTIMATED VALUATION: 44,000 USD / HA / YR (Russi et al, 2013) = ZB (46 ha) = ~2 million USD/yr
215 HECTARE
2090
million USD
Jim & Chen (2009) Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China. Cities 26. 187-194.
Data Sources:
McPherson EG, Nowak D, Heisler G, Grimmond S, Souche C, Grant R and Rowntree R. 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project.
Russi D., Brink P., Farmer A., Badura T., Coates D., Forster J., Kumar R. and Davidson N. (2013) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity for water and wetlands. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) and Ramsar Secretariat (London & Brussels). 78 pp.
Sakadevan K. and Bavor H.J. (1999) Nutrient removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands and sustainable water management. Water Science and Technology 40. 121-128.
New York City Parks and Recreation Dept. (2014) Calculating tree benefits for New York City [Online] at: https://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/trees_greenstreets/images/treecount_report.pdf
FOREST AREA.
ZHANGJIABANG URBAN DESIGN AND LANDSCAPE MASTER PLAN