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a'6jn, !( c;f] h . g] kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -g] skf_ kb] z kf“rn] kf6L{sf] Pstf klqmofsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ kTo] s lhNnfdf rf/ ;b:oLo kf6L{ Pstf l;kmfl/; sfo{bn u7g u/] sf] 5. g] skf kb] z kf“rn] kf6L{sf] PstfnfO{ tNnf] tx;Dd k'¥ofpg txcg';f/ Pstf klqmof, lhNnf dftxtsf kf6L{ sfof{no Pj+ ef} lts ;DklQsf] clen] v, b'a} kf6L{sf] ;b:otf clen] v tof/ kfg{ lgb] {zg lbPsf] xf] . laxLjf/ a'6jndf a;] sf] g] skf kb] z kf“rsf] klxnf] a} 7sn] kb] z kf“rdf kg] { !@ j6} lhNnfdf rf/hgf ;b:o /x] sf] kf6L{ Pstf l;kmfl/; sfo{bn u7g u/L pQm ;ldltnfO{ @) lbgleq lhNnf dftxtsf kf6L{ sld6Lsf] Pstf klqmofnfO{ kf6L{sf] lgb] {zgcg';f/ ;Dkfbg tyf kb] z sld6Ldf l;kmfl/; ug{, b'O{ kf6L{sf sfof{no Pj+ ef} lts ;DklQsf] clen] v tof/ kf/L dftxtsf sfof{nox?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] of] hgf;lxt kb] z sld6Ldf k:tfj ug{, b'a} kf6L{sf] kf6L{ ;b:otf clen] vnfO{ PsLs[t?kdf Jojl:yt ug] { / PsLs[t l/kf] 6{nfO{ kb] z sld6Ldf l;kmfl/; ug{ lgb] {zg lbPsf] xf] . To;sf nflu g] skf kb] z ;ldltsf] a} 7sn] ?kGb] xLdf uf] kfn e§/fO{, lgd{n lh;L, lzj/fh ;'j] bL /
kKk' sG:6«S;gla?4 ei6frf/ d'2f sf7df8f} +, !( c;f] h -o';_– clVtof/ b'?kof] u cg';Gwfg cfof] un] alb{of ;b/d'sfd u'nl/of / af/alb{of gu/kflnsf hf] 8\g] hAbL3f6sf] aaO{ gbLdflysf] k'n lgdf{0fdf clgoldttf u/] sf] cf/f] kdf lgdf{0f Joj;foL / lgdf{0f cjlwdf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/L u/L !@ hgf la?4 z'qmjf/ ljz] if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/] sf] 5 . k'n lgdf{0fsf] kf/lDesb] lv clGtd r/0f;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ x] bf{ lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;a} af“sL clGtd k]hdf:
cg'k a/fn, kfNkfdf gf/fo0f cfrfo{, g] q kf08] , /fwfs[i0f s“8] n / /fh] Gb ljZjsdf{, u'NdLdf afnl;+x sfp5f, jL/axfb'/ sfsL{, a'l4 lh;L / dw's[i0f kGt, c3f{vf“rLdf r] tgf/fo0f cfrfo{, 5ds'df/L vgfn, hgfb{g vgfn / tf] haxfb'/ /fodfemLnfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf] 5 . To:t} klZrd gjnk/f;Ldf 3gZofd ofbj, t'n;L kf;L, yfgk;fb u} / ] / ;Ltf kf} 8] n, slknj:t'df emjLnfn kf] v] n, 8Da/ zdf{, efg'ksfz >] i7 / /fdrGb zfx, bfªdf l6sf/fd v8\sf, t'n;L/fd k'g, /fdhL rf} w/L / lzjs'df/ cfrfo{, Ko'7fgdf s[i0f clwsf/L, t'n;L/fd zdf{, wgaxfb'/ /fodfemL / gf/fo0f clwsf/L, /f] Nkfdf cfzaxfb'/ k'g, s'df/ bzf} wL, ;'/ ] Gb 3tL{ / xl/k;fb 3tL{nfO{ lhDd] jfbL kbfg ul/Psf] g] skfn] z'qmjf/ a'6jndf kqsf/ ;Dd] ng u/L hfgsf/L lbPsf] xf] . To:t} u/L k"jL{ ?s'ddf d] 3axfb'/ >] i7, 6f] kaxfb'/ cf] nL, ;Gtdfg k'g /
xf] dk;fb >] i7, af“s] df cSsnaxfb'/ ad, czf] s sf] O/fnf, uf] kfn lu/L / ksfz ;'j] bL tyf alb{of lhNnfdf k"0f{ zdf{, e'jgs'df/ yf?, nIdLk;fb zdf{ / xl/ 1jfnLnfO{ kf6L{ PsLs/0f;lxtsf] lhDd] jf/L kbfg ul/Psf] kb] z sld6L cWoIf cf] g;/L 3tL{n] atfpg'eof] . kbz O~rfh{ z+s/ kf] v] n, ;xO{~rfh{ bnaxfb'/ /fgf / ;lrj hf] uk;fb zdf{;lxtsf] a} 7sn] kf6L{ Pstfafx] ssf sfdx?nfO{ klg cleofgs} ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o u/] sf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] sfdnfO{ kefjsf/L / kf/bzL{ ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 cfjZos ;xof] u u/L of] hgf, sfg"g, ;'zf;g, s/ k0ffnL / ah] 6 h:tf ljifodf of] hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug{ lj1x?sf] ;xof] udf klzIf0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] { lg0f{o ePsf] kqsf/ ;Dd] ngdf k] lift k] ; lj1lKtdf pNn] v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} g] skf kb] z kf“rsf] kf6L{ sfof{nosf] ?kdf a'6jnl:yt k'iknfn
:d[lt ejgdf sfof{no ;~rfng ug] { / sfof{no ;lrjsf] ?kdf an/fd clwsf/LnfO{ lhDd] jf/L kbfg ul/Psf] 5 . kqsf/ ;Dd] ngdf af] Nb} kb] z sld6LsL cWoIf cf] g;/L 3tL{n] @))^ ;fndf z'? ePsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf] ng psfnL cf] / fnL ub{} clxn] ;a} d"nwf/df cfPsf] atfpg'eof] . sDo'lgi6 ;/sf/n] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ax'dtsf] ;/sf/ agfpg] cj;/ kfKt u/] sfn] ca hgkIfLo sfd x'g] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] . kb] z kf“rsf d'VodGqL z+s/ kf] v] nn] clxn] d'n'sdf eO/x] sf dlxnf lx+;f, anfTsf/ tyf xTofsf 36gf ;/sf/nfO{ abgfd ug{ lgof] lht?kdf klg ePsf] x'g ;Sg] cfz+sf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] r'gfjsf] k/fhokl5 sf+u] ; g] t[Tjdfly kZg p7] sfn] ;efklt b] pjfn] cfkm"dflysf] la/f] wnfO{ kG5fpgsf nflu ;/sf/dfly vlgPsf] cf/f] k nufpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;/sf/dflysf cfnf] rgf tyf l6Kk0fL ;/sf/nfO{ c;kmn agfpsf nflu lgof] lht?kdf krf/ ul/Psf] eGb} of] n8fO“df ;/sf/n] lhTg] bfaL ug'{eof] . b'O{ ltxfO{sf] ;/sf/ alg;s] kl5 klg ;/sf/sf ultljlwdf df} g a;] sf] g] kfnL sf+u] ; Pdfn] –dfcf] jfbL kf6L{ PsLs/0f kl5 dfq} ;/sf/sf] lj/f] wdf plqPsf] pNn] v ub{} d'VodGqL kf] v] nn] kf6L{ PsLs/0f gx'“bf;Dd b'O{ kf6L{nfO{ n8fP/ cfkm} ;/sf/df hfg vf] h] sf] / Tof] ceLi6 k"/ f gePkl5 ;/sf/sf] la/f] wdf plqPsf] cf/f] k nufpg'eof] .
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3f] / fxL, !( c;f] h . 3gZofd a'9fyf] sL hf] bªfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf] ngsf] cuk+lQms} gfd xf] . @)@$ ;fndf tTsfnsf] ;} 3f uflj;df cfdf lxdfb] jL a'9fyf] sL / afa' b] jL/fd a'9fyf] sLsf] h] 7f] ;Gtfgsf ?kdf hlGdg'ePsf a'9fyf] sL @)#^ ;fnb] lv sDo'lgi6 cfGbf] ngdf ;lqmo ?kdf xf] ldg'ePsf] lyof] . zfGt :jefj, zLtn dg, ;fbf hLjgz} nL a'9fyf] sLsf] csf{] kl/ro alg;s] sf] lyof] . hglko g] tf cyf{t hgtfsf] g] tf . ufp“, j8f, If] q x'“b} lhNnf;Ddsf] kf6L{sf] g] t[Tj pxf“n] nfdf] ;do;Dd ;DxfNg ;Sg'ePsf] lyof] . h;n] ubf{ hgtfdfem pxf“sf] nf] slkotf
a9fPsf] lyof] . ;fdfGo kl/jf/df hlGdg'ePsf a'9fyf] sL cy{zf:qdf PdP kf; ug{'ePsf] lyof] . s] xL ;do lzIf0f k] zfdf ;+nUg /xg'ePsf a'9fyf] sL kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;lqmo /fhgLlts hLjg latfp“b} cfO/xg'ePsf] lyof] . @)^( c;f] h !( ut] kf6L{sf] sfo{qmddf xfnsf] 3f] / fxL pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ kmrsk'/ af6 3f] / fxLtkm{ cfp“b} ug'{ePsf a'9fyf] sLsf] df] 6/;fOsn b'3{6gfdf d[To'ePsf] lyof] . h;n] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ck'/0fLof Iflt k'u] sf] eGb} z'qmjf/ sfo{qmd u/]/ ;xof] 4f tyf sfo{stf{x?n] ;lDemP . zLtn :jefjsf a'9fyf] sL sDo'lgi6 ljrf/ l;4fGtdf lgs} b[9, g] tfsf
?kdf :yflkt x'g'ePsf] sfo{stf{ tyf ;xof] 4fx?n] rrf{ u/] sf lyP . z'qmjf/ 3gZofd a'9fyf] sL :d[lt klti7fgn] 3f] / fxLdf cfof] hgf u/] sf] 5} 7f+} :d[lt lbj;df pxf“sf ;xof] 4f kb] z;ef ;b:o cd/axfb'/ 8f“uL / /] jtL/d0f zdf{n] hglko sDo'lgi6 g] tf a'9fyf] sLn] ;b} j hgtfsf] 3/b} nf] / sfdsfhd} cfkm"nfO{ lqofzLn agfp“b} hgtfsf] b'Mv / kL8fdf ;b} j cfkm"nfO{ pEofp“b} cfO/x] sf] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . 3gZofd a'9fyf] sL :d[lt klti7fgsf pkfWoIf e'jg b] jsf] 6f -z/b_ sf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx?n] a'9fyf] sLsf] JolQmTj / hLjgsf] rrf{ u/] sf lyP . pxf“sf ;xof] 4fåo bfdf] b/ clwsf/L af“sL clGtd k]hdf:
…;fdflhs ;zlQms/0fdf ;xsf/L dxTjk"0f{Ú o'uaf] w ;dfrf/bftf 3f] / fxL, !( c;f] h . ;xsf/Ln] JolQmsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;zlQms/0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] s'/ fdf z'qmjf/ 3f] / fxLdf cfof] lht Ps sfo{qmddf hf] 8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;fdbflos art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+: yfsf] @) cf} + jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef pb\3f6g ;qdf af] Ng] jQmfx?n] ;xsf/Lsf] ax'kIfLo kefjsf] rrf{ ub} { ;f] s'/ fdf hf] 8 lbPsf x'g\ . ;+: yfsf cWoIf zf/bf zdf{sf] cWoIftf Pj+ /fli6«o ;xsf/L a} +s bfª zfvf kaGws gf/fo0f a] naf;] sf] kd'v cfltYotfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf af] Ng] jQmfx?n] ;fd'bflos art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+: yfn] ;dfhdf k'¥ofPsf] of] ubfgsf] ;/fxgf ub} { ;xsf/LnfO{ Joj;fo;“u hf] 8\g'kg] {, ;dfhdf Gofo :yflkt ug{ / ;b:osf] ;du ;zlQms/0fnfO{ Wofg lbP/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg] {, art / C0f sf/f] jf/;“u;“u} ;fdflhs CMYK
pQ/bfloTjsf sfd ;~rfng ug'{kg] {nufotsf ;'emfj lbPsf lyP . sfo{qmdsf kd'v cltly gf/fo0f a] naf;] n] artsf] bL3{sfnLg dxTjsf] rrf{ ub} { art a[l4df Wofg k'¥ofpg z] o/ ;b:ox?nfO{ cfux ug'{ePsf] lyof] . lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3sf ;lrj s[i0fk;fb zdf{n] 3f] / fxLsf] t'n;Lk'/ rf] sdf ;~rfngdf /x] sf] t/sf/L ahf/nfO{ 3/] n' sfof{nosf] klZrdtkm{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;+: yfn] u/] sf] kof;sf] ;/fxgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;+: yfsf ;+: yfks cWoIf
ljdnf of] uLn] ;xsf/Ln] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;f+: s[lts ;zlQms/0fdf hf] 8 lb“b} ;dfhdf ePsf] cGofo / lje] b a'em\g, ;f+: s[lts?kdf h/f uf8] / a;] sf unt ;f] r n} +lus lx+;f, af] S;Lsf] cf/f] knufotsf ;fdflhs Aojxf/ a'em] / ltgnfO{ x6fpg cl3 ;g{ z] o/ ;b:ox?nfO{ cfux ug'{eof] . Ps 3/ Ps /f] huf/L eGg] ;fd'bflos art ;+: yfsf] cleofgsf] rrf{ ub} { pxf“n] 3/–3/df pBdL ag] / :jo+ /f] huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;b:ox?nfO{
cfx\jfg ug'{eof] . sfo{qmddf g] kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sL s] GbLo kfif{b Pj+ ;d/] vf Dofulhgsf ;Dkfbs nIdL cfrfo{, ;fem] bf/L art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+: yfsf kltlglw hLtaxfb'/ s] ;L, z] o/ ;b:ox? /rgf ;'j] bL, ;Ltf cfrfo{, gf/fo0fL of] uLnufotn] z'esfdgf dGtJo JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;+: yfsf dxf;lrj odnf uf} tdsf] :jfut dGtJoaf6 z'? ePsf] sfo{qmddf sNkgf sfsL{n] kult kltj] bg tyf sf] iffWoIf /fwf cfrfo{n] cfly{s kltj] bg k:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;xhLs/0f ;lrj d] g'sf lu/Ln] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ljleGg k'/ :sf/ tyf ;Ddfg ;+: yfn] ;fwf/0f;efsf] cj;/ kf/] / ljleGg k'/ :sf/ tyf ;Ddfg kbfg u/] sf] 5 . o;/L ;Ddflgt x'g] df pTs[i6 Joj;foLsf] ?kdf 3f] / fxL xfk'/ sL ;/:jtL dNn tyf 3f] / fxL–# aflndsL gf/fo0fL ljZjsdf{ x'g'x'G5 . To:t} ;+: yfn] cWoogdf af“sL clGtd k]hdf:
;"rgf Û ;"rgf ÛÛ ;"rgf ÛÛÛ ljut jif{b] lv xfn;Dd Ko"7fg lhNnfaf6 bfª lhNnfdf cfO{ a;f] af; ug] { ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?sf] kyd e] nf oxL c;f] h @) ut] !! ah] 3f] / fxLl:yt 6«] S6/ Joj;foL ;ldltsf] xndf /flvPsf] x'Fbf o;} ;"rgfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL pkl:yt eO{ lbg'x'g ;a} df cg'/ f] w 5 .
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>L :ju{åf/L Ko"7fg–bfª ;Dks{ d~r ;Dks{ g+= (*%&*#!**$, (*$$(%))*(, (*%&*#$!&&
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b] pv'/ L, !( c;f] h . k;n g+= ! lrgL kltlsnf] &) ?k} of“ lh/f kltlsnf] $%) ?k} of“ ;] tf] d6/ kltlsnf] ^) ?k} of“ k;n g+= @ lrgL kltlsnf] &% ?k} of“ lh/f kltlsnf] $$) ?k} of“ ;] tf] d6/ kltlsnf] ^% ?k} of“ b} lgs pkef] Uo j:t'df d"No cfsflzPsf] 5 . olt dfq} xf] Og k;nlkR5] km/s–km/s d"No 5 . g] kfnLsf] dxfg\ rf8 bz} +, ltxf/ glhlsb} ubf{ bfªdf b} lgs pkef] Uo ;fduLsf] d"No k;n} lkR5] km/s– km/s /flvPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . . k;n} lkR5] d"No km/s /flvP klg To; af/] df cg'udg ul/Psf] 5} g . …sd{sf08LÚ ahf/ cg'udg ul/P klg d'Noa[l4af/] Wofg glbOPsf] pkef] Qmfsf] egfO 5. …ahf/df ;fdfg 5f] O{ g;Sg' 5 . lrgL, t] n, kL7f] sf] d"No 5f] O{ g;Sg' 5Ú– ndxL–^ sL pkef] Qmf gf/fo0fL kf} 8] nn] eGg'eof] – … rf8jf8df d"No a9fP/ 9f8 ;] Sg] sfd eof] .Ú d"No km/s–km/s /fVbf pkef] Qmf cflht ag] sf 5g\ . xfn ahf/df lrgL, t] n, cf6f, d} bfnufotsf j:t'df d"Noa[l4 ePsf] xf] . xfn ahf/df lrgLdf klts] hL ?= kf“r, d} bfdf ?= !), t] ndf ?= #) ;Dd a[l4 ePsf] 5 .
o;cl3 kltln6/ ?= !#% kg] { tf] / Lsf] t] n ?= !^% b] lv &) ;Dd k'u] sf] 5 . To:t} d} bf ?= $% kltlsnf] af6 PsfPs a9] / ?= %% k'u] sf] Joj;foL atfp“5g\ . Ps b'O{ lbgd} d"No cfsflzPsfn] pkef] QmfnfO{ lrQ a'emfpg] ;d:of cfOk/] sf] Joj;foLx?n] u'gf;f] u/] sf 5g\ . Joj;foLn] cfkm"x?n] dxËf] d"Nodf v/Lb ug{'k/] sfn] pkef] QmfnfO{ klg ;f] xLcg'?k yf] / } gfkmf vfP/ a] Rg'kg] { atfp“5g\ . To;} u/L lhNnfsf d'Vo ahf/ t'n;Lk'/ , 3f] / fxL, ndxLdf dxËLsf] ;d:of b] lvPsf] atfOPsf] 5 . t'n;Lk'/ pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3cGtu{t ls/fgf Joj;foL pk;ldltsf ;+of] hs hgs /fjtn] klg ljleGg pkef] Uo ;fduLdf d"Noa[l4 ePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;a} eGbf w] / } cf6f, d} bf, t] ndf d"Noa[l4 ePsf] atfpg'eof] . t'n;Lk'/ pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf /fdk;fb rfln;] n] 7"nf Joj;foLn] s[lqd cefj l;h{gf u/] sf sf/0f d"Noa[l4 ePsf] bfaL ug{'eof] . …oxf“ d"Noa[l4 ePsf] xf] Og, 7"nf Joj;foL / sf/vfgfn] s[lqd cefj l;h{gf u/] sfn] o:tf] ;d:of ePsf] xf] Ú–0 pxf“n] eGg'eof] . :yfgLo txdf ahf/ cg'udg ;ldlt u7g eP klg kefjsf/L?kdf cg'udg ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg\ . j8f txdf klg j8fWoIfsf] ;+of] hsTjdf cg'udg ;ldlt eP klg To;n] kefjsf/L sfd ug{ g;s] sf] u'gf;f] a9L 5 .