Medicinal and pharmacological properties of Andrographis paniculata by M. Mezbanur Rahman

1 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed.

International Journal of Biomolecules and Biomedicine (IJBB) ISSN: 2221-1063 (Print) 2222-503X (Online) Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 1-12, 2013 http://www.innspub.net REVIEW PAPER

OPEN ACCESS

Medicinal and pharmacological properties of Andrographis paniculata Manoharan Sivananthan1*, Manoharan Elamaran2 1

Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Biomedicine and Health, ASIA Metropolitan University,

G-8, Jalan Kemacahaya 11, Taman Kemacahaya, Batu 9, 43200 Cheras, Selangor, Malaysia 2

Department of Pre University, Mahmud Secondary School, Jalan Tras, 27600 Raub, Pahang,

Malaysia Article Published: 22 March 2013

Key words: Andrographis paniculata, pharmacological activities, andrographolide. Abstract A lot of literature reviews about Andrographis paniculata has been published previously. Researchers are critically involved in the research to extract out the potential medicinal value that possess by the “King of Bitter”. It has a broad pharmacological value. Traditionally many disease condition have been treated successfully. The success of the plant is due to the presence of few bioactive compounds such as andrographolide, homo-andrographolide andrographesterol, andrographopne which are identified through the phythochemistry studies of the plant which are having the wide therapeutic activities. The extremely bitter taste of the plant is due the compound known as andrographolide. However this bitter plant is having a sweet future for those appreciated the benefits of the plant. From the review it is proven that Andrographis paniculata is having antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, anticancer,

antivenom,

anti

HIV,

antimalarial,

antipyretic,

antifertility,

antidiarrhoeal,

antidiabetic,

antihiperlipidemic activities. Variety of literature concerning about the toxicity studies has confirmed that the plant is safe to consume although few findings revealed that consuming Andrographis paniculata for a long period of time may possess some unwanted action especially in the fertility studies. *Corresponding

Author: Manoharan Sivananthan  siva8905@gmail.com

Sivananthan and Elamaran

2 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. Introduction

therapeutic arsenal of this important phytomolecule.

Andrographis paniculata is a plant that has been

In addition to the well known pharmacological

eﬀectively used in traditional Asian medicines for

activities

centuries. Its perceived “blood purifying” property

hypoglycemic etc., recent advances in the management

results

blood

of immune system and neoplastic diseases make

“abnormalities” are considered causes of disease, such

andrographolide the phytomolecule of the hour (Maiti

its

use

diseases

where

hepatoprotective,

antioxidant,

chronic

et al., 2006). The therapeutic value of Andrographis

undetermined fevers. The aerial part of the plant, used

paniculata is due to its mechanism of action which is

medicinally, contains a large number of chemical

perhaps by enzyme induction (Meenatchisundaram et

constituents, mainly lactones, diterpenoids, diterpene

al., 2009).

skin

glycosides,

eruptions,

boils,

ﬂavonoids,

scabies,

and

ﬂavonoid

glycosides.

Controlled clinical trials report its safe and eﬀective use for reducing symptoms of uncomplicated upper

Table 1. Taxonomy of Andrographis paniculata. Kingdom

Plantae, plants

Subkingdom

Tracheobionta, vascular plants

Superdivision

Spermatophyta, seed plants

Division

Angiosperma

Class

Dicotyledonae

Sub-class

Gamopetalae

countries, such as China, India, Thailand and Sri

Series

Bicarpellatae

Lanka and has a long history of therapeutic usage in

Order

Personales

Tribe

Justicieae

Family

Acanthaceae

disorders. It is one of the herbs, which can be used to

Genus

Andrographis

treat neoplasm as mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic

Species

Paniculata

respiratory tract infections. Since many of the disease conditions commonly treated with Andrographis paniculata

traditional

medical

systems

are

considered self-limiting, its purported beneﬁts need critical evaluation (Akbar, 2011). Andrographis paniculata grows widely in many Asian

Indian and Oriental medicine. The herb is official in Indian Pharmacopoeia as a predominant constituent of at least 26 Ayurvedic formulations used to treat liver

literature. Andrographis paniculata is reported as a cold property herb in Traditional Chinese medicine

Andrographis paniculata grows erect to a height of

(TCM) and is used to get rid of body heat and to expel

30– 110 cm in moist, shady places. The slender stem is

toxins (Majee et al., 2011). Table 1 represent the

dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal

taxonomy of Andrographis paniculata (Alireza et al.,

furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped

2011).

leaves have hairless blades mea ruing up to 8 centimeters long by 2.5 wide. The small flowers are

Andrographolide, a bitter principle obtained from

borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule

Andrographis paniculata is a diterpene lactone,

around 2 centimeters long and a few millimeters wide.

responsible for various pharmacological activities. This

It contains many yellow brown seeds (Kumar et al.,

is a well known phytoconstituent from Indian System

2012). Figure 1 represent the image of A. paniculata.

of Medicine, used in the management of different

The leaves of Andrographis paniculata contain

diseases since time immemorial. Research activities

maximum active principle like andrographolide, homo-

worldwide

andrographolide

Andrographolide

exhibit are

the

beneficial

continuously

role

enriching

of the

andrographesterol

andrographopne. Andrographolide

Sivananthan and Elamaran

and the major

3 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. constituent in leaves which is bitter substance. The

fevers, pharyngolaryngitis, dysentery, cough with thick

leaves of the herb were found to contain the highest

sputum, carbuncle, sores (Akbar, 2011). It is also

amount of andrographolide and the seeds contain the

having potential to be used as herbicidal and it is used

lowest. The average andrographolide content varied

as antiarthritis (Alireza et al., 2011).

from 12.44 to 33.52 mg/g in dried leaves found maximum at 90-120 days (Parashar et al., 2011).

Antioxidant activity Hydroalcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata possesses

antioxidant

activity

against

oxidative

alterations in myocardium and confer significant cardioprotective activity by helping in retaining the cardiac function in a normal manner (Ojha et al., 2009). In vitro antioxidant studies using 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that ethanol extracts have superior free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value = 10.9 than aqueous extracts with IC50 value

= 24.65.

This study

showed that

pretreatment with ethonolic extract of Andrographis paniculata ethanolic provided significant antioxidant property (Wasman et al., 2011). The active antioxidant compounds are better extracted in methanol for Andrographis paniculata. Also suggested that there is a direct correlation between the total polyphenols extracted and anti-oxidant activity. The methanol extract of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata exhibited Fig. 1. Image of Andrographis paniculata.

treating fever, liver disease, diabetes, snake bite (Patidar et al., 2011). It is also used as antibiotic, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV, anti-allergic (Jegathambigai et al., 2010). It is also utilised for common cold, hepatoprotective activity, antimalarial, antidiarrheal and intestinal effect, cardiovascular activity, antifertility activity, pain reduction (Jarukamjorn and Nemoto, 2008). It is also possess antifungal activity, cholerectic activity and in the Unani system of medicine, it is considered emollient,

emmenagogue,

gastric

astringent, tonic,

activity

indicating

that

scavenging activity (Sharma and Joshi, 2011).

Andrographis paniculata is being used mainly for

aperient,

appreciable

Andrographis paniculata has promising free radical

diuretic,

carminative.

recommended for use in cases of leprosy, gonorrhea, scabies, boils, skin eruptions, chronic and seasonal

Evaluation

Andrographis

the

antioxidant

paniculata

property

employing

of three

different methods DPPH, Lipid Peroxidation and DNA cleavage protective assay was carried out. In both the DPPH and Lipid Peroxidation methods, gallic acid and Îą- tocopherol were used as a standard antioxidant for comparison

the

antioxidant

property

Andrographis paniculata. Whereas in the DNA cleavage, pBS plasmid

was

used

to assess the

protective activity of Andrographis paniculata. In the DPPH method the RSC (radical scavenging capacity) of

the

plant

spectrophotometrically

extract at

was 512nm.

measured The

lipid

peroxidation inhibition activity of plant extract was also evaluated by taking the absorbance of pink colored

Sivananthan and Elamaran

4 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. complex formed at 535nm. In the DNA cleavage

Anticancer activity

protective assay, the electrophoretic pattern of DNA

Three compounds were isolated from chloroform and

after UV-induced photolysed H2O2 – oxidative

methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata which

damage were different in the absence and presence of

were coded as AND-6, AND-4, AND-11. Among those

methanolic extract of plant. In the above mentioned

AND-4 possess cytotoxic activity against cancer cell

antioxidant

lines Hep G2,HCT-116 using MTT Assay (Mulukuri et

assays

the

methanolic

extract

Andrographis paniculata showed higher antioxidant

al., 2011).

activity than water- methanolic extracts (Huidrom and Deka, 2012).

Andrographolide

isolated

from

Andrographis

paniculata at 0.35 mM , 0.70 mM and 1.40 mM The

beneficial

effects

antioxidant

properties

induced DNA fragmentation and

increased the

Andrographis paniculata were studied in the diabetic

percentage of apoptotic cells when TD-47 human

animals.

single

breast cancer cell line was treated for 24, 48 and 72

intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg,

Diabetes

hours. The results demonstrated that andrographolide

i.p) dissolved in freshly prepared citrate buffer (pH

can induce apoptosis in TD-47 human breast cancer

4.5), resulted in elevation of blood glucose levels,

cell line in a time and concentration-dependent

decrease in the superoxide dismutase and catalase

manner by increase expression of p53, bax, caspase-3

activity.

Andrographis

and decrease expression of bcl-2 determined by

paniculata (400 mg/kg, p.o) resulted in significant

immunohistochemical analysis (Harjotaruno et al.,

decrease in the blood glucose levels and increase in the

2007).

Oral

was

induced

administration

with

activity of SOD and catalase. Study demonstrates that Andrographis paniculata (400mg/kg, p.o) showed

The methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata

potential antioxidant activity (Dandu and Inamdar,

was fractionated into dichloromethane, petroleum

2009).

ether

and

aqueous

extracts

and

screened

for

bioactivity. Results indicate that the dichloromethane Different µg/ml concentration of ethanolic extract

fraction of the methanolic extract retains the active

(200µg to 1000µg/ml) was used for the estimation of

compounds contributing for both the anticancer and

antioxidant activity of Andrographis paniculata.

immunostimulatory activity. Dichloromethane fraction

Initially 200 to 400 µg/ml increases the working

significantly inhibits the proliferation of HT-29 (colon

sample

cancer) cells and augments the proliferation human

and

inhibition

also

increased.

Further

400 ‐1000µg/ml concentration decreased ratio of the

peripheral

activity was showed. Finally 91.01% of maximum

concentrations.

blood

antioxidant activity was observed at the concentration

dichloromethane extract

of 1000µg/ml (Doss and Kalaichelvan, 2012). Leaf

diterpene compounds, example andrographolide,14-

extracts showed the highest antioxidant potential

deoxyandrographolide

followed by stem and fruit extracts with the rabbit

didehydroandrographolide. Andrographolide showed

erythrocytes hemolysis and superoxide dismutase

anticancer activity on diverse cancer cells representing

activity assays. However, Andrographis paniculata

different types of human cancers. Whereas all the three

fruit extracts exhibited the highest DPPH free radical

molecules

scavenging activity compared to the other extracts

interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction in HPBLs (Kumar et al.,

(Rafat et al., 2010).

2004).

showed

Sivananthan and Elamaran

lymphocytes

further

(HPBLs)

fractionation

low

the

we could isolate three and

enhanced

14-deoxy-11,12-

proliferation

and

5 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. The GC-MS evaluation of ethanolic leaf extract of

Antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Andrographis

Andrographis paniculata revealed that tetradecanoic,

paniculata Wall., was studied using different solvent

phytol, squalene, sitosterol compounds were having

like chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water against

anticancer properties (Kalaivani et al., 2012).

bacterial strains like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonus aeruginosa and fungal strains

Hepatoprotective activity

Aspergillus niger and Penicillum chrysogenum. The

In a research conducted to study the activity of

antimicrobial activity was determined by disc diffusion

Andrographis paniculata in liver protective activity,

method. Out of the four extract used, acetone and

acute hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (150

ethanol extracts were found to be highly active against

mg/kg) in Swiss albino mice. Oral administration of

Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Highest

Andrographis paniculata extract (100-200mg/kg)

in acetone (12 mm) and lowest in ethanol (10 mm)

offered a significant dose dependent protection against

(Hosamani et al., 2011)

paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity as assessed in terms

biochemical

and

histopathological

The chloroform extracts of the stem and the root of

parameters. Study revealed that the extracts of

Andrographis

paniculata

showed

considerable

Andrographis paniculata offered protection against

antibacterial and antifungal activities. The chloroform

hepatotoxicity induced by paracetamol (Nagalekshmi

extract of the stem (100 Âľg/ml) showed the significant

et al., 2011).

antibacterial activity against all the tested organisms compared with the standard benzyl penicillin, but the

The effect of Andrographis paniculata extract was

chloroform extract of the root (100 Âľg/ml) showed

studied on ethanol induced hepatic damage in rats.

moderate activity against the organisms tested with the

Treatment with aqueous extract of Andrographis

standard benzyl penicillin. These extracts also showed

paniculata (50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg body

moderate

weight) was found to protect the rat from hepato toxin

organisms compared with the standard fluconazole

action of ethanol an evidenced significant reduction in

(Radhika and Lakshmi, 2010).

antifungal

activity

against

the

tested

the elevated serum transaminase levels (Vetriselvan et al., 2010).

The

antimicrobial

activity

aqueous

extract,

andrographolides and arabinogalactan proteins from Antimicrobial activity

Andrographis paniculata were evaluated. The aqueous

Ethanol extract of the aerial part of Andrographis

extract showed significant antimicrobial activity, which

paniculata was

may be due to the combined effect of the isolated

prepared

and

evaluated

for

antimicrobial activity against eleven bacterial strains

arabinogalactan

proteins

by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and

(Singha et al., 2003).

and

andrographolides

zone of inhibition. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were compared with control and zone of

Hot and cold methanol extract of leaves and whole

inhibition values were compared with standard

plant of Andrographis paniculata

ciprofloxacin in concentration 100 and 200 Îźg/ml. The

separately for their anti-bacterial activity against

results revealed that, the ethanol extract is potent in

Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-737) and Escherichia

inhibiting bacterial growth of both Gram-negative and

coli (MTCC-452) using agar well diffusion method. The

Gram positive bacteria (Mishra et al., 2009).

susceptibility of the microorganisms to the extracts

were screened

was compared with each other and with selected standard antibiotic. It was observed that hot methanol

Sivananthan and Elamaran

6 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. extracts of leaves showed the significant anti bacterial

Andrographis paniculata showed the presence of

activity against both bacteria while least bacterial

promising antibacterial substances against B. cereus

activity was recorded with cold methanolic extracts of

and L. monocytogene under normal and osmotic stress

whole

(Pitinidhipat and Yasurin, 2012).

plant

Andrographis

paniculata.

Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, glycoside, tannins and

The methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata

saponins (Sharma et al., 2011).

possess the ability of inhibiting the activity of DENV1( dengue virus serotype 1) in in vitro assays (Tang et

An ethanol extract of the leaves inhibited the growth in

al., 2012). Andrographolide, neoandrographolide and

vitro of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A

14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide,

50% methanol extract of the leaves inhibited growth in

labdene

vitro of Proteus vulgaris. However, no in vitro

paniculata showed viricidal activity against herpes

antibacterial activity was observed when dried powder

simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) (wiart et al., 2005).

from

the

aerial

parts

was

tested

diterpenes

isolated

from

ent-

Andrographis

against E.

coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi or Shige

Chloroform

extract

Andrographis

paniculata

lla species (Meenatchisundaram et al., 2009).

(30mg/ml) leaves and roots exhibit some antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In the study

The antifungal activity of extracts of Andrographis

conducted in Asia Metropolitan University, Malaysia

paniculata was evaluated by agar well diffusion

revealed that the zone of inhibition of Andrographis

method against five selected fungal species. Stem

paniculata against Staphylococcus aureus were as

extracts of Andrographis paniculata showed high

follow:

antifungal activity against A.oryzae, Penicillum sp and

Erythromycin (24.00 mm), leaves and Erythromycin

C.albicans. The root extracts showed high antifungal

(20.67 mm), roots and Erythromycin (21.67 mm),

activity against A. niger, A. flavus, C.albicans,

leaves and roots (17.33 mm). The findings proved that

Penicillum sp and A.oryzae

leaves

(17.33

mm),

roots

(10.67

mm),

and also leaf extracts

the plant is having potential antibacterial activity

showed high antifungal activity against Penicillum sp

against Staphylococcus aureus (Sivananthan and

and A. flavus but did not show antifungal activity

Elamaran, 2013).

against C.albicans, A. niger, A.oryzae (Rajalakshmi et al., 2012).

Antidiabetic and antihiperlipidemic The purified extract and andrographolide significantly

Dichloromethane

lowest

(P<0.05) decreased the levels of blood glucose,

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (100

(DCM)

extract

revealed

triglyceride, and LDL compared to controls. However,

μg/mL) against Microsporum canis, Candida albicans,

no changes were observed in serum cholesterol and rat

and Candida tropicalis, whereas methanol (MEOH)

body weight. Metformin also showed similar effects on

extract revealed lowest MIC (150 µg/mL) against C.

these parameters (Nugroho et al., 2012).

tropicalis and Aspergillus niger. DCM extract showed lowest minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value

The hot water and ethanol extracts of Andrographis

(250 µg/mL) against M. canis, C. albicans, C. tropicalis

paniculata collected from Chittagong exhibited a

and A. niger, whereas MEOH extract showed lowest

significant hypoglycemic (blood glucose lowering)

MFC

Trichophyton

activity in both glucose-loaded and alloxan-induced

mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, M. canis, C.

diabetic rats. Oral administration of glucose (1.5 g/kg

albicans, C. tropicalis and A. niger (Sule et al., 2012).

body weight) increased the blood sugar level while the

(250

µg/mL)

against

Sivananthan and Elamaran

7 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. intraperitonial (ip) administration of alloxan (40

Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

mg/kg body weight) enhanced the blood sugar level

activity

much higher than that of the glucose-loaded rats. The

Aqueous extracts of the leaves inhibited HIV-1

hot water (0.8 g/kg b.w.) and ethanol extracts (2 g/kg

infection and replication in the lymphoid cell line

b.w.) of Andrographis paniculata reduced the elevated

MOLT-4. A hot aqueous extract of the aerial parts

glucose level by 41.51 and 41.82%, respectively in

reduced the percentage of HIV antigen-positive H9

glucose-loaded rats as compared to the respective

cells. Dehydroandrographolide inhibited

diabetic

hand,

HIV-1 (UCD123) infection of H9 cells at 1.6mg/ml and

administration of hot water and ethanol extracts of A.

50mg/ml, respectively, and also inhibited HIV-1

paniculata decreased the blood sugar level by 46.21

infection of human lymphocytes at 50mg/ml. A

and 45.13%, respectively in alloxan induced diabetic

methanol

rats, when compared with that of diabetic control rats

suppressed syncytia formation

(Alamgir et al., 2007).

uninfected and HIV-1-infected MOLT cells (median

control

rats.

the

other

extract

the in

HIV-1

and

leaves

co-cultures

effective dose [ED50] 70mg/ml) (Meenatchisundaram The chloroform extract of Andrographis paniculata

et al., 2009).

roots was tested for its antihyperglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetic rats using chronic and acute

Antipyretic activity

studies.

The blood glucose lowering activity was

Intragastric administration of an ethanol extract of the

determined after oral administration at doses of 50,

aerial parts (500mg/kg body weight) to rats decreased

100 and 150 mg/kg body weight in acute study. Where

yeast-induced pyrexia. The extract was reported to be

as in case of chronic study blood glucose, protein,

as effective as 200 mg/kg body weight of aspirin, and

albumin and creatinine levels were estimated after 4

no toxicity was observed at doses up to 600 mg/kg

weeks of treatment at the dose of 300 mg/kg. The

body

study

of andrographolide (100 mg/kg body weight) to mice

proved significant

antidiabetic

activity

weight. Intragastric administration

chloroform extract of Andrographis paniculata roots

decreased

(Rao, 2006).

pyrexia. Intragastric administrationof deoxyandrograp

brewerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

yeast

induced

holide, andrographolide, neoandrographolideor 11,12Water extract of Andrographis paniculata 10 mg/kg

didehydro-14-deoxyandrographolide (100 mg/kg body

body weight can prevent induction of hyperglycaemia

weight) to mice, rats or rabbits reduced pyrexia

significantly

induced

0.001)

induced

oral

administration of glucose 2 mg/kg body weight. But

2,4-dinitrophenol

endotoxins

(Meenatchisundaram et al., 2009).

any how failed to do so in adrenaline induced hyperglycaemia. It also failed to demonstrate any

Antidiarrhoeal activity

"fasting blood sugar lowering effect" upon chronic

Herba Andrographis paniculata has

administration (6 weeks) of Andrographis paniculata.

antidiarrhoeal activity in situ. An ethanol, chloroform

or 1-butanol extract of the aerial parts (300mg/ml)

probably

Andrographis

paniculata

prevents

glucose absorption from gut. Whole experiment was

inhibited

done on rabbits (Borhanuddin et al., 1994).

induced secretory response-which causes a diarrhoeal

the E.

coli enterotoxin-

syndrome in the rabbit and guinea-pig ileal loop assay. However, an aqueous extract of the aerial parts was not active.

The

constituent diterpene lactones, andrographolide and

Sivananthan and Elamaran

8 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. exhibited

parasite (two strains of Plasmodium falciparum) and

potent antisecretory activity in vivo against Eschericia

neoandrographolide,

did not show any in vivo toxicity (Mishra et al., 2009).

coli enterotoxin induced diarrhoea. Andrographolide (1

In an another separate study four xanthones were

mg per loop) was as active as loperamide when tested

isolated from the roots of Andrographis paniculata

against

coli enterotoxin-induced

using a combination of column and thin-layer

diarrhoea and more effective than loperamide when

chromatographic methods. They were characterized as

tested against heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin

1,8-di-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-xanthone,

induced diarrhoea. Neoandrographolide (1

dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-xanthone,

heat

labile E.

mg per

loop) was as effective as loperamide when tested

6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone

against

induced

hydroxy xanthone by IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic

diarrhoea and slightly less active than loperamide

methods. In vitro study revealed that compound 1,2-

when tested against heat-stable E. coli enterotoxin-

dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone

induced diarrhoea. The mechanism of action involves

substantial

inhibition of the intestinal secretory response induced

Plasmodium falciparum with its IC(50) value of 4

by heat labile Escherichia coli enterotoxins, which are

microg ml(-1). Xanthones bearing hydroxyl group at 2

known

stimulation

position demonstrated most potent activity while

of adenylate cyclase, and by inhibition of the secretion

xanthones with hydroxyl group at 1,4 or 8 position

induced by heat-stable E. coli enterotoxins, which act

possessed very low activity. In vivo anti-malarial

through the activation of guanylate cyclase. Incubation

sensitivity test of this compound on Swiss Albino mice

of murine macrophages

with andrographolide (1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

with Plasmodium berghei infection using Peters' 4-day

50mol/l) inhibited bacterial endotoxin-induced nitrite

test gave substantial reduction (62%) in parasitaemia

accumulation in a concentration- and time dependent

after treating the mice with 30 mg kg(-1) dose. In vitro

manner (Meenatchisundaram et al., 2009).

cytotoxicity against mammalian cells revealed that 1,2-

heat-labile E.

act

coli enterotoxin

through

the

and

4,8-

1,2-dihydroxy-

anti-plasmodial

3,7,8-trimethoxy-1-

possessed activity

against

dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone is non-cytotoxic Antifertility activity

with its IC(50) > 32 microg ml(-1) (Dua et al., 2004).

Dry leaf powder of Andrographis paniculata, when fed orally to male albino rats, at a dose level of 20 mg

Antivenom activity

powder per day for 60 days, resulted in cessation of

Intraperitoneal injection of an ethanol extract of the

spermatogenesis,

the

aerial parts (25 g/kg body weight) to mice poisoned

seminiferous tubules, regression of Leydig cells and

with cobra venom markedly delayed the occurrence of

regressive

respiratory failure and death. The same extract

and/or

degenerative degenerative

changes

the

epididymis, seminal vesicle, ventral prostate and

induced

contractions

guinea-pig

ileum

coagulating gland. There was reduction in the weight

concentrations of 2 mg/ml. The contractions were

and fluid content of the accessory glands (Akbarsha et

enhanced by physostigmine and blocked by atropine,

al., 1990). No toxicity of andrographolide (50 mg/kg)

but were unchanged by antihistamines. These data

treatment for up to 8 weeks on number and motility of

suggest that extracts of the aerial parts do not modify

sperm could be observed (Sattayasa et al., 2010).

the activity of the nicotinic receptors but produce significant muscarinic activity, which accounts for its

Antimalarial activity The

50%

inhibitory

antivenom effects (Meenatchisundaram et al., 2009). concentration

(IC50)

Andrographis paniculata (7.2 Îźg/ml) and the plant extract was found to inhibit the ring stage of the

Sivananthan and Elamaran

9 Int. J. Biomol. Biomed. Toxicity and dosing

References

In a research to determine toxicity and dosing, the

Akbar S. 2011. Andrographis paniculata: A Review of

LD50 of the alcohol extract, obtained by cold

Pharmacological

maceration, is 1.8 g/kg. The LD50 of andrographolide

Alternative Medicine Review 16(1), 66- 77.

Activities

and

Clinical

Effects.

(yield 0.78% w/w from whole plant) in male mice through intraperitoneal route is 11.46 g/kg. In the

Akbarsha

study on HIV-positive patients a dose of 1,500-2,000

KS, Vijayan

mg of andrographolides was given daily for six weeks.

Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat.

Side eﬀects were common and the study was

Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 28(5), 421-

discontinued early despite some improvements in

426.

CD4+

counts.

Until

deﬁnitive

information

MA, Manivannan B.

1990.

B, Hamid

Antifertility

effect

Andrographis paniculata and its constituents on

Alamgir MH, Roy BK, Ahmed K, Chowdhury

reproduction is available, it would be prudent for both

AMS, Rashid MA. 2007. Antidiabetic Activity

men and women to avoid this herb during desired

of Andrographis

conception and for women during pregnancy (Akbar,

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 6(1), 15- 20.

paniculata.

Dhaka

University

2011) Alireza V, Mihdzar AK, Soon GT, Daryush T, Mohd

Conclusion

PA,

Sonia N.

2011.

Nain-e

Havandi

that

Andrographis paniculata present yesterday, absent

Andrographis paniculata which is a famous medicinal

today: a plenary review on underutilized herb of Iran’s

plant which is used in China and India for a centuries

pharmaceutical plants. An International Journal on

is having a promising medicinal value. Critical research

Molecular and Cellular Biology 39(5), 5409- 5424,

using this plant must be conducted so that the hidden

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1341-x

From

the

review

can

concluded

medicinal value can be extracted out for the beneficial of the publics. From the review it was proven that

Borhanuddin M, Shamsuzzoha M, Hussain AH.

Andrographis

1994.

paniculata

hepatoprotective, antivenom, antifertility,

anti

having

antioxidant,

antimicrobial, HIV,

antimalarial,

antidiarrhoeal,

Hypoglycaemic

effects

Andrographis

anticancer,

paniculata Nees on non-diabetic rabbits. Bangladesh

antipyretic,

Medical Research Council Bulletin 20(1), 24- 26.

antidiabetic, Dandu AM, Inamdar NM. 2009. Evaluation if

antihiperlipidemic activities.

beneficial effects of antioxidant properties of aqueous Acknowledgement

leaf extract of andrographis paniculata in stz- induced

Would like to thank to Miss Che Wan Imanina,

diabetes. Pakistan Journal of Pharmacuetical Science

Programme Manager of department of Biomedical

22(1), 49- 52.

Science, ASIA Metropolitan University for her support and also would like to thank to our father, Manoharan

Devaraj

Jegathambigai

Muthu and mother, Neela Periasamy for their love,

Sivaramakrishnan

supports and encouragement.

hepatoprotective effect of androgaraphis paniculata

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