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(Naya Yugbodh National Daily June 14, 2024)

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s;n] sltk6s / Qmbfg u/ ] < Sofn] 08/ g} kfngf u/ ] / / Qmbfg ug] { k|j[lQ geP klg lgoldt?kdf / Qmbfg ug] { bftfx? bfªdf 5g\ . / Qm ;~rf/ s] Gb|sf] tYof+scg';f/ lhNnfdf lgoldt %) k6seGbf w] / } / Qmbfg ug] { gf} hgf, #) k6s eGbf w] / } / Qmbfg ug] {x? kf“rhgf 5g\ eg] b'n{e / Qm ;d"x / x] sf bftfx? !% hgf 5g\ . %) k6s eGbf w] / } / qmbfg ug] { hLtaxfb'/ s] ;L, jL/ ] Gb|s'df/ cfrfo{, ;fxgf >] i7, ;'dg kf} 8] n, sflnsf v/ ] n, k|df] b >] i7, nf] s/ fh k/ fh'nL, wgaxfb'/ v8\sf / 7fs'/ kf} 8] n x'g'x'G5 . o;} u/ L #) k6s eGbf w] / } / Qmbfg ug] { g/ ] Gb| k'g, wd] {Gb| >] i7, eLd d/ fl;gL, k|sfz 8f“uL, z/ b clwsf/ L x'g'x'G5 eg] b'n{e / Qm;d"x bftf cf] dk|sfz hf] zL, ljqmd g] kfnL, bLks yfkf, dfgaxfb'/ a'9fyf] sL, t] h h+u, laqmd rf} w/ L, yDdg rf} w/ L, k|jL0f l8;L, ;'ifdf hf] zL, dlgiff yfkf, a;Gt vgfn, wgaxfb'/ 8fuL, gLgfs'df/ L zdf{, b'uf{ s] ;L / / f] zgL kf] v|] n x'g'x'G5 .

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atfpg'x'G5 . …cem} lgoldt / Qmbftf a9\g'kg] { hlt a9] sf] cj: yf eg] 5} gÚ pxf“n] eGg'eof] – …klxn] eGbf eP klg cem} 8/ fpg] , sdhf] / eOG5 eGg] h: tf e|d lrg{ h?/ L 5 .Ú Gof} kfg] sf cg';f/ / Qm ;+rf/ s] Gb|n] ;r] tgfsf sfo{qmd klg ;~rfng u/ ] sf] n] To;sf] k|efjn] / Qmbftf eg] s] xL a9] sf 5g\ . rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] laxLaf/ ;Dd kf“r xhf/ tLg ;o #* o'lg6 / ut vkt eO/ x] sf] 5 . h;df ndxL / Qm;+rf/ s] Gb|af6 5 ;o (# o'lg6, t'n;Lk'/ af6 Ps xhf/ ;ft ;o $% o'lg6 / 3f] / fxLaf6 b'O{ xhf/ gf} ;o o'lg6 / ut vkt ePsf] 5 . / Qm;~rf/ s] Gb|n] lbPsf] hfgsf/ L cg';f/ vktsf] lx;fjn] w] / } aL kf] h] l6e To;kl5 qmdz P kf] h] l6e, PaL kf] h] l6e, cf] kf] h] l6e / ut vkt x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . g] u] l6etkm{ aL, P, cf] , PaL vkt x'g] u/ ] sf] 5 . / ut hdfpg] tTj / x] sf] Kn] 6] n] 6\; / / ut Aofn] G; agfpg ;xof] u ug] { tTj KnfHdf x'g] x\jfO6 An8 ;] n 5'6\ofpg] sfd klg / Qm;+rf/ s] Gb|df x'G5 . clxn] / Qm ;+rf/ s] Gb|df b'O{ k|sf/ sf] ;] tf] / ut agfOG5 . kLcf/ kL -Kn] 6] n] 6\;_ sf] cfo' kf“r lbg dfq} x'g] ePsf] n] cfjZos k/ ] sf] a] nf dfq} agfOG5 eg] PkmPkmkLsf] cfo' Ps jif{ x'g] ePsf] n] agfP/ / flvPsf] x'G5 . / ftf] / ut dfq} -Kofs ;] n_ $@ lbg;Dd / fVg ldNg] / Qm ;+rf/ s] Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 . s] Gb|sf cg';f/ tLg ;o %) Pd Pnsf] xf] n An8 eg] #% lbg;Dd / fVg ldN5 . s: tf AolQmn] ug] { / Qmbfg !* jif{ k"/ f ePsf] ^) jif{;Ddsf k'?if jf dlxnfx¿n] / Qmbfg ug{ ;S5g\ . / Qmbfg ug] { dflg;sf] jhg $% s] hL eGbf dfly x'g'k5{ . An8 k|] ;/ !!)–&), !^)–(% ld=ld= ds{/ L x'g'k5{ .

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jf:tljs h:t} nfUg] lhGbuLsf gf6sx? /fli6«o kl/rokq ljt/0f ;xh agfpm ;/ sf/ n] ljleGg ;] jf k|jfxdf / fli6«o kl/ rokq clgjfo{ agfpg] gLlt clVtof/ ug{ yfn] sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;fdflhs ;'/ Iff eQfsf nflu / fli6«o kl/ rokq gDa/ clgjfo{ ug] { lg0f{o ul/ Psf] 5 eg] ;jf/ L rfns cg'dltsf] sfd klg o;n] g} ug] { u/ L k|lqmof cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . k] G;g / : jf: Yo ladfsf nflu klg / fli6«o kl/ rokq clgjfo{ rflxg] Joj: yf ul/ b} 5 . x/ ] s If] qdf Pp6} JolQmsf p: t} k|s[ltsf km/ s km/ s sfuhft a''emfpg'kg] { emGem6sf] cGTo ug] { Pp6} gDa/ af6 ;] jf k|jfx ug] { k|0ffnL j} 1flgs eP klg / fli6«o kl/ rokq ljt/ 0f ug{ eO/ x] sf] l9nfOn] of] g} yk ;d: of aGg] xf] ls eGg] lrGtf klg JoQm x'g yfn] ] sf] 5, o;k|lt ;/ sf/ uDeL/ aGg'k5{ . g] kfn ;/ sf/ dlGqkl/ ifb\sf] h] 7 @$ ut] a;] sf] a} 7sn] ;] jf k|jfxsf If] qdf / fli6«o kl/ rokq clgjfo{ ug] { lg0f{o u/ ] sf] lyof] . ;] jf k|jfxnfO{ ;xh / ljs[ltd'Qm agfpg / fli6«o kl/ rokq sfof{Gjog yflnPsf] ;/ sf/ sf] egfO 5 . gLltut ?kdf of] ;xL klg xf] t/ nfdf] ;dob] lv / fli6«o kl/ rokq ljt/ 0f ug{ g;ls/ x] sf] a] nfdf o;n] ;] jf k|fKt ug{ gful/ snfO{ yk ;d: of l;h{gf x'g glbg] tkm{ ;/ sf/ n] a]n}df Wofg lbg'k5{ .

To;sf nflu ;/ sf/ n] j8f: t/ af6} ;xh ?kdf / fli6«o kl/ rokq ljt/ 0fsf] k|lqmof ldnfpg'k5{ . ca x/ ] s ;] jf k|jfxnfO{ sfuh/ lxt agfpFb} n} hfg' cfjZos 5 . clxn] ;/ sf/ L dfq xf] Og lghL If] qsf] ;] jf ln+bf klg lgs} emGeml6nf] k|lqmof k"/ f ug'{k5{ / pxL k|s[ltsf y'k|} sfuhft a''emfpg'k5{ . rfx] ;/ sf/ L lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt gful/ stf lnFbf xf] ;\, / fxbfgL agfpFbf xf] ;\, hUuf lsga] r ubf{ xf] ;\, rfx] lghL a} +sx?df vftf vf] Nbf, s] jfO;Lsf gfddf x/ ] s k6s ljj/ 0f cBfjlws ug] { dfq xf] Og, x'Fbfx'Fbf Ps nfveGbf dflysf] r] s ;f6\bf klg gful/ stfsf] k|ltlnkL vf] Hg] cj: yfn] cfd gful/ snfO{ emGeml6nf] agfPsf] 5 . of] cj: yfdf x/ ] s ;] jf k|fKt ubf{ gful/ sn] cfkm\gf] / fli6«o kl/ rokq gDa/ lbPkl5 ;a} ljj/ 0f ToxL+af6 pknAw u/ fpg] k|0ffnL j} 1flgs g} x'g] 5 . / fli6«o kl/ rokqn] ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf klg ;xof] u k'¥ofpg] 5 . h: tf] clxn] k] G;g lng] n] klg ;fdflhs ;'/ Iff eQf lnO/ x] sf] b] lvG5 . kl/ rokqsf] cfwf/ df o;sf] hfFr ug] {ljlQs} To;/ L bf] xf] / f] ;'ljwf lng] qmdsf] cGTo x'g] 5 . : jf: Yo ljdfdf klg To: t} ;d: of 5 . Pp6fsf] gfdsf] kf] ln;Laf6 csf{] n] cf} iflw vl/ b ug] {h: tf ljs[lt b] lvg] u/ ] sf 5g\ eg] jf: tljs ;] jfu|fxLn] sfuhft h'6fpg g;Sbf ;] jf lng gkfpg] cj: yf klg sfod 5 . / fli6«o kl/ rokqsf cfwf/ df a} +s vftf vf] Ng] , l;d sf8{ lng] , ;jf/ L rfns cg'dltkqsf] hfFr u/ fpg] cj: yf l;h{gf eof] eg] w] / } emGem6af6 ;] jfu|fxL d'Qm x'g] 5g\ . gful/ stfafx] s cGo ;a} h;f] ;/ sf/ L kl/ rokqsf] sfd ug] { df: 6/ sf8{sf ¿kdf / fli6«o kl/ rokqsf] k|rng cl3 a9fpg' cfjZos g} 5 . t/ ToxL / fli6«o kl/ rokq klg ;dod} pknAw gu/ fpFbf yk ;d: of l;h{gf gxf] ;\ eGg] tkm{ eg] ;hu x'g} k5{ . xfn;Dd ;/ sf/ n] sl/ a Ps s/ f] 8 ^) nfv gful/ ssf] h} ljs ljj/ 0f ;+sng u/ L kl/ rokq gDa/ lnO;s] sf] 5 . t/ kl/ rokq k|df0fkq eg] sl/ a #% nfv dfq} 5kfO ePsf] cj: yf 5 . o;df sl/ a 5 nfvn] dfq} kl/ rokq lnPsf 5g\ . To;f] t o;sf] pkof] u gx'Fbf klg cfd gful/ s 5flkPsf sf8{ lng hfg] u/ ] sf 5} gg\ . ca ;] jf k|jfxdf kl/ rokq clgjfo{ u/ ] kl5 Ps r/ 0f b] z} el/ lglZrt cjlw tf] s] / 3'DtL lzlj/ ;~rfng u/ ] / eP klg kl/ rokqsf] ljj/ 0f ;+sng ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

–

s;n] s] eg] < ljZj ;d'bfo vf; u/ ] / ljutb] lvsf / xfnsf 7"nf pT;h{gstf{x? of] lhDd] jf/ Laf6 ljd'v x'g'x'Fb} g . xfdLn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] s'/ f ul/ / xFbf ljZj: t/ df : yfkgf ul/ g'kg{] hnjfo' GofonfO{ la;{g ldNb} g . hnjfo' kl/ jt{gsf gsf/ fTds c;/ x¿sf] ;Gbe{df hnjfo' hf] lvddf / x] sf b] zx¿nfO{ kof{Kt sf] if / cfjZos k|ljlw pknAw u/ fP/ hnjfo' Gofo t'?Gt} ;'lglZrt ul/ g'k5{ .

– / fdrGb| kf} 8] n -/ fi6«klt_ clxn] b] zsf] / fhgLlt cToGt} t/ n cj: yfaf6 uO/ x] sf] 5 . a} +ssf] t/ ntf h: tf] xf] Og, b] zs} cj: yf t/ ntfdf 5 . clxn] cf7j6f ;/ sf/ 5g\ . To;df klg kl5Nnf] 8] 9 jif{df @# k6s kl/ jt{g eP5 . xfdLn] s: tf] ;+ljwfg agfP5f+} , xfdLx?sf] sdL, sdhf] / L xf] ls xf] Og < / fhgLlts bnx?n] of] s'/ fnfO{ cToGt uDeL/ ?kdf lng'k5{ . of] cToGt uDeL/ ljifo xf] .

– 8f= z] v/ sf] O/ fnf -g] kfnL sf+u|] ;sf g] tf_ hldgsf] dfWodaf6 hgtfdfly r/ d zf] if0f ePsf] 5 . jf: tljs ls;fgn] >dsf] d"No kfpg ;ls/ x] sf 5} gg\ . ;du|df hgtfdf ul/ aL sfod} 5 . hLjgz} nL c;xh ag] sf] 5 . dxFuL a9] sf] 5 . pTkfbsTj Ifdtfdf sdL cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} sf] Pp6} lgisif{ s] xf] eg] ;a} hldg ;/ sf/ sf] agfpg] .

– d] 6dl0f rf} w/ L -k|ltlglw;ef ;b: o_ v] nf8Lx?sf] v] n tndfly eO/ xG5 g} . d} n] ;o u] d v] Ng' eGbf klg g] kfnsf] h;L{ nufpg kfpg' g} d] / f] nflu a9L uj{sf] s'/ f xf] . : jf: Yo / fd|f] x'~h] n;Dd v] Ng] 5' . gofF l6d 5, of] l6dn] ca gofF af6f] sf] g{'k5{ .

– ls/ 0f r] Dhf] ª -g] kfnL / fli6«o km'6an 6f] nLsf sKtfg_

Kn] gsf] u] 6df plePsL Po/ xf] :6] h d';'Ss xf“l;g\ . gd: sf/ ub} { xflb{s : jfut\ elgg\\ . dnfO{ z'?df o: tf] nfUof] , pgn] lrg] sL / lx5g\ . d} n] la;] {5' Sof / ] . dgdf s'/ f v] ln/ x] – …o: tL / fd|L o'jtL ;f“RrL sf] xf] lng\ < d klg s: tf] a'4' / x] 5', olt ;'Gb/ dfG5] nfO{ e';'Ss} la;{g] . h] xf] ;\, pgn] ;Dem] sL / lx5g\ . ToxL eP/ d': s'/ fp“b} clejfbg ul/ g\ .Ú klxnf] k6s Kn] g r9\bfsf] dL7f] cg'e"lt lyof] of] ufp“n] dfG5] sf] . kl5 Kn] g r9\b} ubf{ yfxf eof] , o: tf] lrg] hfg] sf] h: tf] Jojxf/ t Kn] gsf Po/ xf] :6] hsf] e"ldsfdf / x] sf ;a} o'jtLx?n] ubf{ / x] 5g\ . of] t pgLx?sf] k] zfsf] k|s[lt g} / x] 5 . glrg] klg lrg] h: t} u/ L clejfbg ug] { . o: tf] gu/ ] t pgLx?sf] hflu/ g} w/ fkdf kg] {/ x] 5 . d} n] t ;f] r] 5' ls tL Po/ xf] :6] h o'jtL d} n] ;lDemg g;s] klg tL d] / L k"j{kl/ lrt kfq x'g\ . hflu/ vfg] qmddf pgn] lgjf{x u/ ] sf] e"ldsf jf: tljs nfu] 5 dnfO{ . Tof] t gf6s / x] 5 hflu/ vfg] qmddf clego ul/ Psf] . jf: tljsh: t} nfUg] lhGbuLsf o: tf gf6sx? w] / } ef] luof] . ef] Ub} hf“bf af] w eof] , lhGbuL : jo+ klg Pp6f gf6s / x] 5 . d} n] hLjgdf klxnf] k6s x] / ] sf] g] kfnL rnlrqsf] gfd xf] …sfG5LÚ . sfG5L x] g] { qmddf xnleq w] / } / f] P“ . d Tolta] nf ljBfyL{ lyP“ .

Jofrn/ df cWoog uy] {+ . sf] 7fdf cfP/ klg s] xL lbg;Dd cWooglt/ dg uPg . hLjgdf a} / fUon] : yfg lnO/ x\of] . k|1f k|lti7fgdf dfwj l3ld/ ] sf] uLltgf6s …dfntL dª\un] Ú x] bf{ klg To: t} eof] . 8] 9 306f nfdf] pQm uLlt gf6s k"/ } ;do eSsflgP/ ?“b} x] l/ of] . tL t rnlrq / gf6sx? lyP . tL t jf: tljs lyPgg\ . Toxf“ b'Mv kfPsf dflg;x?n] jf: tjdf b'Mv kfPsf lyPgg\ . Tof] t pgLx?n] u/ ] sf] s[lqd clego lyof] . tyflk dnfO{ jf: tljs nfUof] , Po/ xf] : 6] hn] u/ ] sf] clego h: t} . To;} n] / f] P“, eSsflgP“ . hLjgdf h] s'/ fnfO{ klg jf: tljs em} ;lDemg] d] / f] : jefjn] dnfO{ w] / } k6s c;xh agfPsf] 5 . leqsf] jf: tljstf ga'emL aflx/ b] v] sf] nfO{ ;To ;Dem] / ljZjf; ug] { afgLn] gf6snfO{ klg jf: tljs b] Vg] / x] 5 . k'ugk'u @* jif] { hflu/ ] hLjgdf jf: tljstf h: tf nfUg] gf6sx? w] / } b] lvof] / ef] luof] klg . sl/ j rf/ jif{;Dd z} lIfs tflnd s] Gb|df / x“bf k|lzIfs / sfof{no k|d'v b'a} sf] e"ldsfdf lyP“ d . lhNnfaf6 ljleGg ljifosf lzIfsx? tflnddf ;xefuL x'g cfp“y] . a8f] d] x] gt u/ ] / tflnddf ;xhLs/ 0f ul/ GYof] / ug] { jftfj/ 0f ldnfOGYof] . slt tflnd t dlxgf lbg nfdf x'Gy] . nfUYof] tflnd ;lsb} ubf{ ca lzIfsx? tflndaf6 kmls{Pkl5 ljBfnodf lzIf0f l;sfOdf k|efjsfl/ tf

hflu/ vfg] qmddf pgn] lgjf{x u/ ] sf] e"ldsf jf: tljs nfu] 5 dnfO{ . Tof] t gf6s / x] 5 hflu/ vfg] qmddf clego ul/ Psf] . jf: tljsh: t} nfUg] lhGbuLsf o: tf gf6sx? w] / } ef] luof] . ef] Ub} hf“bf af] w eof] , lhGbuL : jo+ klg Pp6f gf6s / x] 5 .

kl/jt{gsf nflu ===== a9\g] 5 . lzIfsx? lhDd] jf/ x'g] 5g\ . k] zfk|lt ;dlk{t x'g] 5g\ . tflnd ;lsg'eGbf Ps b'O{ lbg dfq af“sL / x“bf eg] dg cldnf] x'GYof] . pxf“x?n] tflnddf lbg] eQf / ;] jf;'ljwf ;f] r] cg';f/ ePg eg] / rsf{rsL{ ug'{x'GYof] . ha ls tL ;] jf ;'ljwfx? olt ldN5 eg] / klxn] g} hfgsf/ L u/ fO;lsPsf] x'GYof] . sltko dflg;x? lagf k} ;f klg ;dfh ;] jfdf ;dlk{t eP/ sfd u/ ] sf b[i6fGtx? lbP/ sd{ / fd|f] ug] { xf] eg] ;a} s'/ f 7Ls x“'b} hfG5 eg] / l;sfOGYof] . l;s] sf] xf] h: tf] klg cfef; x'GYof] . t/ tL ;a} gf6s x'Gy] . cg';Gwfgx?n] klg ToxL k|dfl0ft u/ ] , tflnddf l;s] sf] s'/ f sIffsf] 7fdf sfof{Gjog ePgg\ eg] / . ljleGg lhNnfdf sl/ j Ps bh{ghlt jif{ lzIff k|d'v eP/ klg sfd u/ ] + . lzIfs / / fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwx?af6 z} lIfs If] qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug] {, sfdnfO{ lgi kIf / kf/ bzL{ ug] { / lzIffsf] u'0f: t/ p7fpg] ;jfndf ;Nnfx, awfO{ / z'esfdgf kfOGYof] . nfUYof] , pxf“x?sf] efjgf lzIffsf] pGglt ug] { lsl;dsf] / x] 5, s'/ f ldNof] , ca s] xL x'g] eof] . ToxL cg'?k sfd ub} { hf“bf eg] u'gf;fx? cfp“y] . lzIfs ;?jf ubf{ lsg ;Nnfx lng' ePg eGg] s'/ f p7\y] . d} n] hjfkm lbGy] +, …k|lqmof k'u] sf sfdx? klg xh'/ x?sf] ;Nnfxn] ug] { / gug] { x'G5 / <Ú PskIfLo ;?jf / ;'ljwfsf s'/ fx? eP eGg] u'gf;fx? klg cfp“y] . d} n] pxf“x?nfO{ cg'/ f] w uy] {+– …s] ;?jfx? klg of] kf6L{ / Tof] kf6L{ eg] / efua08f nufP/ x'G5 / < lzIfs ;?jfsf lglZrt k|lqmofx?

5g\ . k"/ f eP eg] s] eg] / / f] Sg] < g] tfx?nfO{ ;f] Wg'k5{ eg] / / f] Sg] <Ú pxf“x?n] ;'?df d;“u lzIffsf u'0f: t/ p7fpgsf lglDt u/ ] sf s'/ fx? klg gf6sh: t} nfUYof] . clxn] ;Dd klg s'g} ;'wf/ ePsf] 5} g, gf6s} ePsf 5g\ . d} n] hflu/ ] hLjgdf s] xL u5{g\ ls h: tf qmflGt u/ ] / ;Qfsf] afu8f] / ;Dxfn] sf dfG5] x? ;Qfdf b] v] + . ljz] ifu/ L lzIffdf s] xL x'G5 ls eGg] cfz klg nfUof] . lzIffnfO{ ul/ vfg] / Jofjxfl/ s agfp“5g\ ls eGg] klg of] ;f] emf] dgn] ;f] Rof] . pgLx?sf s'/ f klg To: t} x'Gy] . ul/ vfg] lzIffnfO{

 hLtaxfb'/ zfx hf] 8 lbg] , e|i6frf/ sf lglDt z"Go ;xgzLntf ckgfpg] , ;'zf;gnfO{ hf] 8 lbg] cflb cflb . tyflk dfvf] df/ ] gg\ . o: tf dfdnfdf To: tf dflg;x? emg\ vt/ gfs x'“bf/ x] 5g\ . ;Qfdf k'u] sf s'g} a] nfsf qmflGtsf/ Lx?nfO{ t qmflGtdf xf] ldPsfx?n] e] 6 ug] { klg df} sf lbPgg\\ . pgLx?nfO{ e] 63f6 ug] { / ;Nnfx lbg] t k'/ fg} ;Qfdf vfOv] n] sfx? g} af~5gLo 7flgP . ljr/ f qmflGtdf xf] ldg] x? t hLjg wfGgsf nflu sf] xL vf8Ldf xf] ldP, sf] xL l;Dnf / sfnfkxf8lt/ . ul/ vfg] lzIff ;'? x'G5 ls eg] sf] t k'/ fg} lzIff ;b/ eof] . rfs/ L ug] { lzIff g} ul/ vfg] lzIff xf] eg] / To;} nfO{ lg/ Gt/ tf lbOof] . g] tfn] aflx/ – aflx/ ug] { efif0f ;'g] / ca s] xL x'G5 ls eg] / dSv k/ ] sf] t Joy} { eof] . Tof] t gf6s / x] 5 . hfaf] Pp6f kflnsfnfO{ t ul/ vfg] lzIffsf lglDt df] 8] n agfpg ;s] gg\ eg] d'n'ssf] s'/ f t w] / } 6f9fsf] eof] .

Pshgf zx/ sf gfd rn] sf clwjQmf;“u Pshgf cfly{s n] gb] gdf cGofodf k/ ] sf JolQmnfO{ lnP/ uP“ . Gofo kfpgsf nflu af6f] l;sfO lbG5g\ eGg] cfz lyof] . pN6f] xKsfP/ k7fOlbP . kl5 yfxf eof] pgL t ToxL cGofo ug] { JolQms} kIfdf ax; ug] { clwjQmf / x] 5g\ .

Pp6f sfg'gsf] ljBfyL{ jf egf} + clwjQmfn] cGofodf k/ ] sf] JolQmnfO{ Gofo lbnfP/ Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] : yfkgf u5{ eGg] dleq / x] sf] ;sf/ fTds ;f] rsf] kvf{n ToxL lbgb] lv 9Nof] . tyflk zx/ n] pg} nfO{ ;Ddfg ub{5 . dxTjk"0f{ sfo{qmdx?df pg} nfO{ cltly dfq xf] Og k|d'v cltly agfP/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/ ] sf] x'G5 . ldl8ofdf pgs} ljrf/ x? ;Dk|] if0f eO/ x] sf x'G5g\ . o: tf] nfU5, jf: tljs dflg; / d's'08f] nufPsf] dflg;sf] aLrdf uf] ? a] r] sf] h: tf] lemgf] ;DaGw klg ge] 6] kl5 nfU5 of] ;a gf6s / x] 5 . hflu/ vfg] qmddf : jR5 dgn] sfd ubf{ klg cfn] k / dn] k ug{ cfpg] x?n] xfd|f] lglDt slt 5 eGg] efjdf s'/ f u/ ] sf] b] Vbf dg cldnf] x'GYof] . ltdLx? klg vfpm, xfdLnfO{ klg b] pm eGg] dgf] lj1fgaf6 lgb] {lzt lgodgsf/ Lx?sf] lgot a'lemGYof] . dg emg}

cldnf] x'GYof] . o: t} kl/ j] zdf slxn] sfxL+ a'em\g' eGbf ga'em\g' g} w] / } hflt x'g] / x] 5 eGg] klg dx;'; x'g] uYof] { . dflyNnf] lgsfoaf6 cfPsf ;fg} sd{rf/ Lx?n] ;d] t lhNnf jf kflnsf txsf xflsdx?af6 x/ yl/ sf] ck] Iff ug] { afgL klxn] h: t} 5 . clxn] klg x6\g ;s] sf] 5} g . ultnf] sfd u/ ] sf] 7x5{ ls eg] / cs} {sf kfnfdf ePsf] s/ f] 8f} +sf] a] ?h' km5\of} {6 ul/ of] . pN6f] ToxL jif{ lagfk|df0f lgx'“ vf] h] / k] G;g k6\6f lgsfNbf ;d] t tgfj l;h{gf u/ ] sf sltko b'Mvb cg'e"lt la;{g vf] Hbf klg la;{g g;lsPsf] cj: yf 5 . / fd|f] sfd u/ ] / k'/ : sf/ / ;Ddfg kfpg] eg] sf] klg gf6s} / x] 5 . s] xL ;do k|b] z of] hgf cfof] usf] ;b: o eP/ klg sfd ug] { cj;/ h'¥of] . w] / } z'e] R5'saf6 awfO{ / z'esfdgf klg k|fKt eof] . s] xL ug{ ;lsG5 ls eg] / cfz klg hfu] sf] lyof] . tyflk pNn] vgLo sfo{ s] xL ug{ ;lsPg . ToxL xf] a'em\g] sfd eof] . k|b] z nf] stflGqs u0ftGqdf rflxg] ;+oGq xf] , oxf“ h: t} cGo d'n'sx?df klg o;k|sf/ sf ;+/ rgfx? / x] sf 5g\ . t/ k|b] zleqs} cfkm\g} cfGtl/ s lqmofsnfkx?n] k|b] zsf] dxTjnfO{ ;ª\s6df kfl/ / x] sf] cfef; eof] . d cfkm"nfO{ s'g} ljifo ljz] ifsf] lj1 x'“ h: tf] t nfUb} g t/ klg Toxf“ lj1 eg] / lnOPsf] lyof] . tyflk Toxf“ sfd ug] { eg] sf] lj1tfsf] lx;fjn] ;Nnfx lbg' / cK7\of/ f] df uf“7f] km'sfpg' eGbf klg c?sf] cfb] zsf] kfngf ug'{ jf c?sf] ;NnfxnfO{ lz/ f] k/ u/ ] / sfd ug'{/ x] 5 . s'g} a] nf cfkm\g} g] t[Tjdf 8«fkm\6 tof/ u/ ] sf] k|b] zsf] lzIff of] hgfnfO{ ;d] t cg'df] bgsf nflu cufl8 a9fpg g;Sbf of] hgf cfof] un] of] hgf agfpg] eg] sf] klg gf6s} / x] 5 eGg] nfUof] . jf: tljstf eg] sf] t c?sf] lgb] {zgdf clego ug'{ / x] 5 . dflg; zf/ Ll/ s ?kdf gf+luPkl5 p;sf] z/ L/ sf] c;nL ?k b] lvG5 . tyflk To;nfO{ ;dfhn] c;xh 7fG5 / c;nL ?k b] vfpg] JolQmnfO{ g} a] js'km / kfunsf] ;+1f lbOG5 . ;fob ToxL eP/ xf] nf, dflg;x? Jofjxfl/ s / rfl/ lqs lx;fjn] ;d] t c;nL ?kdf b] lvb} gg\ . To;} n] pgLx? eG5g\ Pp6f / u5{g\ csf] { . u/ fOnfO{ egfOn] 8] l06ªk] l06ª u/ ] / km/ s lx;fjn] k|: t't u5{g\ . log} / o: t} zAbx? n] lv/ x“bf of] kª\lQmsf/ n] uf] kfn ;'lrsf/ sf] dL7f] uLt ;lDem/ x] sf] lyof] – …s] k"hf u5f} { dlGb/ df uO klxn] cfkm\gf] afgL ;'wf/ .Ú xf] t lg . d'n'snfO{ ;kfg{sf nflu t ;lxbsf ;kgfx?nfO{ xfd|f Jojxf/ / sd{x?df ptfg'{ kg] { xf] . xfdL To;f] gu/ L xfd|f] lgotcg';f/ sf] d'n's agfpg] r] i6f ul/ / x] 5f} + . To;/ L g} aGb} uO/ x] sf] 5 d'n's klg . / fd|f] agfpg] eg] sf] t ;Qf ;DxfNgsf nflu d~rg ul/ g] gf6s dfq xf] .

ljb]zL nufgLdf ljsf;sf] xNnf / ljZjsf] jf:tljstf cfh ljZje/ L g} df] 6fdf] 6L?kdf x] bf{ ljb] zL k"“hLkltn] ljsf;zLn b] zx?df b'O{ lsl;dn] cfkm\gf] k"“hL nufgL ug] { ub{5g\ . o;df klxnf] tl/ sf s] xf] eg] ljleGg b] zx?df z] o/ lsg–a] r u/ ] / nufgL ug] { . ljZjdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] o'ufGtsf/ L kl/ jt{gsf] kl/ 0ffd : j?k cfhef] ln @$ 306} st} g st} z] o/ ahf/ v'Nn} / xg] u/ ] sf x'G5g\ . To;} n] nufgLstf{n] hxf“ a9L gfkmf x'g] cj;/ b] V5g\ Tof] 7fp“df k"“hL nufpg] u'~hfo; b] V5g\ / Ps 7fp“af6 k"“hL x6fP/ csf] { 7fp“df nufpg] / a9L gfkmf sdfpg] lkm/ fsdf x'G5g\ . o; k|sf/ sf] k"“hLnfO{ g} … x6 dgLÚ eGg] ul/ G5 . k"“hL nufgLsf] bf] ;|f] tl/ sfdf eg] s'g} b] z ljz] ifsf] cj: yfsf] lj: t[t cWoog u/ ] kl5 dfq Toxf“ k"“hL nufgL ug] { lg0f{o ul/ G5 . nufgL ul/ g] b] zsf] ;fdflhs kl/ j] z / zf;g Aoj: yfsf] cWoog kl5 dfq nufgLstf{n] Toxf“ e"ld lsGg] , cfjZos oGqx? h8fg ug] {, sRrf dfnsf] k|jGw ug] { / dhb"/ hDdf kf/ ] / pTkfbg ug] { ub{5g\ . oL ;a} s'/ fsf] hf] uf8 ug{ klg lgs} nfdf] ;do nfU5 . h] eP klg s] s'/ f k|i6 a'emg' / Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 eg] ljb] zL nufgLstf{sf] d'Vo Wofg gfkmf sdfpg] s'/ fd} s] lGb|t u/ ] / k"“hL nufgL ug] { x'G5 .

To;} n] pgLx?n] hxf“ k"“hL nufgL ub{5g\ Toxf“ cfkm\gf] lxtnfO{ t cjZo Wofgdf / fv] s} x'G5g\ t/ To;nfO{ pgLx?n] ;jf] {k/ L eg] dfGb} gg\ . lsgeg] of] Oltxf;n] k|i6 b] vfPsf] / clxn] klg b] vfO/ x] sf] l: ylt xf] ls gj pbf/ jfbL e"d08nLs/ 0fsf] sfnv08 z'? x'g'eGbf klxnf k|foMh;f] ;a} b] zx?sf] ljz] if hf] 8 cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqdfly g} lyof] . o; ;DaGwdf cfh xfdL cd] l/ sfnfO{ g} pbfx/ 0fsf] ?kdf lng ;S5f} + . cd] l/ sf : jtGq ePkl5 p;n] cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqdfly g} ljz] if hf] 8 lbPsf] lyof] . lj: dfs{sf] a] nfsf] hd{gLdf klg oxL gLlt nfu' ul/ Psf] lyof] . Toxf“sf] ahf/ : yfgLo pTkfbgsf nflu cf/ lIft / flvPsf] lyof] . !*^* b] lvotf …d] OhL / ] : 6f] / ] zgÚ kl5sf] hfkfgnfO{ x] g] { xf] eg] klg : ki6 x'G5 ls hfkfgL cy{Aoj: yfsf] lgdf{0fdf / fHosf] e"ldsf cToGt} cx+ dxTjsf] / x] sf] lyof] . s] / ] vf+lst ul/ Psf] lyof] eg] hlt rf“8f] ;Defjgf 5 hfkfgdf o: tf] / fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;+: yfgx?sf] lgdf{0f ul/ g'kb{5 h;n] cfw'lgs cfly{s k|ultnfO{ a9fjf lbpg\ . !*^( df hfkfgdf b"/ ufdL dxTjsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu' u/ ] / cy{tGqdf ;fdGtjfbnfO{ ;dfKt kfl/ of] . jf: tjdf !(&*–*) sf a] nf hfkfg d'VotM s[lif lge{/ lyof] . s"n / fli6«o cfodf Tolta] nf s[lifsf] c+z ^% k|ltzteGbf klg a9L lyof] . hfkfgsf gof“ g] tfx?nfO{ of]

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To;} n] tTsfnLg hfkfgL ;/ sf/ n] 6f] lsof] / Sof] 6f] df cfw'lgs ljZjljBfno : yfkgf u/ ] / gof“ hgzlQm k|lzlIft u¥of] . / fHon] / fli6«o : jtGqtf / ;fj{ef} ldstfsf] / Iffsf ;fy} cy{Joj: yfnfO{ cfw'lgs cf} Bf] lus/ 0fsf] af6f] df cufl8 a9fof] . ljb] zL Aoj;foLx?nfO{ b] zdf nfdf] ;do;Dd k"“hL nufgL ug] { af6f] vf] n] g . ha hfkfgL pBf] uwGwfx? cfkm\g} v'§fdf v8f x'g ;Sg] eP To;kl5 dfq tL pBf] uwGwfnfO{ hfkfgL lghL If] qdf a] Rg] of x: tfGt/ 0f ug] { sfd ul/ of] . blIf0f sf] l/ ofO d"nsf cy{zf: qL xf–h'g rfË, hf] Sofla|h ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/ t 5g\, n] o;} ljifodf k': tsx? n] v] sf 5g\ h;df ls Kicking away the Ladder : Development Strategy in Industrial Prospective, Bad Samaritans : The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism : 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capital cflb k|d'v / x] sf 5g\ .

tL lstfax?df pNn] v ul/ P cg';f/ cd] l/ sf xf] ;\ of hd{gL of hfkfg s'g} klg b] zdf / fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsflagf cf} Bf] lus/ 0fsf] uf8L cufl8 a9] s} xf] Og . cfh ef/ tdf g] x? / pgsf] of] hgf cfof] udfly cfqmfds ufnL ug] {x?n] zfob of] s'/ f a'em] sf 5} gg\ ls / fHosf] ;lqmo e"ldsfsf] Tolta] nf s'g} lasNk} lyPg . 1ftfx? s] eG5g\ eg] g] x?dfly o;/ L cfqmd0f ug] {x?n] !* gf] e] Da/ @)!) sf] aofln;f} g] x? : d[ltsf] cj;/ df gf] a] n k'/ : sf/ n] ;Ddflgt hf] ;] km l: 6lUn6\hn] lbPsf] efif0f k9\g'kb{5 . pgn] eg] sf lyP – ljb] zL k"“hL of nufgL cfP/ dfq s'g} klg b] zsf] cf} Bf] lus/ 0fsf] uf8L cufl8 a9\g ;Sb} g . lsgeg] ;Qfdf a;] sf dflg;x?n] gjpbf/ afbL ahf/ –?9LjfbnfO{ TofUg ;Sg'kb{5 . : d/ 0f / xf] ;\ ls / ] ug tyf Yofr/ sf] ?9LjfbL gjpbf/ afb …jflzË6g cfd wf/ 0ffÚ sf ?kdf cfof] / ljsf;zLn b] zx?nfO{ Tof] ckgfpg hf] 8 lbof] . t/ l: 6lUn6\hsf cg';f/ P8d l: dysf] …cb[io xftÚ h'g s'/ fdf cfwfl/ t 5 Tof] jf: tljs ?kdf To: tf] xf] Og . ;f/ f ahf/ ck"0f{ / ljifd ;"rgfdf cfwfl/ t x'g] sf/ 0fn] Tof] slxNo} klg s'zn x'g ;Sb} g . dxfdGbLaf6 lzIff lng'kg] { oxL lyof] ls jf: tjdf ahf/ s'zn xf] Og a? cl: y/ rl/ qsf x'G5g\ / ltgn] cfkm\gf] uNtLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ klg ;Sb} gg\ . wgL / ul/ a b] z?sf] larsf] ljifdtf sd ePsf] eGg] xfdLn] !(** / @))* sf] ljZj a} +ssf] bfaLnfO{ klg / fd|f] ;“u s] nfpg'kb{5 . lsgeg] To; aLrdf : jo+ ljsf;zLn b] z leq cem a9L ljifdtf

a9] sf tYox? 5g\ . wgL cem wgL / ul/ a klxnfeGbf ul/ a ePsf 5g\ . of] ljifdtf dfkg ug] { h'g ;"rsf+s cyf{t\ …O08] S;Ú 5 Tof] ljZje/ L g} k|of] u ul/ G5 . olb of] ;"rsf+s of O08] S; Pp6} xf] eg] To;n] b] vfp“5 ls a9] sf] ;f/ f cfo s] xL ;Lldt AolQm ljz] ifsf] emf] nfdf k'U5 . olb Tof] cfo z"Go 5 eg] ;a} sf aLr ;dfg?kn] ljt/ 0f x'G5 . cZj] t clk|msfdf !((# b] lv @))* sf aLrdf ;"rsf+s ( k|ltztn] a9] sf] b] lvG5 . oxL @) aif{sf] qmddf rLgdf of] ;"rsf+s #$ k|ltztn] a[l4 eof] . oBlk rLgdf ul/ aLsf] t cGTo ePsf] 3f] if0ff ul/ Psf] 5 t/ cfh rLgdf klg wgL / ul/ aaLrsf] vf8n h'g tLa|tfsf ;fy a9] sf] 5 To;n] Toxf“sf] g] t[Tj lrlGtt 5 / To;nfO{ sd / ;Gt'lnt t'Nofpg lqmofzLn 5 . To;} n] Toxf“ ;dfhaf6 ltdLn] lng;Dd lnof} ca ;dfhdf nufgL u/ eGg] / fi6«klt zL lhglkªsf] s8f lgb] {zg 5 . ljZjdf zfob} o: tf] s'g} ljsf;zLn b] z xf] nf hxf“ of] ;"rsf+s ga9] sf] xf] ;\ . xf8{j8{ ljlZjBfnosf gf] an k'/ : sf/ lah] tf Pl/ s dl: sg pNn] v ub{5g\ ls ef/ t h: tf] b] zdf dhb"/ x?sf] dhb'/ L ;dfg?kn] a9\b} g . sfo{s'zn dhb"/ x?sf] Hofnf a9\5 t/ cs'zn dhb"/ x?sf] dhb'/ L dGb ultn] dfq a9\5 . h;n] ubf{ dhb"/ x?sf aLrdf c;dfgtf a9\g] ub{5 . !((( df k|sflzt 8fgL / f] l8«ssf] lstfa …b Go" Unf] an Osf] gf] dL P08 8] enf] lkË sl06«hÚdf s] k|i6 pNn] v ul/ Psf] 5 eg] …cy{Aoj: yfsf] v'nfkg : jo+df s'g} ljZj;gLo ;+oGq xf] Og, h;n] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] o: tf] k|lqmof cf/ De ul/ lbG5 / Tof] ztt rln/ xG5 . ef} lts tyf dfgjLo k"“hLsf] olt 7"nf] e08f/ tyf k|ljlw ljsf;sf] k|ult olt x'g'k¥of] ls ltgn] cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ olt pRrfOdf k'¥ofpg ;s"g\ hxf“ Tof] ;lhn} ;“u cufl8 a9\g ;sf] ;\ . pgn] k|i6;“u s] eg] sf 5g\ eg] olb cy{Aoj: yfdf lgaf{w v'nfkg 5f] l8of] eg] s'g} klg ljsf;zLn b] zdf cfo / ;DkbfnfO{ lnP/ dflg;x?sf aLrdf laifdtf a9\g ;S5 h;n] ubf{ ;dfhnfO{ Psh'6 / fVg cToGt} sl7g x'ghfG5 . / f] l8«sn] s] klg eg] sf 5g\ eg] cy{Aoj: yfsf] 9f] sf / ‰ofn olt w] / } v'nf ul/ g' x'Gg ls cfpg] –hfg] k"“hLdf s'g} / f] s6f] s g} gxf] ;\ . To;f] ePdf b] z leq emu8fkm;fb a9\g ;S5 / / fhgLlts pynk'yn cfpg ;S5 . h;sf] kl/ 0ffd b] zleq afx\o sf/ 0fn] u8a8L k} bf x'g ;S5 . oL ;a} s'/ fnfO{ ;du|df s] nfp“bf cfh klg cy{Aoj: yfdf / fHosf] e"ldsf w] / } dxTjk"0f{ x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/ f k|i6 x'G5 . / f] l8«ssf cg';f/ s'g} klg b] zsf] cfGtl/ s nufgL ;DaGwL k|i6 / 0fgLlt x'g'kb{5 / ljifdtfsf sf/ 0f b] zleq p7\g ;Sg] ;+3if{nfO{ klg Wofgdf / fv] / / fHon] e"ldsf v] Ng'kb{5 .

u nf] sgf/ fo0f ;'j] bL lgZro g} cy{Aoj: yfsf] 9f] sf / ‰ofn vf] lnbf sltko a] nfdf nufgLd} qL jftfj/ 0f ag] sf] klg kfOG5 t/ x/ ] s ;do / l: yltdf of] s'/ f dfg] / rNg ;Dej x“'b} g . dfgs cfly{s l;4fGtn] s] atfp‘“5 eg] Aofkf/ sf] pbfl/ s/ 0f tyf k"“hL aflx/ af6 cfpg] s'/ f Ps csf{;“u ;w} + hf] l8g] s'/ f x'g\ . s'g} klg ljsf;zLn b] zdf h'g b[li6n] v'nfkgsf] rrf{ x'g] ub{5 To;df cfh kl/ jt{gsf] cfjZostf b] lvPsf] 5 . lgof{t / ljb] zL k|ToIf nufgLdf hf] 8 lbg'sf] ;f6f] aflx/ af6 larf/ , nufgL, dWojtL{ j: t'x? tyf pko'Qm ;+: yfut Aoj: yf cfoft ul/ g'kb{5 . h;sf] kmn: j?k cfly{s ;d[l4;“u hf] l8Psf cj;/ x? a9fpg ;lsof] ;\ . ;/ sf/ / To;nfO{ gLltut ;/ –;Nnfx lbg] dflg;x?n] s] ;f] Rg aGb ug{'kg] { b] lvG5 eg] cGt/ f{li6«o cfly{s PsLs/ 0f cfkm} df ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f xf] . jf: tjdf ljsf;zLn b] zx?n] cfkm\gf zt{df cfkm\gf lxtx?nfO{ dWogh/ df / fv] / afx\o nufgLnfO{ : jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg' / l;Sg'kb{5 . pgLx?n] ljZj ahf/ / ax'/ fli6«o sDkgLsf cufl8 3'“8f 6] Sg'x'“b} g . s] s'/ fsf] kof{Kt k'li6 ePsf] 5} g eg] lgof{t a9fp“bf / k|ToIf ljb] zL nufgL Nofp“bf cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ sf/ u/ lsl;dn] a9fjf lbg ;lsG5 . clg o; s'/ fsf] klg s'g} ;a't k|df0f 5} g ls k|ToIf ljb] zL nufgL cfp“bf b] zleq / f] huf/ Lsf cj;/ x? h'g;'s} cj: yfdf klg k} bf x'G5g\ . To;} n] afx\o nufgLsf nflu k"/ } ‰ofn–9f] sf vf] Ngfn] dfq ljsf;zLn b] zx?sf] cy{Aoj: yf cufl8 a9\g] 5 eGg] s'/ f Ps dfq ;xL s'/ f xf] Og . ;Gt'lnt / ztt ljsf;sf] nflu / fHosf] e"ldsf ljsf;zLn b] zx?sf] lgldQ cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ x'ghfG5 . of] Oltxf;n] ;To ;fljt u/ ] sf] ;fdlos / ;fGble{s tYo xf] . o;nfO{ a] jf: tf ul/ g'x'Gg . cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0fstf{ / of] hgfsf/ x? tyf ljsf;zLn b] zsf ;/ sf/ x?n] cfh d'Vo Wofg lbg'kg] { dxTj"0f{ s'/ f g} jf: tjdf oxL xf] .

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u9jf, #! h] 7 . u9jf ufp“kflnsfnfO{ Ifo/ f] ud'Qm kflnsf agfpg j8fx?df cleofg ;~rfng ul/ Psf] 5 . cfufdL Ps jif{leq u9jf ufp“kflnsfnfO{ Ifo/ f] ud'Qm kflnsf 3f] if0ff ug] { cleofg cGtu{t ljleGg j8fx?df : jf: Yo zfvf / : jf: Yorf} sLdfkm{t cleofgsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng yflnPsf] ufp“kflnsfsf : jf: Yo ;+of] hs s} nfz rf} w/ Ln] hfgsf/ L lbg'eof] . cleofgcGtu{t ;a} j8fdf j8f: t/ Lo ;ldlt u7g ul/ Psf] , ;ldltdfkm{t dlxnf : jf: Yo : jo+;] ljsfx? / cfdf ;d"x kl/ rfng ul/ Psf] , kflnsf: t/ df ;r] tgfd"ns cled'vLs/ 0f tyf sfo{zfnfx? ul/ Psf] / j8f: t/ df klg : jf: Yo : jo+;] ljsf, cfdf ;d"xx?, : jf: Yo Aoj: yfkg ;ldlt / ;/ f] sf/ jfnfx?nfO{ ;r] tgfd"ns k|lzIf0fx? ;~rfng ul/ / x] sf] sfo{qmd ;+of] hs z'e] R5f / f] sfon] hfgsf/ L lbg'eof] . o: t} j8f: t/ Lo jflif{s sfo{of] hgf lgdf{0fsf] sfd klg yflnPsf] kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5 . laxLaf/ u9jfsf] j8f g+= ^ df j8f: t/ Lo ;ldltnfO{ b'O{lbg] cled'vLs/ 0fdfkm{t jflif{s sfo{of] hgfx? to ul/ Psf] j8fWoIf jL/ axfb'/ cfn] du/ n] hfgsf/ L lbg'eof] . Ifo/ f] udf

;"Id hLjf0f'x? / xg] ePsf] n] of] ;+qmfds / f] u ePsf] sfo{qmddf hfgsf/ L u/ fOPsf] lyof] . j8fWoIf jL/ axfb'/ cfn] du/ sf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] jflif{s sfo{of] hgf lgdf{0f sfo{zfnfdf hgk|ltlglw, dlxnf : jf: Yo : jo+;] ljsf, ;+3;+: yfsf k|ltlglw / lzIfssf] ;xeflutf lyof] . sfo{qmddf Ifo/ f] usf nIf0f, pkrf/ k4lt / Ifo/ f] ud'Qm ufp“kflnsf 3f] if0ff sfo{qmdsf af/ ] df ;xefuLx?nfO{ hfgsf/ L u/ fOPsf] lyof] . cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg u9jf– ^ n] jflif{s sfo{of] hgfx? agfPsf] 5 . h;dWo] j8f: t/ sf ;a} 6f] ndf hgzlQm kl/ rfng u/ L ;lqmo vf] hk8\ tfn 3/ b} nf] sfo{qmd ug] {, a: tL tyf 6f] n: t/ df ;r] tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx?

;~rfng ug] {, cfdf ;d"x, dlxnf : jf: Yo : jo+;] ljsf tyf ljBfnox?nfO{ ;lqmo agfpg] , 86\; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { tyf kf} li6s cfxf/ ;DaGwL kf] if0f ;] jf k|bfg ug] {nufotsf of] hgfx? to ul/ Psf] ufp“kflnsfn] hgfPsf] 5 . jflif{s sfo{of] hgf ;kmn agfpg ;/ f] sf/ jfnf ;a} n] ;fy / ;xof] u u/ ] df clefofg ;fy{s / xg] j8f cWoIf cfn] n] atfpg'eof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/ 0f u9jf : jf: Yorf} sLsf k|d'v ;"o{gf/ fo0f ofbj / Ifo/ f] ud'Qm cleofg sfo{qmdsf ;+of] hs z'e] R5f / f] sfofn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{zfnfaf6 to ul/ Psf jflif{s sfo{qmdx?nfO{ ;a} sf] tkm{af6 sfof{Gjog ug] { u/ L k|lta4tfdf x: tfIf/ ;d] t ul/ Psf] 5 .

9lsof a'gfO tflnd ;dfkg cl6hdsf lj/fdL vf]Hg cleofg q odnfn e';fn

o'uaf] w ;dfrf/ bftf t'n;Lk'/ , #! h] 7 . b+uLz/ 0f ufp“kflnsf j8f g+= # sf] cfof] hgfdf !% lbg] 9lsof a'gfO tflnd ;dfkg ul/ Psf] 5 . j8f g+=# sf j8fWoIf ;'snfn rf} w/ Lsf] cWoIftf, ufp“kflnsf cWoIf zDe' lu/ Lsf] k|d'v cfltYotf tyf ufp“kflnsf pkfWoIf lkdf jnL v8\sfsf] ljlzi6 cfltYotfdf !% lbg] 9lsof a'gfO tflnd ;dfkg ul/ Psf] xf] . ;dfkg cj;/ df af] Nb} sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly b+uLz/ 0f ufp“kflnsfsf cWoIf zDe' lu/ Ln] : yfgLo: t/ sf] ;Lk snfnfO{ b] z ljb] z;Dd k'¥ofpg l;s] sf] ;LknfO{ Jojxf/ df ptfg{ cfjZos / x] sf] atfpg'eof] . k'/ fgf] snf ;+: s[lt / k/ Dk/ fnfO{ hf] ufO / fVg o: tf ;Lksf] ljsf;df cfkm"x? nfluk/ ] sf] cWoIf lu/ Lsf] egfO lyof] . cfwf/ e"t tflnd lbPsf] / ;xefuLx?sf] ?lr / dfu

cg';f/ P8\efG; tflnd ;d] t k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] atfpg'eof] . ;Lk l;s] / ;kmn Joj;foL, pBdL aGg;s] dfq tflndsf] pknlAw x'g] cWoIf lu/ Lsf] egfO lyof] . sfo{qmdsf ljlzi6 cltly lkdf jnL v8\ sfn] ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ sf ;fy} nlIft au{sf gful/ ssf] ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu ah] 6 lalgof] hg u/ ] sf] atfpg'eof] . k/ Dk/ fut eGbf k[ys z} nLaf6 cfsif{s tj/ n] lgdf{0f ul/ Psf pTkfbgn] ljb] zL ahf/ df ;d] t d"No kfpg] pkfWoIf v8\sfsf] egfO lyof] . k|lzIfs sdnf rf} w/ Ln] tflnd lnP/ dfq gx'g] eGb} leqL dgb] lv g} sfddf nfUg'kg] { atfpg'eof] . k|lzIffyL{ lxdfs'df/ L rf} w/ Ln] cfufdL lbgdf cem} ;Lk clea[l4 ug{] vfnsf sfo{qmd NofOlbg cfu|x ug{'eof] . j8f ;b: o / fdsnL rf} w/ Lsf] : jfut dGtJoaf6 z'? ePsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/ 0f j8f ;b: o nId0fbf; rf} w/ Ln] ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

a'6jn, #! h] 7 . ?kGb] xLsf] ltnf] Qdf gu/ kflnsfn] ;fdflhs sfo{nfO{ klg k|fyldstfdf / fv] / sfd yfn] sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ljsf; ;ldltn] cl6hd ;DaGwL ;r] tgfd"ns sfo{qmd u/ ] sf] 5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofks / gu/ leqsf : jf: Yo ;+: yfsf sd{rf/ L / cl6hd b] lvPsf cleefjsnfO{ cl6hdaf/ ] hfgsf/ L u/ fpg sfo{qmd ul/ Psf] xf] . : gfo'df x'g] uDeL/ v/ faLsf sf/ 0f afnaflnsfdf cl6hdsf] ;d: of b] lvg] / of] hGdhft ;d: of xf] . ;f] cj;/ df af] Nb} gu/ kflnsfsf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;ldlt ;+of] hs / lj ;] Gr'/ Ln] cl6hdsf] ;d: of ePsf afnaflnsfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, ;Ddfgk"j{s af“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ klxnf] k6s ah] 6d} pNn] v u/ ] / of] sfo{qmd ul/ Psf] atfpg'eof] . sfo{qmddf cl6hd / f] u ljz] if1 8f= hl: dgn] : gfo'df x'g] uDeL/ v/ faLsf sf/ 0f afnaflnsfdf cl6hdsf]

;d: of b] lvg] / of] hGdhft ;d: of ePsf] atfpg'eof] . x/ ] s %) hgf afnaflnsfdf Ps hgfnfO{ s'g} g s'g} k|sf/ sf] cl6hdsf] ;d: of x'g] eGb} 8f= hl: dgn] dfof, ;b\efj / k|] dk'j{s Jojxf/ af6 pgLx?nfO{ v'zL agfpg ;lsg] atfpg'eof] . cl6hd ePsf afnaflnsfdf klg s'g} Ps ljz] if Ifdtf x'g] ePsfn] To;nfO{ klxrfg u/ L pgLx?nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbPdf cfTdlge{/ aGg ;Sg] ;+efjgf ;d] t x'g] atfpg'eof] . gu/ kflnsfsf : jf: Yo zfvf k|d'v 1fgk|;fb kf} 8] nn] gu/ leqsf cl6hdsf] ;d: of ePsf afnaflnsfx? ePsf 3/ kQf nufP/ pgLx?sf kIfdf sfd ug] { / pgLx?nfO{ ckx] lnt x'g glbg lzIfs / : jf: YosdL{nfO{ o: tf sfo{qmd lg/ Gt/ tf lbOg] atfpg'eof] . sfo{qmddf gu/ kflnsfsf hg: jf: Yo lg/ LIfs s] zj e§/ fO{n] ;Lkr y] / fkL, lkmlhof] y] / fkL cflb pkrf/ ljlwaf6 cl6hdsf] ;d: of sd ug{ ;lsg] / pgLx?nfO{ kl/ jf/ sf cleefjs / ;dfhsf] dfof / ;b\efj dxTjk"0f{ x'g] atfpg'eof] .

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3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no bfªsf] gS;f kf;;DjGwL ;"rgf †

bfª lhNnf 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^ a:g] x's'df jnLn] d]/f] gfddf btf{ >]:tf ePsf] ;fljs xl/åf/ %s -xfn 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !&_ ls=g+= !!((, !@)! If]qkmn !%^=)) a=ld= hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu 3/sf] gS;fkf; ul/kfpF egL gS;f ;lxt lgj]bg k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ 3/sf] gS;fkf; Ohfht pknAw u/fpg cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ldlt @)*!.)@.#) ut]sf lbg : ynut ;h{ldg ubf{ k"j{tkm{sf ;+lwof/ lkdf yfkf, klZrdtkm{sf ;+lwof/ sNkgf /f]sf du/ / blIf0ftkm{sf ;+lwof/ ljlgtf rf}w/L cg'kl:yt x'g'ePsf]n] 3/sf] gS;fkf; sfo{ /f]lsg uPsf] 5 . olb sf]xL s;}sf] bfjL lj/f]w eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% -kGw|_ lbgleq cfkm\gf] ;a'b k|df0f;lxt o; sfof{nodf lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'xf]nf cGoyf lgodfg';f/ lghsf gfddf 3/ gS;fkf; eO{ hfg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

/f]Nkf lhNnf /f]Nkf gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & a:g] jf/]z eujtL 3tL{n] /f]Nkf lhNnf /f]Nkf gu/kflnsf j8f g+= & a:g] u0f]z 3tL{ du/sf] gfddf btf{ >]:tf ePsf] ;fljs ;]jf/ jgufpF # -xfn 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !#_ ls=g+= &)@# If]qkmn @)@ a=ld= hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu gS;fkf; ul/kfpF egL gS;f ;lxt lgj]bg k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ 3/sf] gS;fkf; Ohfht pknAw u/fpg cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ldlt @)*!.)@.#) ut]sf lbg : ynut ;h{ldg ubf{ k"j{tkm{sf ;+lwof/ kfj{tL 3tL{, klZrdtkm{sf ;+lwof/ rGb| la=s= / pQ/tkm{sf ;+lwof/ sNkgf rf}w/L cg'kl:yt x'g'ePsf]n] 3/sf] gS;fkf; sfo{ /f]lsg uPsf] 5 . olb sf]xL s;}sf] bfjL lj/f]w eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% -kGw|_ lbgleq cfkm\gf] ;a'b k|df0f;lxt o; sfof{nodf lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'xf]nf cGoyf lgodfg';f/ lghsf gfddf 3/ gS;fkf; eO{ hfg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

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ofqf cfltYotf, ;fwg;|f]t Pj+ cfly{s cflb k|flKtsf] lbg 5 .

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dfWod ePsf] eGb} clwsf/ sf] vf] hLdf lx8\b} ubf{ st{Jo km'Ng gx'g] ;'emfj lbg'eof] . lhNnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ sf] cj: yf, dfgj clwsf/ / Ifssf] klxrfg, lhDd] af/ L, ;d: of, r'gf} tL / cj;/ tyf dfgjclwsf/ sf] ljZjAofkL 3f] if0ffkqsf af/ ] df k|: t'lts/ 0f ub} { OG;] s lhNnf k|ltlglw a'l4 k'gn] dfgjclwsf/ sf If] qdf sfd ub} { ubf{ / Ifsdfly a] nfavtdf cfpg] ;d: of / r'gf} tLn] hl6ntf pTkGg u/ ] sf] eGb} / Ifsx? g} ;~hfnLs/ 0fljgf sfd ug{ ufx|f] x'g] atfpg'eof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/ 0f kl/ of] hgfsf s0ff{nL k|b] z ;+of] hs ;Gtf] if ljsn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . o;} aLr e] nfn] cl: dtf a: g] tsf] cWoIftfdf #! ;b: oLo lhNnf: t/ Lo o'jf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn u7g u/ ] sf] 5 . h;sf] pkfWoIfdf k': s/ ;'gf/ / lvdf af] x/ f, ;lrjdf k|bLk 3tL{ du/ , ;x;lrjdf / fh] Gb| kl/ of/ / em/ gf rGb / xg'ePsf] 5 . o: t} sf] iffWoIfdf t'naxfb'/ e08f/ L / ;xsf] iffWoIfdf l;h{gf s] ;L / xg'ePsf] 5 .

;Nofg, #! h] 7 . dfgjclwsf/ sf] ;+/ If0f, ;Da4{g / k|j4{gdf / fHon] rf;f] lbg'kg] { ;/ f] sf/ jfnfn] atfPsf 5g\ . : yfgLo: t/ ;Dd dfgj clwsf/ af/ ] ;r] tgf hufpg] , dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx?nfO{ ;~hfnLs/ 0f ug] { / / fHonfO{ yk hjfkmb] xL agfpg ;a} sf] ;xsfo{ cfjZos / x] sf] pgLx?n] atfP . dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;fdflhs Gofo cleofgcGtu{t / f] od g] kfnsf] cfof] hgfdf laxLaf/ ;Nofgsf] vn+ufdf ;DkGg lhNnf: t/ Lo dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn u7g sfo{qmddf af] Ng] jQmfx?n] o: tf] atfPsf x'g\ . sfo{qmddf af] Nb} k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/ L zDe'k|;fb / ] UdLn] dfgjclwsf/ sf] k|j4{gsf nflu o'jfnfO{ kl/ rfng ub} { lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 ;'zf;gsf sfd ug'{sf ;fy} dfgjclwsf/ nfO{ dfG5] sf] g} ;lu{s clwsf/ sf ?kdf lng'kg] {df hf] 8 lbg'eof] . pxf“n] dfgjclwsf/ sf] ;+/ If0f, ;Da4{g / k|j4{gsf nflu / fHo;“u} dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs / gful/ s

;dfhaLrsf] ;xsfo{ x'g'kg] { atfpg'eof] . …o'jf hgzlQm / fHosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ 5, vf; u/ ] / o'jfd} qL gLltsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;d: of eO/ x] sf] ;Gbe{df o'jf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifsx? ;~hfnLs/ 0f x'g' cfkm} df ;sf/ fTds kIf xf] Ú– pxf“n] eGg'eof] – …;dfhdf x'g] unt sfo{nfO{ / f] Sg o'jf hgzlQm cfjZos 5, s] ;xL xf] , s] unt xf] , clxn] 5'6\ofpg] a] nf ePsf] n] ;xL tl/ sfn] cl3 a9\g ;a} o'jfk+lQmdf cfu|x ub{5' .Ú lhNnf k|x/ L sfof{no ;Nofgsf k|d'v k|x/ L gfoj pk/ LIfs gjLg sfsL{n] dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs

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sf7df8f} +, #! h] 7 -o';_– : jf: Yo aLdf af] 8{n] ;] jf lg/ Gt/ tfsf nflu lj;+ @)*! c;f/ d;fGt;Dd aLdf gjLs/ 0f ul/ ;Sg'kg] { hgfPsf] 5. af] 8{n] ;f] daf/ ;"rgf hf/ L ub} { : jf: Yo ladfdf lj;+ @)*) j} zfv ! b] lv @)*) c;f/ d;fGtdf cfa4 gof“ btf{ tyf gjLs/ 0f u/ L @)*) ebf} ! ut] b] lv ;] jf z'? u/ ] sf ljldtx¿n] ;] jf lg/ Gt/ tfsf nflu pQm cjlwleq gjLs/ 0f ul/ ;Sg'kg] { hgfPsf] xf] . gjLs/ 0fsf nflu cf–cfkm\gf] j8fdf / x] sf btf{ ;xof] uLsf ;fy} cgnfOgdfkm{t ug{ ;lsg] af] 8{n] hgfPsf] 5 . lj;+ @)*! ;fpg ! ut] b] lvsf] gof“ btf{ tyf gjLs/ 0f : jtM @)*! dª\l;/ ! b] lv lqmofzLn x'g] ;"rgfdf pNn] v 5 .

af“s] , #! h] 7 -/ f;;_– af“s] sf] g] kfnu~h pkdxfgu/ kflnsfn] ljkt\ k"j{ tof/ L tyf k|ltsfo{ of] hgf cBfjlws ug{ nfu] sf] 5 . gu/ df ljkt\ k"j{tof/ L tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu gLltut ?kdf k|efjsf/ L Joj: yfkg ug{ of] hgf agfpg nfluPsf] xf] . of] hgf cBfjlwssf qmddf laxLaf/ oxf“ cfof] lht sfo{qmddf pkdxfgu/ kflnsfsf ljifout ;ldlt tyf zfvfsf sd{rf/ L;“u 5nkmn ul/ Psf] 5 . zx/ L ljkt\ tyf e"sDkLo k"j{tof/ L -;'k/ _ kl/ of] hgfsf] ;xof] udf k"j{tof/ L tyf k|ltsfo{ of] hgfsf] cBfjlwssf] sfd ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . g] kfnu~h zx/ df s'g} klg ljkt\ cfPsf] a] nf tTsfnsf] cj: yfnfO{ Joj: yfkg s;/ L ug] {, k"j{tof/ L, cfjZos Joj: yfkg tyf tof/ Lsf] ;oGqnfO{ r': t b'?: t

g]kfn ;/sf/

dfnkf] t sfof{no ;Nofgsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf † ;Nofg lhNnf lqj] 0fL ufpFkflnsf j8f g++ $ a: g] , gf/ fo0f gfy of] uLsf 5f] / f, ch'{g gfy of] uLn] sfsf s[i0f gfy of] uLsf] cljjflxt cj: yfd} d[To' ePkl5 lghsf] : ofxf/ ;Def/ / sfhlqmof ug] { xsjfnfsf] gftfn] hUufwgL sfsf s[i0fgfy of] uLsf gfddf btf{ >] : tfsfod ePsf tkl;ndf pNn] lvt hUufx? cfkm\gf] gfddf gfd;f/ L ul/ kfpF egL lqj] 0fL ufpFkflnsf, $ g+= j8f sfof{nosf] ldlt @)*!.)!.@# rnfgL g+= $&@ sf] ls6fgL l;kmfl/ ; ;lxt o; sfof{nodf lgj] bg k] z ug'{ePsf] n] ;DalGwt ;a} sf] hfgsf/ Lsf] nflu of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/ Psf] 5 . pNn] lvt hUuf lgj] bs elth ch'{ggfy of] uLsf gfddf Psnf} 6L gfd;f/ L x'g' gkg] { sf/ 0f eP jf c? s;} sf] gfddf gfd;f/ L x'g'kg] { eP jf lgj] bs afx] s c? klg xsjfnf eP of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] ldltn] #% -k} +lt;_ lbgleq lgj] bssf] gfddf gfd;f/ L x'g' gkg] { sf/ 0f eP ;f] sf] sf/ 0f v'nfO{ / c?sf] klg xs nfUg] eP xsjfnfsf] k|df0f / lhls/ ;lxtsf] lgj] bg lnO{ o; sfof{nodf cfpg'xf] nf . ;dodf bfjL lj/ f] w kg{ gcfPdf sfg'g adf] lhd lgj] bssf] gfddf gfd;f/ L eO{ hfg] 5 . lgj]bsn] gfd;f/L ug{ dfu u/]sf] hUufsf] ljj/0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= lsQf g+= If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ hUufwgL M s[i0fgfy of]uL a'jf÷klt M uf]kfngfy kmnfjfª ( #)! @–!#–#–# afh]÷;;'/f M efpnfn kmnfjfª ( #(% @–!%–#–!

7]ufgf M ;fljs kmnfjfª–(

3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no bfªsf] gS;f kf;;DjGwL ;"rgf † bfª lhNnf 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !% a:g] a]ndtL ;fsL{n] d]/f] gfddf btf{ >]:tf ePsf] ;fljs 3f]/fxL *v -xfn 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !#_ ls=g+= ^(*# If]qkmn !@^=(* a=ld= hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu 3/sf] gS;fkf; ul/kfpF egL gS;f ;lxt lgj]bg k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ 3/sf] gS;fkf; Ohfht pknAw u/fpg cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ldlt @)*!.)@.#! ut]sf lbg : ynut ;h{ldg ubf{ klZrdtkm{sf ;+lwof/ sf}zLnf g]kfnL / blIf0ftkm{sf ;+lwof/ l/tf yfkf cg'kl:yt x'g'ePsf]n] 3/sf] gS;fkf; sfo{ /f]lsg uPsf] 5 . olb sf]xL s;}sf] bfjL lj/f]w eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% -kGw|_ lbgleq cfkm\gf] ;a'b k|df0f;lxt o; sfof{nodf lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'xf]nf cGoyf lgodfg';f/ lghsf gfddf 3/ gS;fkf; eO{ hfg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no bfªsf] gS;f kf;;DjGwL ;"rgf † /f]Nkf lhNnf lqj]0fL uf=kf= j8f g+= @ a:g] sdnf s'df/L 3tL{sf] gfddf btf{ >]:tf ePsf] ;fljs ;]jf/ jgufpF # -xfn 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !#_ ls=g+= $&&# If]qkmn !^)=(^ a=ld= hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu 3/sf] gS;fkf; ul/kfpF egL gS;f ;lxt lgj]bg k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ 3/sf] gS;fkf; Ohfht pknAw u/fpg cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ldlt @)*!.)@.#) ut]sf lbg : ynut ;h{ldg ubf{ k"j{tkm{sf ;+lwof/ ph]nL a'9f du/, klZrdtkm{sf ;+lwof/ kbdf 3tL{ / pQ/tkm{sf ;+lwof/ ;'lgtf lu/L cg'kl:yt x'g'ePsf]n] 3/sf] gS;fkf; sfo{ /f]lsg uPsf] 5 . olb sf]xL s;}sf] bfjL lj/f]w eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% -kGw|_ lbgleq cfkm\gf] ;a'b k|df0f;lxt o; sfof{nodf lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'xf]nf cGoyf lgodfg';f/ lghsf gfddf 3/ gS;fkf; eO{ hfg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

;~hfnLs/ 0f x'g' ;/ fxgLo sfo{ ePsf] atfpg'eof] . …;dfhdf x'g] ljs[lt / f] Sg xf] ;\ of ;dfhsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] nflu xf] ;\ o'jfsf] e'ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 5, h;df klg o'jf Ps x'g' csf] { / fd|f] kIf xf] Ú– pxf“n] eGg'eof] – …;Eo ;dfh lgdf{0fsf nflu o'jfzlQm ckl/ xfo{ 5, ;a} If] qsf o'jf;“u ;xsfo{ ug{ k|x/ L tof/ 5 .Ú g] kfn af/ P;f] lzP;g ;Nofgsf cWoIf l;kL cf] nLn] b] zsf nflu ug'{kg] { w] / } sfd af“sL / x] sfn] o'jfzlQmnfO{ ;xL tl/ sfn] pkof] u ug'{kg] { atfpg'eof] . clwsf/ sdL{ lji0f' zdf{n] lhNnfdf o'jf dfgjclwsf/ / Ifs ;~hfn x'g' gof“ cfofd yKg]

/ fVg of] hgfnfO{ cBfjlws ug{ nfluPsf] g] kfnu~h pkdxfgu/ kflnsfsf ljkt\ tyf jftfj/ 0f ;ldltsf ;+of] hs ;ld/ k|tfk l;+xn] atfpg'eof] . of] hgf cBfjlws ug{ pkdxfgu/ n] cfjZos tof/ L yfn] sf] 5. pkdxfgu/ kflnsfcGtu{ t ljleGg ljifout ;ldltsf kbflwsf/ L / zfvfsf sd{rf/ LaLr ;d"xut ?kdf 5nkmn ul/ Psf] 5 . sfo{qmddf gu/ k|d'v k|zfGt lji6n] ljkt\ k"j{tof/ Lsf nflu gLltut ?kd} cl3 a9] sf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] To;sf] cfjZos tof/ L tyf ah] 6 Joj: yfkg ul/ g] atfpg'eof] . ljkt\ sf] a] nf gu/ jf;Lsf] ;'/ Iff, p4f/ , / fxt, pkrf/ nufotsf] Joj: yf ug] { / ljkb\ cfpg'eGbf cl3 g} k"j{ tof/ Laf/ ] ;r] tgf clej[l4 ug] { gu/ k|d'v lji6sf] egfO 5 .

g] kfn / ] 8qm; ;f] ;fO6L af“s] zfvfsf cWoIf uf] a4{gl;+x ;Demgfn] ljkt\ h'g;'s} ;dodf cfpg] ePsfn] To;sf] k"j{tof/ L / k|ltsfo{sf nflu @$ ;} 306f ;r] t / xg'kg] {df hf] 8 lbg'eof] . sfo{qmddf ljkb\ lj1 ;'lgn;g zfSon] of] hgf cBfjlwsdf rflxg] ;"rgf, : yfgsf] klxrfg tyf k"j{ tof/ L tyf k|ltsfo{sf nflu cfjZos / 0fgLltsf ljifodf ;xhLs/ 0f ul/ Psf] cfktsfnLg sfo{;~rfng s] Gb|sf ;"rgf Joj: yfkg clws[t ?kg 1jfnLn] atfpg'eof] . o'/ f] lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof] u tyf o'Pgl8kL, o'lg;] km / o'Pg cf] dgsf] ;fem] bf/ L tyf g] kfn / ] 8qm; ;f] ;fO6L af“s] zfvfsf] k|fljlws ;xof] udf g] kfnu~h pkdxfgu/ kflnsfdf ;'k/ n] e"sDkLo hf] lvd Go"gLs/ 0fsf nflu sfd ul/ / x] sf] 5 .

3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf sfof{no bfªsf] gS;f kf;;DjGwL ;"rgf † bfª lhNnf 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !% a:g] jf/]z /]Zdf 5Gt]nn] P]=P]= a:g] ;lGha s'df/ bnf{dL du/sf] gfddf btf{ >]:tf ePsf] ;fljs /fjtufpF *s -xfn 3f]/fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^_ ls=g+= *&^* If]qkmn !(* a=ld= hUufdf 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu 3/sf] gS;fkf; ul/kfpF egL gS;f ;lxt lgj]bg k]z ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ 3/sf] gS;fkf; Ohfht pknAw u/fpg cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f u/L ldlt @)*!.)@.#) ut]sf lbg : ynut ;h{ldg ubf{ k"j{tkm{sf ;+lwof/ ;Ltf a:g]t /fjt, klZrdtkm{sf ;+lwof/ dlg;f s'df/L / pQ/tkm{sf ;+lwof/ hnfn'lbg w'lgof d';ndfg cg'kl:yt x'g'ePsf]n] 3/sf] gS;fkf; sfo{ /f]lsg uPsf] 5 . olb sf]xL s;}sf] bfjL lj/f]w eP of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] !% -kGw|_ lbgleq cfkm\gf] ;a'b k|df0f;lxt o; sfof{nodf lnlvt lgj]bg lbg'xf]nf cGoyf lgodfg';f/ lghsf gfddf 3/ gS;fkf; eO{ hfg] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;a}sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .

sDkgLsf] gfd kl/jt{g ePsf] ;"rgf Û k|yd k6s k|sflzt ldlt M @)*!.)@.#@ ut] o; sDkgLsf] ldlt @)&*.)$.!# ut] sf] ljz] if ;fwf/ 0f;efsf] lg0f{oåf/ f kfl/ t k|: tfj adf] lhd ;fljs gfd / fh oftfoft ;] jf k|f=ln= -k|f=ln=g+= !&!^%#÷)&$÷)&%_ sDkgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ rn crn ;DklQ / C0f bfloTj ;lxt kl/ jlt{t gfd / fh P08 ;fyLefO oftfoft k|f=ln= -k|f=ln= g+= !&!^%#÷)&$÷)&%_ xfnsf] sDkgLn] Aoxf] g] { / ;sfg] { u/ L gfd kl/ jt{g ug{ d~h'/ eO{ o; sDkgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} sf] hfgsf/ Lsf] nflu of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/ Psf] 5 . s;} sf] s'g} lsl;dsf] bfjL lj/ f] w ePdf o;} ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/ Lsf] nflu cg'/ f] w 5 .

/fh P08 ;fyLefO oftfoft k|f=ln= -k|f=ln= g+= !&!^%#÷)&$÷)&%_ t'n;Lk'/ g=kf=– !*, bfª g]kfn ;/sf/

dfnkf] t sfof{no ;Nofgsf] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf † ;Nofg lhNnf aguf8 s'lk08] gu/ kflnsf j8f g+= ( a: g] gf] v] sfdLsf] 5f] / f w|'j g] kfnL / ofdaxfb'/ sfdLn] cfkm\gf] a'jfsf] d[To' kZrft lghsf] ;a} eGbf glhssf] c+lzof/ xfdL b'O{ cfdfsf & efO 5f] / fx? eP tfklg t] hlj/ sfdL 9fFsla/ g] kfnL, lk|of sfdL / afa'/ fd la=s=, pb|la/ sfdLsf 5f] / fx? ;'/ h / d] 3/ fhn] klxn] g} c+z nlu;s] sf] / d[ts hUufwgLsf] kfngkf] if0f / sfhlqmof ;d] t xfdL ofdaxfb'/ sfdL / w|'j g] kfnLn] u/ ] sf] n] afa' gf] v] sfdLsf gfddf btf{ >] : tfsfod tkl;ndf pNn] lvt hUufx? xfd|f] gfddf dfq gfd;f/ L ul/ kfpF egL jguf9 s'lk08] gu/ kflnsf j8f g+= ( sf] ldlt @)*!.)@.)* rnfgL g+= %^& sf] ls6fgL l;kmfl/ ;kq ;lxt o; sfof{nodf lgj] bg k] z ug'{ePsf] n] ;DalGwt ;a} sf] nflu of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/ Psf] 5 . pNn] lvt hUuf gf] v] sfdLsf] b'O{ 5f] / fx? ofdaxfb'/ sfdL / w|'j g] kfnLsf] gfddf ;+o'Qm gfd;f/ L x'g' gkg] { sf/ 0f eP jf c? s;} sf] gfddf gfd;f/ L x'g'kg] { eP jf lgj] bs jfx] s c? klg xsjfnf eP of] ;"rgf k|sfzg ePsf] ldltn] #% -k} +lt;_ lbgleq lgj] bssf] gfddf gfd;f/ L x'g' gkg] { sf/ 0f eP ;f] sf] sf/ 0f v'nfO{ / c?sf] klg xs nfUg] eP xsjfnfsf] k|df0f / lhls/ ;lxtsf] lgj] bg lnO{ o; sfof{nodf cfpg'xf] nf . ;dodf bfjL lj/ f] w kg{ gcfPdf sfg'g adf] lhd lgj] bssf] gfddf gfd;f/ L eO{ hfg] 5 . lgj]bsn] gfd;f/L ug{ dfu u/]sf] hUufsf] ljj/0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= lsQf g+= If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ hUufwgL M gf]v] sfdL a'jf M l7u? s'lk08]bx & $%* !!–!!–@–! afh] M e'g' s'lk08]bx & #^% )–*–)–# 7]ufgf M ;fljs s'lk08]bx, s'lk08]bx & #(# )–(–#–# j8f g+= &, ;Nofg s'lk08]bx & #(% !–!)–#–) s'lk08]bx & $&# #–!–@–# s'lk08]bx & &)^ $–)–!–! s'lk08]bx & *#^ %–!@–@–@ s'lk08]bx & *^( @–!#–)–) s'lk08]bx & (^! )–!@–@–! s'lk08]bx & !))) $–#–!–# s'lk08]bx & !)*! @–!–)–)

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yk pkrf/ sf nflu g] kfnu~h nluPsf] lyof] . g] kfnu~hn] klg pkrf/ ;Dej gePsf] eGb} ef/ t k7fPsf] lyof] . v8\sfnfO{ d+unaf/ / flt 3/ glhs} al;/ x] sf] cj: yfdf o'jfsf] ;d"xn] 9f8df rSs' k|xf/ u/ ] sf lyP . rSs' k|xf/ u/ ] sf] cf/ f] kdf ;f] xL 7fp“sf @! jifL{o kjg s] ;L, !* jifL{o emSs' jnL / @@ jifL{o ljsf; k'gnfO{ k|x/ Ln] kqmfp u/ ] sf] 5 . 36gfaf/ ] yk cg';Gwfg eO/ x] sf] k|x/ L lg/ LIfs yfkfn] hfgsf/ L lbg'eof] .

o'uaf] w ;dfrf/ bftf 3f] / fxL, #! h] 7 . 3f] / fxL pkdxfgu/ kflnsfn] %) k|ltzt cg'bfgdf ls;fgnfO{ s[lif ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f u/ ] sf] 5 . s[lif tyf kz' kG5L Joj;fo k|j4{g zfvfsf] cfof] hgfdf s[lif ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] xf] . ;f] cj;/ df af] Nb} 3f] / fxL pkdxfgu/ kflnsfsf d] o/ g?nfn rf} w/ Ln] Jofj;flos?kdf ls;fgL sfd ug] {n] ca yk Joj;fo k|a4{gdf Wofg lbg'kg] { atfpg'eof] .

3f] / fxL pkdxfgu/ kflnsfsf] %) k|ltzt cg'bfgdf Jofj;flos s[ifssf nflu On] lS6«s Rofks6/ !) j6f, l;+rfO{sf nflu klDkª;] 6 ;ftj6f, ljB'tLo df] 6/ !% j6f, ds} 5f] 8fpg] ljB'tLo d] l;g -sg{ ;] n/ _ Pp6f ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ @)*)÷)*! sf] sfo{qmdcGtu{t ls;fgsf lga] bgsf cfwf/ df 5gf] 6 u/ ] / %) k|ltzt cg'bfgdf ;fdu|L ljt/ 0f ul/ Psf] 3f] / fxL pkdxfgu/ kflnsf kz' zfvf k|d'v >Lw/ clwsf/ Ln] hfgsf/ L lbg'eof] .

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sf/ 0f k|b] zdf b'O{ ;o #& hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf] / #) xhf/ tLg ;o 3/ 6x/ fx¿df Iflt k'u] sf] 5 . To: t} klx/ f] sf] sf/ 0f pQm cjlwdf b'O{ ;o rf/ hgfsf] d[To' x'g'sf] ;fy} kf“rhgf j] kQf ePsf] , r6\ofªaf6 Ps ;o #% hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] / ef/ L

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