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CONTENT

SYNOPSIS

ORIGIN AND HISTORY

SIGNIFICANCE

INSULATION ITERATIONS

PLACES TO INSTALL INSULATION IN HOMES

THERMAL INSULATION OTHER THAN BUILDINGS

WHY IT IS IMPORTANT ?

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE MARKET POTENTIAL OF THERMAL INSULATION

CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT AND COST OF THERMAL INSULATION

GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

SYNOPSIS

Due to the rapid development of technology and its facilities, there is a need to create the structure and material capable of ensuring the rational use of energy sources. The study of the characteristics of thermal insulation materials using experimental methods is an urgent task, as it will allow us to ensure a long life thermal insulation , as a result of safety and reliability.INSULATION in your home provides resistance to heat flow and lowers your heating and cooling costs. Properly insulating your home not only reduces heating and cooling costs, but also improves comfort.

Whole book in a paragraph

OBJECTIVE

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The objective of this book is to introduce the concept of heat transfer modes to the people to understand composites and thermal insulation better.

Emphasis will be given to the material iteration , methods of making and its application to industry as well as every day life obstacles.

T H E N

In the prehistoric period

" T h e h i s t o r y o f t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n i s n o t s o l o n g c o m p a r e d w i t h o g v e b e e n a w a r e o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i n s u l a t i o n f o r a l o n g t i m e . I n t h e p r e h i s t o r i c t i m e , h u m a n b e i n g s b e g a n t h e i r a c t i v i t y o f m a k i n g s h e l t e r s a g a i n s t w i l d a n i m a l s a n d h e a v y w e a t h e r , h u m a n b e i n g s s t a r t e d t h e i r e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n . P r e h i s t o r i c p e o p l e s b u i l t t h e i r d w e l l i n g s * b y u s i n g t h e m a t e r i a l s o f a n i m a l s k i n s , f u r , a n d p l a n t m a t e r i a l s l i k e r e e d , f l a x , a n d s t r a w , t h e s e m a t e r i a l s w e r e f i r s t u s e d a s c l o t h i n g m a t e r i a l s , b e c a u s e t h e i r d w e l l i n g s w e r e t e m p o r a r y , t h e y w e r e m o r e l i k e l y t o u s e t h e m a t e r i a l s t h e y u s e d i n c l o t h i n g , w h i c h w e r e e a s y t o o b t a i n a n d p r o c e s s . T h e m a t e r i a l s o f a n i m a l f u r s a n d p l a n t p r o d u c t s c a n h o l d a l a r g e a m o u n t o f a i r b e t w e e n m o l e c u l e s w h i c h c a n c r e a t e a n a i r c a v i t y t o r e d u c e t h e h e a t e x c h a n g e "

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" L a t e r , h u m a n b e i n g s ' l o n g - l i f e

s p a n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e y n e e d e d a f i x e d p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e ,

e a r t h - s h e l t e r e d h o u s e s , s t o n e h o u s e s , a n d c a v e d w e l l i n g s b e g a n

t o e m e r g e . T h e h i g h d e n s i t y o f

t h e s e m a t e r i a l s c a n c a u s e a t i m e l a g e f f e c t i n t h e r m a l t r a n s f e r , w h i c h c a n m a k e t h e i n s i d e

t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e s l o w l y . T h i s e f f e c t k e e p i n s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s w a r m i n w i n t e r a n d

c o o l i n s u m m e r , a l s o b e c a u s e o f

t h e m a t e r i a l s l i k e e a r t h o r s t o n e i s e a s y t o g e t , t h i s d e s i g n i s

p o p u l a r i n m a n y p l a c e s l i k e

R u s s i a , I c e l a n d , G r e e n l a n d . "

I N

B E T W E E N

Struggle to success

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M I L E S T O N E leading

towards modern approach

O r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s w e r e t h e f i r s t a v a i l a b l e t o b u i l d a s h e l t e r f o r p e o p l e t o p r o t e c t t h e m s e l v e s f r o m b a d w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a n d t o h e l p k e e p t h e m w a r m , B u t o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s l i k e a n i m a l a n d p l a n t f i b e r c a n n o t e x i s t f o r a l o n g t i m e , s o t h e s e n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s c a n n o t s a t i s f y p e o p l e ' s l o n gt e r m n e e d f o r t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n . S o , p e o p l e b e g a n t o s e a r c h f o r s u b s t i t u t e s w h i c h a r e m o r e d u r a b l e . I n t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y , p e o p l e w e r e n o l o n g e r s a t i s f i e d w i t h u s i n g n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s

f o r t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n , t h e y p r o c e s s e d t h e o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l s a n d p r o d u c e d t h e f i r s t i n s u l a t e d p a n e l s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , m o r e a n d m o r e a r t i f i c i a l m a t e r i a l s s t a r t t o

e m e r g e , a n d a l a r g e r a n g e o f a r t i f i c i a l t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s w e r e d e v e l o p e d , e . g . , R O C K W O O L ,

F I B E R G L A S S , F O A M G L A S S , H O L L O W B R I C K .

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N O W

Modern touch to the contemporary world

N o w a d a y s , t h e m o s t p o p u l a r i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s a r e p l a s t i c f o a m a n d m i n e r a l w o o l , w i t h o n l y a s m a l l a m o u n t o f n a t u r a l m a t e r i a l s b e i n g p r o d u c e d . H o w e v e r , r e g a r d l e s s t h e m a t e r i a l c h o s e n t o b e u s e d , a n y b u i l d i n g , e i t h e r a h o m e o r a m a l l , n e e d s t o b e w e l l i n s u l a t e d , a n d t h e b e s t s o l u t i o n f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t * o f c o s t a n d p e r f o r m a n c e c o u l d b e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t w o o r m o r e d i f f e r e n t i n s u l a t i o n s .

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T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n c a n p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n b u i l d i n g s , g r e a t d e m a n d s o f t h e r m a l c o m f o r t r e s u l t i n a l a r g e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y c o n s u m e d f o r f u l l - h e a t i n g f o r a l l r o o m s . A r o u n d 4 0 % o f e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g , m a i n l y c o n s u m e d b y h e a t i n g o r c o o l i n g . S u f f i c i e n t t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n i s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l t a s k t h a t e n s u r e s a h e a l t h y i n d o o r e n v i r o n m e n t a n d a g a i n s t s t r u c t u r e d a m a g e s . I t i s a l s o a k e y f a c t o r i n d e a l i n g w i t h h i g h e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n , i t c a n r e d u c e t h e h e a t f l o w t h r o u g h t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . G o o d t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n c a n a l s o b r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g b e n e f i t s t o t h e b u i l d i n g : P r e v e n t i n g b u i l d i n g d a m a g e c a u s e d b y t h e

f o r m a t i o n o f m o i s t u r e o n t h e i n s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g e n v e l o p e . T h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n m a k e s s u r e

t h a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s o f r o o m s u r f a c e d o n ' t f a l l

b e l o w a c r i t i c a l l e v e l , w h i c h a v o i d s c o n d e n s a t i o n a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f m o u l d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e

B u i l d i n g D a m a g e r e p o r t s , 1 2 . 7 % a n d 1 4 % o f

b u i l d i n g d a m a g e s w e r e c a u s e d b y m o u l d p r o b l e m s . I f t h e r e i s n o s u f f i c i e n t t h e r m a l i n s u l a t i o n i n t h e b u i l d i n g , h i g h r e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y i n s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g w i l l l e a d t o c o n d e n s a t i o n a n d f i n a l l y r e s u l t i n m o u l d p r o b l e m s .

S I G N I F I C A N C E

Roleofthermalinsulationin ourlife

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' Producing a comfortable thermal environment for people living in the building. Good thermal insulation allows sufficiently high temperatures inside the building during the winter, and it also achieves the same level of thermal comfort by offering relatively low air temperature in the summer.'

" Reducing unwanted heating or cooling energy input. Thermal insulation reduces the heat exchange through the building envelope, which allows the heating and cooling machines to achieve the same indoor air temperature with less energy input."

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I N S U L A T I O N

I T E R A T I O N S

W i t h t h e b r i e f k n o w l e d g e o f m a t e r i a l s w i t h i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s , i n s t a l l a t i o n .

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The most common and widely available type of insulation -- comes in the form of batts or rolls. It consists of flexible fibers, most commonly fiand slag) wool, plastic fibers, and natural fibers, such as cotton and sheep's wool.

Unfinished walls, including foundation walls Floors and ceilings

APPLICABLE ON INSTALLATION METHODS

Fitted between studs, joists, and beams.

PROS.

Do-it-yourself.

Suited for standard stud and joist spacing that is relatively free from obstructions. Relatively inexpensive.

MATERIALS

Fiberglass

Mineral (rock or slag) wool

Plastic fibers

Natural fibers

BLANKET INSULATION

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Concrete blocks are used to build home foundations and walls, and there are several ways to insulate them. If the cores aren’t filled with steel and concrete for structural reasons, they can be filled with insulation, which raises the average wall R-value. It is more effective to install insulation over the surface of the blocks either on the exterior or interior of the foundation walls. Placing insulation on the exterior has the added advantage of containing the thermal mass of the blocks within the conditioned space, which can moderate indoor temperatures.

APPLICABLE ON

Unfinished walls, including foundation walls

New construction or major renovations

Walls (insulating concrete blocks)

INSTALLATION METHODS

Require specialized skills

Insulating concrete blocks are sometimes stacked* without mortar (dry-stacked) and surface bonded.

PROS.

Insulating cores increases wall R-value. Insulating outside of concrete block wall places mass inside conditioned space, which can moderate indoor temperatures. Autoclaved* aerated* concrete and autoclaved cellular concrete masonry units have 10 times the insulating value of conventional concrete.

MATERIALS

Foam board, to be placed on outside of wall (usually new construction) or inside of wall (existing homes): Some manufacturers incorporate foam beads or air into the concrete mix to increase R-values

C O N C R E T E B L O C K

I N S U L A T I O N

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Foam boards -- rigid panels of insulation -- can be used to insulate almost any part of your home, from the roof down to the foundation. They are very effective in exterior wall sheathing, interior sheathing for basement walls, and special applications such as attic* hatches*. They provide good thermal resistance (up to 2 times greater than most other insulating materials of the same thickness), and reduce heat conduction through structural elements.

Unfinished walls, including foundation walls

Floors and ceilings

Unvented low-slope roofs

APPLICABLE ON INSTALLATION METHODS

Interior applications: must be covered with 1/2-inch gypsum board or other buildingcode approved material for fire safety. Exterior applications: must be covered with weatherproof facing.

PROS.

High insulating value for relatively little thickness. Can block thermal short circuits when installed continuously over frames or joints.

MATERIALS

Polystyrene

Polyisocyanurate

Polyurethane

Phenolic

F O A M B O A R D O R

R I G I D F O A M

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Loose-fill insulation consists of small particles of fiber, foam, or other materials. These small particles form an insulation material that can conform to any space without disturbing structures or finishes. This ability to conform makes loose-fill insulation well suited for retrofits* and locations where it would be difficult to install other types of insulation.

The most common types of materials used for loose-fill insulation include cellulose, fiberglass, and mineral (rock or slag) wool. All of these materials are produced using recycled waste materials.

Enclosed existing wall or open new wall cavities

Unfinished attic floors

Other hard-to-reach places

APPLICABLE ON INSTALLATION METHODS

Blown into place using special equipment and, although not recommended, sometimes poured in.

PROS.

Good for adding insulation to existing finished areas, irregularly shaped areas, and around obstructions.

MATERIALS

Cellulose

Fiberglass

Mineral (rock or slag) wool

L O O S E - F I L L A N D

B L O W N - I N

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Unlike most common insulation systems, which resist conductive and convective heat flow, radiant barriers and reflective insulation work by reflecting radiant heat. Radiant barriers are installed in homes -- usually in attics -- primarily to reduce summer heat gain, which helps lower cooling costs. Reflective insulation incorporates reflective surfaces -- typically aluminum foils -- into insulation systems that can include a variety of backings, such as kraft paper, plastic film, polyethylene bubbles, or cardboard, as well as thermal insulation materials.

APPLICABLE ON INSTALLATION METHODS

Unfinished walls, ceilings, and floors

Foils, films, or papers fitted between wood-frame studs, joists, rafters, and beams.

PROS.

Do-it-yourself.

Suitable for framing at standard spacing. Bubble-form suitable if framing is irregular or if obstructions are present. Most effective at preventing downward heat flow, effectiveness depends on spacing and number of foils.

MATERIALS

Foil-faced kraft paper, plastic film, polyethylene bubbles, or cardboard

R E F L E C T I V E S Y S T E M A N D R A D I E N T B A R R I E R

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Rigid fiber or fibrous board insulation consists of either fiberglass or mineral wool material and is primarily used for insulating air ducts in homes. It is also used when there's a need for insulation that can withstand high temperatures. These products come in a range of thicknesses from 1 inch to 2.5 inches.

APPLICABLE ON

Ducts in unconditioned spaces

Other places requiring insulation that can withstand high temperatures

INSTALLATION METHODS

HVAC contractors fabricate the insulation into ducts either at their shops or at the job sites.

PROS.

Can withstand high temperatures

MATERIALS

Fiberglass

Mineral (rock or slag) wool

R I G I D F I B E R B O A R D I N S U L A T I O N

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Liquid foam insulation materials can be sprayed, foamed-in-place, injected, or poured. Foam-in-place insulation can be blown into walls, on attic surfaces, or under floors to insulate and reduce air leakage. Some installations can yield a higher R-value than traditional batt insulation for the same thickness, and can fill even the smallest cavities, creating an effective air barrier. You can use the small pressurized cans of foam-in-place insulation to reduce air leakage in holes and cracks, such as window and door frames, and electrical and plumbing penetrations

Enclosed existing wall

Open new wall cavities

Unfinished attic floors

APPLICABLE ON INSTALLATION METHODS

Applied using small spray containers or in larger quantities as a pressure sprayed (foamed-in-place) product.

PROS.

Good for adding insulation to existing finished areas, irregularly shaped areas, and around obstructions.

MATERIALS

Cementitious

Phenolic

Polyisocyanurate

Polyurethane

S P R A Y E D F O A M A N D

F O A M E D - I N - P L A C E

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Structural insulated panels (SIPs) are prefabricated insulated structural elements for use in building walls, ceilings, floors, and roofs. They provide superior and uniform insulation compared to more traditional construction methods (stud or "stick frame"), offering energy savings of 12% to 14%. When installed properly, SIPs also result in a more airtight dwelling, which makes a house energy efficient, quieter, and more comfortable.

APPLICABLE ON

Unfinished walls, ceilings, floors, and roofs for new construction

INSTALLATION METHODS

Construction workers fit SIPs together to form walls and roof of a house.

PROS.

SIP-built houses provide superior and uniform insulation compared to more traditional construction methods; they also take less time to build.

MATERIALS

Foam board or liquid foam insulation core

Straw core insulation

S T R U C T U R A L

I N S U L A T E D P A N E L S

( S I P S )

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PLACES TO INSTALL INSULATION IN HOME

Detailed Description

1. In unfinished attic spaces, insulate between and over the floor joists to seal off living spaces below. If the air distribution is in the attic space, then consider insulating the rafters to move the distribution into the conditioned space. (1A). Insulate the attic access door

2. In finished attic rooms with or without dormers*, insulate. (2A) between the studs of "knee" walls.

(2B) between the studs and rafters of the exterior walls and the roof.

(2C) and ceilings with unconditioned spaces above.

(2D) Extend insulation into joist* space to reduce air flows.

3. Insulate all exterior walls, including (3A) walls between living spaces and unheated garages, shed roofs, or storage areas;

(3B) foundation walls above ground level;

(3C) foundation walls in heated basements.

4. Apply insulation to floors above unconditioned spaces, such as vented crawl spaces and unheated garages. Also insulate

(4A) any portion of the floor in a room that is cantilevered beyond the exterior wall below;

(4B) slab floors built directly on the ground;

(4C) as an alternative to floor insulation, foundation walls of unvented crawl spaces.

(4D) Extend insulation into joist space to reduce air flows.

5. Do not forget to insulate the band joists*.

6. Caulk and seal around all windows and doors.

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INSULATION OTHER THAN BUILDING

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Insulation in clothing works by trapping tiny pockets of warm air close to the skin. Air is a poor conductor of heat, and is therefore ideal as an insulating element.

INSULATION IN CLOTHES

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INSULATION IN AUTOMOTIVES

A u t o m o t i v e c a b i n i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l i s a m a t e r i a l o r a c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l s t h a t r e t a r d t h e f l o w o f h e a t e n e r g y , a b s o r b v i b r a t i o n a n d r e d u c e t h e s q u e a k i n g * s o u n d s i n a u t o m o b i l e s .

T h i s m a t e r i a l h e l p s m a i n t a i n t h e a u t o m o t i v e c a b i n t e m p e r a t u r e a t a d e s i r e d l e v e l a n d p r e v e n t s o r r e d u c e s d a m a g e t o v e h i c l e s f r o m e x p o s u r e t o f i r e a n d c o r r o s i v e a t m o s p h e r e s .

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INSULATION IN WARES

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INSULATION IN REFRIDGERATOR

Polyurethane rigid foam is the insulating material which is most widely used throughout the world for refrigerators and freezers. The insulation efficiency of polyurethane foams is a key property for the low temperature preservation of food during processing, storage and distribution to the consumer.

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Thermal insulation is an important technology to reduce energy consumption in buildings by preventing heat gain/loss through the building envelope. Thermal insulation is a construction material with low thermal conductivity, often less than 0.1W/mK. These materials have no other purpose than to save energy and protect and provide comfort to occupants. Of the many forms, shapes and applications of thermal insulation,

W H Y I T I S

I M P O R T A N T ?

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Building envelope thermal insulation products have been widely used in temperate regions. In many developed and industrialised countries, thermal insulation is a regulatory requirement for energy efficiency and occupant health purposes, which provide a fairly constant market for the thermal insulation manufacturers. The market for building fabric thermal insulation products is not as large in hot and humid tropical regions, where natural ventilation, not air-tightness, is a more appropriate strategy for thermal comfort.

In this context the use of thermal insulation is not extensive, and the use of an air gap in the cavity wall for the west facing façade to prevent heat gain from hot afternoon sun is found to be sufficient. Roof insulation, however, is applicable in all climate regions, including the hot tropical bell. In the Caribbean, for example, roof insulation has generally been accepted as a “ proven energy conservation solution” with mineral (glass) fibre generally the lead product.

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE MARKET POTENTIAL OF THERMAL INSULATION

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CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The primary contribution of building envelope thermal insulation is to provide thermal comfort to its occupants. This supports healthy living environments and better productivity at workplaces.

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Thermal insulation reduces unwanted heat loss or heat gain through a building envelope. This, in turn, reduces energy demand for cooling and heating of buildings, and thus is a mitigation* measure to reduce GHG emissions.

Large-scale implementation of thermal insulation has also been proven to be an economic stimulus. In the European region alone, there were nearly 12,000 companies, with a total of 400,000 employees, operating in the value stream derived from cellular plastic products (ISOPA & Polyurethanes, 2009). There are ample business and job creation opportunities for developing countries, if successful North-South and South-South transfer programmes for building envelope thermal insulation are in place.

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FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT AND COST OF THERMAL INSULATION

Financial requirement for building envelope thermal insulation includes the costs of the products and their installation. The product and installation costs of thermal insulation are computed based on per unit of area and per unit of thermal conductivity value. The installation cost for loose fill products are lower than that of other insulation products, because it is easy to install. . However, due to the lack of additional protection from moisture and vermin infestation, long-term durability is a consideration.

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Aeration - Aeration (also called aerification) is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with dissolved in a liquid or substance.

Attic - The space or room at the top of a building, under the roof, often used for storing things.

Dwelling - A shelter (such as a house) in which people live.

Hatched - A small door or opening.

Dormer - A window set vertically in a structure projecting through a sloping roof .

Infestation - A large number of animals and insects that carry disease, that are present where they are not wanted.

Mitigation - The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.

Stacked - A large usually conical pile (as of hay, straw, or grain in the sheaf) left standing in the field for storage.

Standpoint - a position from which objects or principles are viewed and according to which they are compared and judged.

Squeaking - to make a short, very high cry or sound.

Retrofits - to furnish (something, such as a computer, airplane, or building) with new or modified parts or equipment not available or considered necessary at the time of manufacture.

G L O S S A R Y

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[ 1 ] Google Images

Wikipedia

[ 4 ] Web pages

[ 5 ] The Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), UN City, Marmorvej 51, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

https://www.ctc-n.org/technologies/building-envelope-thermalinsulation#:~:text=Thermal%20insulation%20is%20an%20important,less%20than%200.1W%2FmK.s

[ 6 ] Building Thermal Insulation Materials.

https://insights.globalspec.com/article/6606/most-common-building-thermal-insulation-materials-on-themarket-today

[ 7 ] Pros and Cons of the Most Commonly Used Types of Residential Insulation.

https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/pros-and-cons-of-the-residential-insulation/

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

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