YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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1ST QUARTER
YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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CHAPTER ONE- FAMILY AND FRIENDS
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LESSON 1: NOUN
Nouns – are names of person, places, animals, and things. Proper Nouns – are the specific names of persons, places, animals,, and things. They begin with capital letter Common Nouns – are general names of persons, places, animals, and things. They begin with small letter.
Examples: Common Nouns
Proper Nouns
School
Young Ji International School
Street
Barcelona Street
Girl
Anna
Month
August
Dance
Tinikling
Country
Philippines
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ACTIVITY 1 Give the proper noun for each common noun
1. soap
__________________________
2. cat
___________________________
3. flower
___________________________
4. nurse
___________________________
5. tree
___________________________
6. book
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7. chocolate
___________________________
8. dance __________________________
9. shoes
_________________________
10.television
__________________________
ACTIVITY 2 Underline the nouns in each sentence. Rewrite the proper noun on the blank correctly. The first one has been done for you. 1. My brother is aldren.
Aldren
2. Sir francis will buy snacks at the mall.
3. The dress is for agnes.
4. I will go to Manila with my parents.
5. The house was painted by uncle marvin. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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LESSON 2: COUNTER FOR NOUNS 1. Countable nouns – refers to the things we can count. For many countable nouns, we add s at the end of the noun to make them plural.
Examples: cake
-
cakes
paper
-
papers
If the nouns ends in o, s, sh,,ch, x, or z, we usually add es to make them plural.
Examples: Potato
-
potatoes
glass
-
glasses
bush
-
bushes
church
-
churches
buzz
-
buzzes
fox
-
foxes
Counters can be used for mass nouns to be countable.
Examples: Counter
Mass Nouns
kilo (kilos) of
rice, sugar, beef, tomatoes
lot (lots) of
knowledge, love, hope, humor
meter (meters) of
ribbon, wire, cord, garter
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piece (pieces) of
cloth, advise, furniture, cloth
sheet (sheets) of
paper, iron, plywood
cup (cups) of
flour, coffee, tea, rice
ganta (gantas) of
beans, rice, mongo
quire (quires) of
parchment paper
bar (bars) of
gold, soap, chocolate
bottle (bottles) of
water, ink, wine, vinegar
Lesson 3: Singular and Plural Form of Count Nouns
Countable Nouns – Refer to the things we can count. For many countable nouns, we add s at the end of the nouns to make them plural.
Examples:
chair
-
chairs
table
-
tables
bird
-
birds
machine
-
machines
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Add es to count nouns that end in o, s, sh,ch, x, z to make them plural.
Examples:
Potato
-
potatoes
church
-
churches
Glass
-
glasses
fox
-
foxes
Bush
-
bushes
buzz
-
buzzes
Bench
-
benches
bus
-
buses
For nouns that end in y preceded by a vowel, we simply add s to make them plural. Examples monkey
-
monkeys
boy
-
boya
Day
-
days
toy
-
toys
Bay
-
bays
turkey
-
turkeys
Pulley
-
pulleys
For nouns that end in f or fe, we usually replace f or fe with ves to make them plural.
Examples
Shelf
-
shelves
half
-
halves
Wife
-
wives
knife
-
knives
Leaf
-
leaves
thief
-
thieves
Other nouns change their spelling to form their plural form YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Examples
Man
-
men
goose
-
geese
Mouse
-
mice
foot
-
feet
Ox
-
oxen
child
-
children
For nouns that end in y preceded by a consonant we usually replace y with ies to make them plural.
Examples
City
-
Cities
Baby
-
Babies
Party
-
Parties
Cherry
-
Cherries
Berry
-
Berries
Lady
-
ladies
Activity
Write the plural form of each noun.
1. Peach
-
______________
2. hero
-
______________
3. flower
-
______________
4. army
-
______________
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5. foot
-
______________
6. man
-
______________
7. mouse
-
______________
8. house
-
______________
9. life
-
______________
10.woman
-
______________
Lesson 4: Possessive Form of Nouns
To show possession or ownership, remember the following rules: 1. Add ‘s to singular nouns.
Examples: baby’s diaper
Cathy’s ribbon
mother’s friend
boy’s bag
kitten’s whisker
cousin’s house
2. Add only an apostrophe (‘) to nouns in the plural form that end in s.
Examples:
babies’
diapers
Chickens’ wings
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girls’ dolls’ mothers’ aprons
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3. Add ‘s to plural nouns that do not end in s. men’s conference women’s room
Examples:
Oxen’s horns
children’s party
Firemen’s hose 4. Add ‘s to proper nouns that end in s.
Examples: Marcus’s album
Luis’s report
Carlo’s car
5. The exception to the fourth rule are the names of Jesus and Moses. Add only an apostrophe (‘) to their names.
Examples: Jesus’ disciples
Moses’ staff
Activity 1
Underline the correct possessive noun to complete each sentence. 1. The (chicken’s, chickens)
heads bobbed up and down.
2. (Mica’s, Micas’) purse could not be found. 3. The (woman’s, women’s) club held a garage sale.
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4. Some (geese’s, geeses’) feathers floated in the air. 5. A (child’s, children’s) voice stood out in the choir. 6. The (giraffe’s, giraffes’s) neck reached for food. 7. The (worker’s, workers’) tractors were parked on the road. 8. They were jumping on the (horse’s, horses’) backs. 9. Several birds landed on the (tractor’s, tractors’) hoods. 10.It was sweet music to Myra’s, Myras’) ears.
Activity 2.
Show the possessive forms of the following nouns. Write the answers on the blanks.
1. the crown of the beauty queen
____________________________
2. wings of the butterflies
____________________________
3. the ribbon of Sheila
____________________________
4. harvests of the farmers
____________________________
5. security guards of the mall
____________________________
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6. the baby of the mother
____________________________
7. patients of the dentists
____________________________
8. the cheque of the manager
____________________________
9. answers of the pupils
____________________________
10. the knife of the butcher
____________________________
11. sandals of the children
____________________________
12. the apron of the cook
____________________________
13. products of the craftsmen
____________________________
14. the money of the teller
____________________________
15. movies of the directors
____________________________
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Lesson 5- Gender of Nouns Gender – is the difference in nouns.
Four Genders of nouns
1. The masculine gender refers to persons or animals who are males.
Ex:
man
uncle
prince
boy
father
rooster
2. The feminine gender refers to persons or animals who are females.
Ex:
woman aunt
girl
princes
mother
sister
3. The common gender refers to persons or animals which can either be masculine or feminine.
Ex:
child
baby
teacher
attorney
architect
doctor
professor
nurse
4. For nonliving things, we call the gender neuter.
Ex:
chair
clothes
Sea
tree
bags broom
tables curtains
Gender may also be expressed by adding certain words before noun which connote masculinity and feminity. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Activity 1.
Write on the blanks the opposite gender of the underlined nouns.
Example:
The king lives in the royal palace
queen
1. Some ladies wore red.
______________
2. We watched a popular actor emcee.
______________
3. My uncle is very busy.
______________
4. The host warmly welcomed us.
______________
5. The rooster lives in a pen.
______________
6. Her nephew studies abroad.
______________
7. The stewardess arrived.
______________
8. There was no dressmaker in the shop.
______________
9. Their child was a princess.
______________
10. The stag escaped.
______________
11. Mother drives us to school.
______________
12.My brother passed the board exams.
_____________
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13.The waiter served the soup.
14.The bride march down the aisle.
______________
______________
15.The doe grazed the meadow.
______________
Activity 2
Write on the blanks M for masculine, F for feminine, C for common or N for neuter gender. ________________ 1. stewardess ________________ 2. Duck ________________ 3. Baby ________________ 4. Duchess ________________ 5. Hen ________________ 6. Hero ________________ 7. Hostess ________________ 8. Stallion ________________ 9. Goose ________________ 10. Computer ________________ 11. Tailor
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________________ 12. cell phone ________________ 13. package ________________ 14. nephew ________________ 15. child ________________ 16. rooster ________________ 17. witch ________________ 18. deer ________________ 19. stag ________________ 20. woman
Lesson 6: Subject pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used to make sentences shorter and more interesting. A pronoun that takes the place of a noun used as the subject in a sentence is called a subject pronoun. The subject is what is being talked about in a sentence.
Subject pronouns are: I
- refers to oneself (me)
You - refers to the person being talked to We - refers to a group of persons that includes yourself
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It
- refers to an object, animal, place, event, or feeling
They- refers to many persons or things. He
- refers to males
She - refers to females. Activity
Write the correct subject pronoun for each noun. _________ 1. machine
_________ 2. Mr. Aquino
_________ 3. Ande and me
_________ 4. Ana and Linda
_________ 5. auntie
_________ 6. my cousin and I
_________ 7. chair
_________ 8. pigs
_________ 9. speaker
_________ 10. Mrs. Santos
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LESSON 7: OBJECT PRONOUN
Object pronouns are found in the predicate part of a sentence. The predicate part tells something about the subject.
The following are object pronouns: me, you, us, him, her, them, and it. There are two ways of using an object pronoun in a sentence.
1. As the object of a verb or direct receiver of the action done by the subject. Example: The dentist gave her an anesthetic.
2. As the object of a preposition. The pronoun is written after a preposition of, in, on, at, under, over, beside, in front of, for, by, etc. Example: The boy hid behind it. Activity Underline the correct object pronoun for each sentence. 1. The principal informed (he, him) about the test results. 2. The director accepted (we, us) to the play. 3. This little black dress is for (she, her). 4. The speaker presented (it, we) to the audience. 5. The champion arrives with (they, them). LESSON 8 – POSSESSIVE PRONOUN YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your, yours, whose, and one's - all words that demonstrate ownership. Here are some examples of possessive pronouns used in sentences:
I saw her book on your table.
His hair is longer than hers.
My dog is better than their dog.
The kids are yours, mine, and ours.
Whose book is on our desk?
One’s treasure is special.
The bag is theirs.
Activity
Circle the possessive pronoun in each sentence.
1.
The house is theirs and its paint is flaking.
2.
Is his car really that fast?
3.
The money was really theirs for the taking.
4.
We shall finally have what is rightfully ours.
5.
Their mother gets along well with yours.
6.
I never did find out whose phone number that was.
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7.
What's mine is yours, my friend.
8.
Never underestimate one's value to his family.
9.
Her timing couldn't have been less appropriate.
10.
The dog is mine.
11.
The cat is yours.
12.
My house is small.
13.
Our house is big.
14.
Its color is red.
15.
The ring is hers.
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2
ND
QUARTER
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CHAPTER TWO- ANIMAL AND NATURE STORIES
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LESSON 1 – ADJECTIVES
A word that describes a noun or a pronoun is called an adjective. Adjective tell many things about a noun or a pronoun, such as: o Its size o Its shape o Its color o Its number
Adjectives are written before nouns. They are also written after words like am, is, are, was, and were. Examples: a) Uncle drives a fast car. b) Mommy put red roses on the table. c) She is intelligent. d) I am beautiful. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Activity Write on the blank the adjective that describes each noun.
________________
1.
Sheila wore a blue gown.
________________
2.
Tiny mice filled the box.
________________
3.
It fell into a deep hole.
________________
4.
The lady collects pretty bracelets.
________________
5.
Tall girls were chosen as models.
________________
6.
The colorful kite flew up higher.
________________
7.
The architect uses a brown paper.
________________
8.
The sweet candies were packed.
________________
9.
White roses were given to the elderly.
________________
10. People like sunny days.
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LESSON 2 – KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
The most common kinds of adjectives are words that tell what kind (descriptive) and how many (numerical).
1. An adjective that tells what kind appeals to the senses. It describes the noun or pronoun by telling how it looks, smells, sounds, tastes, or feels. Example: Manny Climbed onto a big stone.
2. An adjectives that tells how many states the number and the order of the nouns or pronouns being talked about in the sentence. Examples: As Frederick spoke to the sun, the four little mice began to feel warmer. Put God’s work first and do what he wants. Activity Underline the adjective in each sentence. On the line before each number, write: A – for an adjective that tells what kind B – for an adjective that tells how many ______1. The golden rays of the sun shine over the meadow. ______2. The five mice went to their hideout. ______3. The farmers left the empty granary . ______4. Winter is gray. ______5. When the first snow fell, they all ran to their hideout. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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LESSON 3 – OTHER KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
There are other kinds of adjectives called articles and demonstrative adjectives. 1. The, a, and an are always used before nouns. o The is more specific than a and an. o A always comes before a noun that begins with a consonant o An always comes before a noun that begins with a vowel.
2. Demonstrative adjective A demonstrative adjective (this, that, these, those) shows the noun it modifies is singular or plural and whether the position of the noun is near or far from the person who is speaking or writing. A demonstrative adjective also points out a fact about the noun.
This red balloon is mine and those three yellow ones are yours.
This cute baby is his brother. That cute baby is his sister.
These two fat cats have tails, but that thin cat doesn’t have a tail.
Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with a, or an. 1) _____ elephant escaped from the zoo yesterday.
2) Mr. Gomez bought _____ new refrigerator.
3) Simon eats _____ egg every day.
4) Mr. Hidalgo is _____ artist.
5) Kate has _____ teddy bear. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Activity 2
Underline the appropriate demonstrative adjective that should be used in each sentence.
1. (These, Those) kids around me are my classmates.
2. I have seen (that, those) man before.
3. (This, These) toys are for the poor children.
4. (Those, That) books will be donated to the library.
5. (Those, That) clothes in the dresser belong to my mother.
6. My father bought (this, these) roses for my mother.
7. (This, That) lot across the street is wide.
8. (This, These) cake will be placed on the table.
9. (These, Those) kids around me are my classmates.
10.(That, Those) stranger around the corner is suspicious.
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LESSON 4 – SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
Words that mean the same are called synonyms.
Words that mean the opposite are called antonyms.
Activity 1
Box the two words with the same meaning in each number.
1. Pretty
ugly
neat
lovely
2. Correct
wrong
take
right
3. Fast
quick
clean
walk
4. Tall
high
get
bright
5. Create
make
collect
get
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Activity 2
Place a check mark (✓) on the blank if the pair of words is antonyms. 1. _____ small – big 2. _____ smooth – rough 3. _____ love – hate 4. _____ happy – glad 5. _____ start – end LESSON 5 – ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Before the adjectives you will normally have the Determiner. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Determiner: The determiner tells us if the noun is singular or plural, definite or indefinite
a, an, the, my, your, four, those, some etc
And then we have the adjectives that refer to… Opinion: Explains what we think about something. This is usually our opinion, attitude or observations. These adjectives almost always come before all other adjectives.
beautiful, boring, stupid, delicious, useful, lovely, comfortable
Size: Tells us how big or small something is.
big, small, tall, huge, tiny
Shape / Weight / Length: Tells about the shape of something or how long or short it is. It can also refer to the weight of someone or something.
round, square, circular, skinny, fat, heavy, straight, long, short,
Condition: Tells us the general condition or state of something
broken, cold, hot, wet, hungry, rich, easy, difficult, dirty
Age: Tells us how old someone or something is.
old, young, new, ancient, antique
Color: The color or approximate color of something.
green, white, blue, reddish, purple
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Pattern: The pattern or design of something.
striped, spotted, checked, flowery
Origin: Tells us where something is from.
American, British, Italian, eastern, Australian, Chilean
Material: What is the thing made of or constructed of?
gold, wooden, silk, paper, synthetic, cotton, woolen
Purpose/Qualifier/Use: What is it for? These adjectives often end in –ing.
sleeping (bag), gardening (gloves), shopping (bag), wedding (dress)
If you look at the examples above, you can ask… what are the gloves used for? (gardening) What is the bag used for? (shopping) Noun: The person or thing that is being described Examples of the order of adjectives before a noun Something to have in mind is that it does not sound natural using three or more adjectives in the same sentence and it is very rare to hear four adjectives together before a noun.
A big fat dog.
An interesting old Indian rug.
A striped silk shirt
Some comfortable black sleeping bags
Four small round wooden tables
Those funny little old men
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Activity Arrange the following adjectives in their proper order. Write the answers on the blanks. 1. apples red sweet six __________________________________________________ 2. mansion big white the __________________________________________________ 3. small stars seven __________________________________________________ 4. four white rabbits small __________________________________________________ 5. flowers three small red __________________________________________________ LESSON 6 – POSITIVE DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES
Positive degree of adjectives means that an adjective describes only one specific noun. This is the simplest form of an adjective Examples:
Big
Old
Lucky
Horrible
Little
Great
Large
Heavy
Good
Many
Short
Happy
Beautiful
Bad
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LESSON 7 – COMPARATIVE DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES
Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to another thing (one thing). It makes comparison between two things (only two things not more than two). Word “than” is mostly used after comparative adjective but sometimes other words “to” may be used after comparative adjective. See the following examples. Examples. She is taller than Mary. A cup is smaller than a glass. He is junior to me. Chinese is more difficult than English. Paris is more beautiful than New York. LESSON 8 – SUPERLATIVE DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES
Superlative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to other things (many things). It makes comparison among things more than two. Superlative is the highest degree of a thing in comparison to other things. A superlative adjective means that an object is surpassing all others (things in comparison) in quality or characteristic.
For example, John is the most
intelligent student in his class. It means John is surpassing all other students in his class and no other student in his class is as intelligent as John. Article “the” is used before superlative degree. “In” or “of” etc. is used after the superlative and modifying noun in sentence. Examples. Bills Gate is the richest person in the world. Brunel is the most beautiful hotel in England. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. She is the tallest girl in class. Our generation is the most modern. His house is the biggest in the street.
Activity: Write the correct forms of adjectives. Positive
Comparative
Superlative
1. dry
___________________ ___________________
2. big
___________________ ___________________
3. flat
___________________ ___________________
4. shiny
___________________ ___________________
5. beautiful
___________________ ___________________
6. friendly
___________________ ___________________
7. busy
___________________ ___________________
8. noisy
___________________ ___________________
9. early
___________________ ___________________
10. funny
___________________ ___________________
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3RD QUARTER
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CHAPTER THREE-MY HEROES
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LESSON 1 – IDENTIFYING VERBS
A verb is a word that tells two things about the subject of a sentence. 1. A verb can tell the action done by the subject. This is known as a verb of action. Example: Curious George makes pancakes.
2. A verb can tell what the subject is like. This is known as a verb of being or a linking verb. Examples of linking verbs are : am, is, are, was, were.
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Activity Write on the blanks five (5) sentences on what you do every day. Use action words. 1. _______________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________
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LESSON 2 – RECOGNIZING THE PRESENT TENSE VERB o It is used to express an action in present time, habitual or usual actions or daily event or universal fact. o It is used to express an action in present time which is usually done on a regular basis. For example a student says, “I go to school”. It is a daily activity of a student to go to school, so such actions are expressed by present simple tense. Another example is, “I work in a factory”. o It tells about a usual action of a person that he works in a factory on regular basis. Examples. I write a letter. He gets up early in the morning. Sun rises in east. The verb must agree with the subject of the sentence. 1. If the subject is a singular noun or pronoun, add –s or –es to the verb. Examples: o My mother washes the dishes. o She walks beside me. 2. If the subject is a plural noun or pronoun, do not add s to the verb. Examples: o Mother and father love each other very much. o The hold hands always.
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Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs to complete the sentences. (play)
1.
Ramona and Rowena __________ badminton every day.
(go)
2.
Cherry __________ to religious services every Sunday.
(bake)
3.
Charles’ aunt __________ delicious blueberry cupcakes.
(cook)
4.
Our American visitor __________ the best meal.
(set)
5.
The computer technician __________ the time-saving software.
(listen)
6.
The grade 2 pupils __________ to the teachers.
(put)
7.
The firemen __________ out the fire in the squatter’s area.
(swim)
8.
The competitors __________ in the Olympic pool.
(spend) 9.
Bernadette __________ her time reading.
(buy)
10. Grandmother __________ bread every day.
(walk)
11. Ruffa __________ to school every morning.
(visit)
12. We __________ Grandma every Sunday.
(work)
13. Father __________ in the office five days a week.
(teach)
14. Miss Rivas __________ us English every morning.
(read)
15. Grandfather __________ the newspaper every afternoon.
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Activity 2 Write on the blanks five (5) sentences telling what your family does every day. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________
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LESSON 3 – UNDERSTANDING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE OF A VERB The present progressive tense of a verb states that the action is still ongoing. Adding –ing to the main verb forms the progressive tense. Walk + ing = walking Adding is or are to the main verb with –ing forms the present progressive tense. Am + walk + ing = am walking I am walking alone.
is + walk + ing = is walking Nelly is walking with Andrew.
are + walk + ing = are walking Nelly and Andrew are walking together.
Activity 1 Complete the following sentences by writing on the blanks the –ing form of the verbs inside the parentheses. Example: (practice)
Mila is practicing for the piano recital
(walk)
1.
The little girl _________________.
(attend)
2.
All the boys _________________ classes.
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(run)
3.
The athlete _________________ fast.
(mop)
4.
The crew member _________________ the floor.
(put)
5.
The courier _______________ the package in the van.
(feed)
6.
The little boy _________________ the fish.
(meet)
7.
George _________________ the owner of his house.
(rise)
8.
A new condominium ____________ across our house.
(push)
9.
The tall men _________________ the van.
(wait)
10. The children _________________ for their service.
(wash)
11. Alice_________________ the dishes.
(pick)
12. The old woman _________________ flowers.
(think)
13. The editor _________________ of what to write.
(sleep
14. Fred _________________ under the shade.
(help)
15. Brenda ______________her mother to cook the meal.
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Activity 2 Write 5 sentences on what you are doing right now. Use the –ing form of verbs. 1. ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________
LESSON 4 – USING THE PAST TENSE OF REGULAR VERBS
A finished action or an action done in the past is shown by the past tense form of the verb. Regular verbs only need –d or –ed to express their past form. Examples: o extract – extracted Doctor See extracted the rotten tooth from the dog’s mouth. o Mold – molded Mrs. See molded a golden tooth for the dog.
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The last consonant of some regular verbs need to be doubled before adding –ed. Examples: o Skip – skipped The fox skipped happily after leaving the dental clinic. o Pop – popped The door popped open and in went the fox.
Activity 1
Write on the blanks the correct simple past forms of the regular verbs in the parentheses to complete the sentences.
1. Our class ______________ the hall for the fair. (decorate) 2. The little girl ______________ shy. (seem) 3. The newspaper ______________ a special section. (print) 4. An architect ______________ the beautiful mansion. (design) 5. Jennifer and I ______________ a pizza. (order) 6. The zookeeper ______________ the gate. (lift) 7. Grandfather’s brow ______________. (wrinkle) 8. Flowers ______________ the lawn. (cover) 9. The dog ______________ into the pool with us. (jump)
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10. Pete ______________ over the stone. (trip) 11. The jug ______________ mineral water. (contain) 12. Why did the boy ______________ the paper? (crumple) 13. Have you ______________ your report? (finish) 14. We ______________ the stand-up comedy act. (enjoy) 15. The actress ______________ weak. (appear)
LESSON 5 – FORMING THE PAST TENSE OF IRREGULAR VERBS
Irregular Verbs It is used to express an action that happened or completed in past, usually a very little time before speaking, or action which is just completed. Time of action is not specified in terms of long time ago or short ago but it make a sense that the action has done a little time ago. For example, a person says, “I watched a movie”, it means the speaker of this sentence watched a movie a little time ago or little time ago in the same day.
Rules: Second form of verb (past simple) is used as main verb in the positive sentences and base form is used in negative and interrogative sentences. Structure of sentences Positive Sentence • Subject + main verb (past simple) + object • Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Examples I killed a snake He ate a mango.
Negative sentences • Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object • Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object In negative sentence “did not” is written and the 1st form of verb (base verb) is used instead of using 2nd form (or past simple verb). Examples. I did not kill a snake. He did not eat a mango.
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Activity1
Write on the blanks the simple past forms of the following irregular verbs. 1. get
_______________
2. bring
_______________
3. see
_______________
4. sit
_______________
5. write
_______________
6. come
_______________
7. buy
_______________
8. eat
_______________
9. take
_______________
10.send
_______________
11.teach
_______________
12.do
_______________
13.go
_______________
14.sing
_______________
15.spend
_______________
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Activity 2
Paste below four (4) of your favorite photographs. Write on the blanks four (4) sentences using the simple past forms of regular and irregular verbs describing the photographs.
1._____________________________ 2._____________________________ ______________________________
______________________________
_
_
3._____________________________ 4._____________________________
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______________________________
______________________________
_
_
LESSON 6 – USING THE FUTURE TENSE OF VERBS
The future tense of a verb tells about an action that will happen in the future. You add shall or will to the main verb to form its future tense. The helping verb shall is used in questions with the pronouns I or we. o Shall I get you a glass of water? o Shall we start the meeting? The helping verb will is used in all other sentences. o The family will go to the farm this Saturday. o The farmer will harvest his crops next month.
Activity1.
Complete the paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with shall or will. I (1)_________ go to Jeremy’s house tomorrow. He (2)_________ play computer games with me. Jeremy has a sister. She (3)_________ join us too. We(4) _________ play together. Jeremy’s mother is a kind woman. She(5) _________ bake some nice cookies for us. We shall (6)_________ have fun there. Jeremy has a pet dog. It (7)_________ wag its tail when it sees me. My parents know Jeremy’s parents. They (8)_________ not be worried about me. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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LESSON 7 – IDENTIFYING THE THREE SIMPLE TENSES OF VERBS, PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE.
The tense tells the time when an action or condition happens. 1. An action that happens now is in the present tense. examples: o Raquel moves gracefully. o We catch fireflies. 2. An action that happened already is in the past tense. examples: o Raquel’s body fell flat on the floor. o Ana visited Raquel in the hospital. 3. An action that will still happen is in the future tense. example: o Ana will go to the city. o Raquel will receive blood transfusion.
Activity1
Identify the tense of these verbs. Copy them in the correct column. 1. will try
6. write
11.Brought
2. kiss
7. won
12.Shall visit
3. sent
8. shall go
13.Carry
4. feed
9. Take
14.Will com
5. got
10.Will jump
15.answered
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Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
LESSON 8 – SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
Verbs must agree with the subject and the time expression. A. For the present tense, the verb must agree with the number of subjects being talked about in the sentence. 1. If the subject is a singular noun or pronoun, add s to the verb. o The miller grinds the wheat into flour. o He gets firewood from the woodshed. 2. If the subject is a plural noun or pronoun, do not add s to the verb. o The farmers plant wheat every summer. o They separate the grain from the chaff while threshing. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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B. The verb must agree with any time expression given, in the sentence. Present:
Jack wants a big pancake for breakfast today.
Past:
Mother won the baking contest last month.
Future:
The hen will lay an egg tomorrow.
Activity: Tell about a joyful experience when you got something you worked hard for. For example, it could be a high grade on a test you studied for. Write a short paragraph about it below. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
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4thQUARTER
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CHAPTER FOUR -VALUES WE TREASURE
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LESSON 1 – ADVERB OF PLACE
There are adverbs that tell where an action happens. These are called adverbs of place. It answers the question “where?” An adverb of place can be one word or a group of words. Examples: 1. The old woman went there. o Where did the old woman go? o The adverb of place is there. 2. The ugly duckling lived on an old farm. o Where did the ugly duckling live? in an old farm o The adverb of place is in an old farm.
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Activity 1 Underline the adverb of place in each sentence.
1. I will pick him up from the airport. 2. The lovers stroll by the seashore. 3. The mothers bought their groceries at the supermarket. 4. They were seated quietly in the house of worship. 5. I will be spending my Christmas vacation in our rest house. 6. We usually go to the clubhouse on weekends. 7. I wish to spend my next birthday in the north. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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8. The men are working outside the building. 9. Yam is working inside. 10. Father left his briefcase in the office. 11. Teachers wait at the lobby. 12. Children line up in the corridors. 13. The family spent weekends at the famous resort. 14. Rica went to the computer shop. 15. Alice moved to the next village.
LESSON 2 – ADVERBS OF TIME
Some adverbs tell us when something happened or will happen. These include: afterwards, later, now, soon, yesterday etc. For example:Yesterday all my troubles seemed so far away. – In this sentence yesterday shows us when the singers troubles seemed so far away..
Other adverbs of time include:YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Time
Example
Saturday, Sunday ...
I am going to the shops on Monday.
Today
I've been to the shops today.
Yesterday
I went yesterday.
Next week/month/year
I am going next week.
Last week/month/year
I went last year.
Finally
I finally went.
Eventually
I eventually went to the shops.
Already
I've already been to the shops.
Soon
I'm going to the shops soon.
Just
I'm just going to the shops.
Still
I'm still at the shops.
Activity 1 Fill in the blanks with the right adverbs from the box.
Wherever
afternoon tomorrow
whenever when near outside
Terence has a pet cat. It likes to follow Terence ____________ he goes. Every ____________, it waits Terence returns home, it will rub itself against his leg. It shows its claws ____________ a stranger comes ____________ it. John and I are going to Terence’s house to play with cat ____________.
LESSON 3 – ADVERBS OF MANNER YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Adverbs of manner tell us how an action is taking place. examples: accidentally
elegantly
ingeniously
quickly
angrily
enormously
innocently
quietly
anxiously
enthusiastically
inquisitively
rapidly
awkwardly
equally
irritably
rarely
badly
eventually
joyously
really
beautifully
exactly
justly
recklessly
blindly
faithfully
kindly
regularly
boldly
fatally
lazily
reluctantly
bravely
fiercely
loosely
repeatedly
brightly
fondly
loudly
rightfully
busily
foolishly
madly
roughly
calmly
fortunately
mortally
rudely
carefully
frankly
mysteriously
sadly
carelessly
frantically
neatly
safely
cautiously
generously
nervously
selfishly
cheerfully
gently
noisily
sensibly
clearly
gladly
obediently
seriously
closely
gracefully
openly
sharply
correctly
greedily
painfully
shyly
courageously
happily
patiently
silently
cruelly
hastily
perfectly
sleepily
daringly
healthily
politely
slowly
deliberately
honestly
poorly
smoothly
doubtfully
hungrily
powerfully
softly
eagerly
hurriedly
promptly
solemnly
easily
inadequately
punctually
speedily
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stealthily
swiftly
unexpectedly
wearily
sternly
tenderly
victoriously
wildly
stupidly
tensely
violently
wisely
successfully
thoughtfully
vivaciously
suddenly
tightly
warmly
suspiciously
truthfully
weakly
Activity 1 Underline the adverb of manner in each sentence. 1. Patricia thanked her uncle courteously. 2. The little boy shook the hand of the elder properly. 3. Macy answered the test questions fast. 4. The tired climber slept tightly. 5. The teenagers strolled lazily in the park. 6. Bren studied hard. 7. Time flies fast. 8. The little girl answered the teacher’s question brightly. 9. Mother sang a lullaby softly to baby. 10.The parrot talks well. 11.Jack slept soundly.
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12.The guests left quietly. 13.The rain fell heavily. 14.Ben won easily. 15.The skiers raced quickly. LESSON 4 – ADVERBS SUMMARY Adverb is a word which modifies (gives more information about) a verb or adjective or other adverb.
For example, He replied. He replied quickly.
Adverbs of
Adverbs of
Adverbs of
Adverbs of
Manner
Place
Time
Frequency
Happily
Here
Now
Sometimes
Sadly
There
Then
Often
Easily
Near
Yesterday
Usually
Rudely
Somewhere
Today
Seldom
Loudly
Outside
Tomorrow
Frequently
Fluently
Inside
Late
Daily
Rapidly
Ahead
Early
Generally
Angrily
High
Again
Occasionally
Greedily
Top
Tonight
Again and again
Wildly
Bottom
Soon
Never
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LESSON 5 – DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SENTENCES AND PHASES
What Is A Sentence? In simple terms, a sentence is a set of words that contain: 1. a subject (what the sentence is about, the topic of the sentence) 2. a predicate (what is said about the subject)
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Look at this simple example: <----- sentence -----> subject predicate verb You
speak English.
The above example sentence is very short. Of course, a sentence can be longer and more complicated, but basically there is always a subject and a predicate. Look at this longer example: <----- sentence -----> Subject
Predicate verb
Ram and Tara speak English when they are working.
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Note that the predicate always contains a verb. Sometimes, in fact, the predicate is only a verb: <----- sentence -----> subject
predicate verb
Smoke
rises.
So we can say that a sentence must contain at least a subject and verb. There is one apparent exception to this â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the imperative. When someone gives a command (the imperative), they usually do not use a subject. They don't say the subject because it is obvious - the subject is YOU! Look at these examples of the imperative, with and without a subject: <----- sentence -----> subject predicate Verb Stop! Wait You
a minute!
look!
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Note that a sentence expresses a complete thought. Here are some examples of complete and incomplete thoughts: complete thought? He opened the door.
YES
Come in, please. Do you like coffee? people who work hard
NO
a fast-moving animal with big ears
Note also that a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop* or a question mark or an exclamation mark. Look at these examples: People need food. How are you? Look out!
A Phrase consists of two or more words lacking a complete sense and a complete verb. It may consist of one or more incomplete verbs - the Infinitives or the Participles standing on their own.
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Words/group of words in italics are phrases in examples below:
1). The sun rises in the east. 2). Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. 3). She wore a hat with blue trimming. 4). The accident on the bridge was not serious. 5). The girl with red hair is an artist. 6). Sasha took a long leave. 7). Holding the toy, the child slept. ACTIVITY 1 Write on the blank S if the group of words is a sentence and P if it is a phrase. _______ 1.
in a dark tunnel
_______ 2.
There was traffic at the busy intersection.
_______ 3.
living life fully
_______ 4.
three days of rain
_______ 5.
The smell of fresh cookies filled the air.
_______ 6.
ten nervous contestants
_______ 7.
We could not wait until dinner.
_______ 8.
standing room only.
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_______ 9.
sailing on the bay
_______ 10. An atlas is a book of maps. _______ 11. Boris is a talented musician. _______ 12. Post no bill. _______ 13. The Love Boat cruised in the Manila Bay. _______ 14. a magic carpet ride _______ 15. a flash of lightning
LESSON 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; DECLARATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
A declarative sentence is a sentence that tells something. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a period (.). Examples: It was a bright day in the forest. Strong winds blew at the trees.
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An interrogative sentence is a sentence that asks a question. It starts with a capital letter and ends with a question mark (?). Examples: Why do you have to work so hard even on a hot day like this? Did you learn anything from what happened to you?
Activity 1 Use either a question mark or a period to end each sentence correctly. Write S on the line after each statement. Write Q after each question. 1. My bicycle is green with silver stripes
____
2. What color is your bicycle
____
3. Will you ride down that hill
____
4. The hill is very steep
____
5. Have you tested your brakes
____
6. Are you wearing your helmet
____
7. A good bike helmet is important
____
8. May I ride your bike
____
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9. What will you do after school today
____
10.My grandfather bakes bread
____
Activity 2
Write whether the sentence is declarative or interrogative. 1.
The person in the blue car is my mother. ________________________________
2.
Gayle, do you know Brenda Smith? ________________________________
3.
Do you like chocolate cake? ________________________________
4.
Has school started yet? ________________________________
5.
Avery might go to the zoo with John. ________________________________
6.
It is very dry here because we have had no rain. ________________________________
7.
Are you ever going to eat your apple? ________________________________
8.
I have a doll, a book, and a puzzle. ________________________________
9.
Grandma Darya likes to sing Russian songs to us. ________________________________
10.
Where are we going, Andrew? ________________________________
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11.
What else can we do to help her? ________________________________
12.
My mom likes to dry our clothes outside. ________________________________
13.
Jeannie finished her task first. ________________________________
14.
Roads in the mountains often slant. ________________________________
15.
I like to read, paint, and sew. ________________________________
LESSON 7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; IMPERATIVE AND EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES An imperative sentence - gives an order, request or advice. It is used to ask people to do things or to give suggestions. It is closed with a full stop (.) Examples: Bring me a glass of water. Kindly bring the book to me. An exclamatory sentence- shows strong feeling. It helps to express love, anger, surprise happiness and other emotions. It ends with an exclamation mark(!) Examples: Happy birthday, Taehyung! Thank you, Minho!
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Activity 1
Write whether the sentence is imperative or exclamatory. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
There's a bird in the house! ________________________________ Snow! ________________________________ Bring potato chips later. ________________________________ Don't click your fingernails on your desk. ________________________________ Please don't step on my sore foot. ________________________________ Put these spoons in the drawer. ________________________________ What a pleasant sight! ________________________________ Don't run and slip on the ice! ________________________________ Don’t wear that dirty dress. ________________________________ Take rest. ________________________________ Oh! It’s a black cat! ________________________________ Stop looking at me! ________________________________ Wow! It is a brilliant idea! ________________________________ Don’t be a naughty girl. ________________________________ This is so cool! ________________________________
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LESSON 8 –REVIEWING THE PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS A noun is a word used to name something: a person/animal, a place, a thing, or an idea. For example, all of the following are nouns. o
Leah, Ignacio, Lan, Marek
o
Japan, Venezuela, Atlanta, Kroger, the Gap
o
pencil, store, music, air
o
biology, theory of Relativity, Pythagorean theory
Nouns are classified in several ways… 1. Nouns can be singular or plural. Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing or idea. One apple, a pencil, the book Plural nouns name two or more persons, places, things or ideas. Most singular nouns (Not ALL) are made plural by adding –s. For example, (pencil is a singular noun. The word pencils is a plural noun.) Exception #1: If a noun ends with the –s, sh, ch, or x like the words, kiss, church, ash or box, then they are made plural by adding –es (kisses, churches, ashes, and boxes).
Exception #2: There are also irregular nouns that do not follow any rules. For example, the plural form of the word child is children.
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2. Nouns can be Proper Nouns or Common Nouns Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, things and ideas. A person's name (Leah Graham) is a proper noun, for example. Other examples are names of places (Atlanta, Georgia) and names of things (the Navy). They are always capitalized! o
People’s names and titles- King Henry, Mrs. Smith
o
Names for deity, religions, religious followers, and sacred books- God, Allah, Buddha, Islam, Catholicism, Christians
o
Races, nationalities, tribes, and languages- African American, PolishAmerican, Black, Chinese, Russian
o
Specific Places like countries, cities, bodies of water, streets, buildings, and parks
o
Specific organizations- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), ….
o
Days of the week, months, and holidays,
o
Brand names of products
o
Historical periods, well-known events, and documents- Middle ages, Boston Tea Party, Magna Carta
o
Titles of publications and written documents Common nouns are all other nouns. For example: cat, pencil, paper, etc. They are not capitalized unless they are the first word in the sentence.
3. Nouns can also be collective. Collective nouns are nouns that are grammatically considered singular, but include more than one person, place, thing, or idea in its meaning. Words like team, group, jury, committee, audience, crowd, class, troop, family, team, couple, band, herd, quartet, and society.
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Generally, collective nouns are treated as singular because they emphasize the group as one unit. The committee
is going
to
make
a
decision.
4. Nouns can also be either count or mass. Nouns that are Countable (or Count Noun) are those that refer to something that
can
be
counted. hey
have
both
singular
and
plural
forms
(e.g. cat/cats; woman/women; country/countries). In the singular, they can be preceded by a or an. Most nouns come into this category.
A smaller number of nouns do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form: these are known as Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns). Examples include: rain, flour, earth, wine, or wood. Uncountable nouns can't be preceded by a or an. Many abstract nouns are typically uncountable, e.g. happiness, truth, darkness, humour. 5. Nouns can be Abstract or concrete ď ś Concrete nouns are nouns that you can touch. They are people, places, and some things. Words like person, court, Georgia, pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns. ď ś Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically held. For example, things like air, justice, safety, Democracy, faith, religion, etc.
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PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. They eliminate the need for repetition. For Example: Emma talked to Emma's child Emma talked to her child. Her is the pronoun. It renames the antecedent, Emma.
Types of Pronouns Personal Pronouns refer to specific persons or things. Personal pronouns can act as subjects, objects, or possessives. Singular: I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it Plural: we, us, you, they, them I, you, she, he, it, we, and they are used as subjects of sentences. For example: She knew the grammar rules very well.. Me, you, him, her, it, them can be used as objects of sentences. For Example:
The teacher gave all of them good grades.
Tommy gave his poetry book to her.
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Them and her are personal pronouns used as objects. They are NEVER the subjects of the sentences. ď ś Possessive Pronouns indicate ownership or possession. Singular: my, mine, your, yours, hers, his, its Plural: yours, ours, theirs, For Example: She returned my pencil to me because it was mine. ď ś Reflexive Pronouns name a receiver of an action who is identical to the doer of the action. Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves For example: Manuela congratulated herself on her good grades. Here, Manuela is both the doer and the receiver of the action. Q: So, who did Manuela congratulate? A: Herself.
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Intensive Pronouns emphasize a noun or another pronoun. Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves For Example I saw Brad Pitt himself at the mall. Here, himself emphasizes the antecedent, Brad Pitt. Reciprocal Pronouns express shared actions or feelings. They are: Each other One another For Example: Yan Ko and Tai help each other with their homework. Leon and his girlfriend dance with one another when they go clubbing. Indefinite Pronouns refer to non-specific persons and things. All, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, several, some, somebody, someone, something For Example: Many believe that UFO’s exist, but nobody can prove it. No one can be sure if aliens really exist, but only few wonder if Elvis is still alive. The underlined indefinite pronouns do not refer to any one person. They are referring to people in general. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Demonstrative Pronouns are also considered noun markers. They "point" towards nouns. this, that, these those For Example: That woman attends Gainesville College. That points out which woman. Q: Which woman? A: That woman. Interrogative Pronouns introduce questions. Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What For Example: Who is going on vacation? To whom will the teacher give an "A"? What are you doing?
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ď ś Relative Pronouns introduce dependent clauses and refers to a person or thing already mentioned in the sentence (i.e. the antecedent). Who, whoever, whom, whoever, whose, which, that For Example: The English that we learn in class will help us pass English 101. that we learn in class is the adjective clause that describes English. And, that is the relative pronoun. Q: Which English? A: The English that we learn in classâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;as opposed to the English we learn around our friends. Note: Adjectives clauses modify nouns or pronouns, and usually answer one of the following questions: Which one? What kind of? They begin with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb (when or where).
ADJECTIVES An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun. Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun. For example: The smart student earned an "A". They also come after linking verbs. For example: I feel happy.
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Adjectives can be used to make comparisons.
For most adjectives of one or two syllables, you can add –er. For example: greater, faster, stronger.
For adjectives longer than two syllables, you should use the word more. For example: He was more intelligent than his sister was.
Adjectives can also be used as superlatives. This is usually done by adding –est to the end of an adjective that is one or two syllables. For example: the loudest, the coolest, the smartest.
If an adjective is three syllables or longer, you must use the words the most. For example: Katsu is the most intelligent person in the world!
REMEMBER! Never use both an –er ending and the word more or an –est ending and the word most. For example: I am the most happiest when my students learn. Instead, it should be: I am the happiest when my students learn. There are some irregular adjective and adverb forms. For example: YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Adjective
Adverb
Comparing two
Comparing three or more
Bad
badly
Worse
Worst
Good
well
Better
Best
Less
Least
More
Most
Little Much
Many
Punctuation Note: Adjectives are not usually capitalized unless they are the first word in a sentence. BUT, nationalities are also adjectives and should be capitalized. For example: Ricky Martin is Puerto Rican and Michelle Yeoh is Chinese. These are called proper adjectives. And, like proper nouns, proper adjectives are always capitalized in English. They are derived from proper nouns and are words like: African-American, Vietnamese, Latino, Italian, Japanese, Korean, etc. They can also include adjectives like Catholic, Jewish, Republican, Democrat, etc.
When they are used together, they are arranged in a certain order. YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Determiner* Opinion
Size
Age
Color
Origin
Material Noun
Puerto
Leather
The, This
Pretty
Big
New
Blue
Some
Tall
Thin
Old
Purple
My
Expensive Small Ancient Black
Sofa
Rican Wood Chinese Silk
Scarf
For Example: I saw that tall, thin, old, blue, silk scarf at the store and I bought it. Leon drives an expensive old Italian car. You wouldn’t ordinarily use so many adjectives in just one sentence. *NOTE: Determiners include articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns and possessive pronouns. ADVERBS An adverb is a word that modifies an action verb, an adjective or another adverb.
The teacher carefully graded the homework. Carefully is an adverb that modifies the action verb to grade.
Tommy was extremely enthusiastic about doing his homework. Extremely is an adverb that modifies the adjective enthusiastic.
Yan Ko ran out of the classroom very quickly.
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Very is an adverb that modifies the adverb quickly.
REMEMBER! You need an adjective after linking verbsâ&#x20AC;ŚNEVER an adverb! For example: Tai feels bad (guilty) when he has to leave class. Here, bad is an adjective that modifies the proper noun Tai. It is an adjective because it follows the linking verb to feel. HOWEVER, verbs like look, sound, smell, feel, and taste can function as either an action verb or a linking verb. Tai feels badly (to the touch) after swimming in a chlorinated pool. His skin is really dry. Here, bad is used in its adverbial form since it follows an action verb, to feel.
Types of Adverbs YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Relative Adverbs introduce questions and dependent adverbial clauses. They answer the questions When? and Where?
They are: When, Where For Example: When I was young, I liked to play outside. Q: When did I like to play outside? A: When I was young. Adverbs of Frequency indicate answer the question how often?
They are: Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never For Example: The students in ESOL 98 always study very hard. They rarely forget to do their homework. NOTE: Generally, these adverbs come before the verb; however there is an exception. In the case of the verb to be, the adverb of frequency comes after the verb. For example: Azrais always on time for class.
CONJUNCTIONS YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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Conjunctions are the scotch tape of the grammatical world. They join together words and phrases. There are three kinds of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.
Three Kinds of Conjunctions 1. Coordinating Conjunctions There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English. You can use the mnemonic device FANBOYS to remember them. For And Nor But Or Yet So They can be used with commas to create compound sentences. For example: Ignacio loves to dance, but RocĂo has no rhythm. Kyong Mee works hard, yet she still earns low grades. Note: A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two independent clauses. That is, a compound sentence is simply two complete sentences joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (i.e. a FANBOYS). 2. Correlative Conjunctions also join ideas, but they work in pairs. They are:
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Both…and neither…nor whether…or either…or not only…but also For Example: Not only am I happy about the grades, but I am also excited that you are learning! 3. Subordinating Conjunctions join an independent clause to a subordinate clause. That is, they join a clause that can stand alone with a clause that cannot stand alone. Some frequently used subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, since, so that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while.
For Example: Although the students were tired, they still came to class.
VERBS
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Verbs generally express action or a state of being. There are several classifications for verbs- action verbs,/linking verbs, main verbs/auxiliary verbs, transitive/intransitive and phrasal verbs. Action verbs show action. He runs. He plays. They study. Linking Verbs link the subject to an adjective. Ricky Martin is beautiful. The linking verb is links the adjective beautiful with the subject Ricky Martin. Main verbs can stand alone. Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, serve as support to the main verb. The most common auxiliary verbs are: Have, has, had Do, does, did Be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been Should, could, will, would, might, can, may, must, shall, ought (to) For example: Taehyung has run everyday. Run is an action verb. The subject can actually "do" it. Has is the helping verb. It helps the main verb run to be present perfect tense.
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Transitive Verbs require a direct object in order to make sense. For Example: Yolanda takes aspirin for her headaches. Here, takes is a transitive verb since the sentence Yolanda takes has no meaning without its direct object aspirin. Intransitive Verbs do not need direct objects to make them meaningful. For Example: Julio swims. The verb swim has meaning for the reader without an object. REMEMBER! A verb can be either transitive or intransitive depending on its context. For Example: The cars race. Here, race is intransitive. It does not need an object. My father races horses Here, races is transitive. It requires the object horses in order to make sense.
Phrasal verbs are made up of a verb and a preposition. The preposition gives the verb a different meaning than it would have by itself. For
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example, the verb look has a different meaning from the phrasal verb look up (in the dictionary). Some more examples: call up, find out, hand in, make up, put off, turn on, write up NOTE: The base form of a verb is called the infinitive. It is to + verb. For example, to do, to win, to study, etc. Under no circumstance can a verb preceded by to be considered a verb. Infinitives are not verbs. Articles are the, a, and an. Q: What do articles do in a sentence? A: Articles signal that a noun is going to follow. For Example: Who invented the telephone? The wheel? The refrigerator? The airplane? A cat was chasing a mouse in my back yard. Modifiers (adjectives & adverbs) can appear between an article and a noun. Examples:
A sunset.
A spectacular sunset.
An exceptionally spectacular sunset.
The indefinite article ‘a’ can only appear before nouns that begin with a consonant sound: a hand, a book, a world, a computer…
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The indefinite article ‘an’ can only appear before nouns that begin with a vowel sound: an apartment, an hour, an article…
General Rules for the Use of Articles: I. Use a/an with singular count nouns whose specific identity is not known to the reader either because it is being mentioned for the first time, or because its specific
identity
is unknown even
to
the
writer.
Examples:
Julia arrived in a limousine. (a = one among many. Not a specific one.)
We’re looking for an apartment. (an = any one.)
II. Do not use a/an with non-count nouns. Only use a/an with non-count nouns if you add a count noun in front of the non-count noun. Example:
Ann asked her mother for an advice.
Ann asked her mother for a piece of advice.
III. Use the with most nouns whose specific identity is known to the reader because: 1. the noun has been previously mentioned: YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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o
Yesterday I saw a group of ESL students. The students were playing with a ball. The ball
was
white
and
blue. The ball
rolled
into a hole. The hole was small. 2. the noun is made specific by a superlative: o
I bought the fastest computer they had.
3. the noun describes a unique person, place, or thing: o
Please give this to themanager.
o
Thesun is bright today.
o
Rain is falling heavily in theNorth.
4. the context or situation makes the noun’s identity clear: o
Please don’t slam the door when you leave.
o
Bob warned me that the dog playing in his yard is very affectionate and jumps on every person it meets.
IV. Do not use the with plural or non-count nouns meaning "all" or "in general" (i.e. generic reference nouns). Do not use the with most singular proper nouns.
The fountains are an expensive element of landscape design.
In some parts of the world, the rice is preferred to all other grains.
V. Do not use articles with other noun markers or determiners, i.e. possessive nouns (Helen’s) ; and some pronouns (his, her, its, ours, their, whose, this, that, these, those, all, any, each, either, every, few, many, more, most, much, neither, several, some). Exceptions: YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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All the… A few… The most… Examples:
The Helen’s book is on the floor.
A this book belongs to Trung.
REFERENCES: http://www.grammar.cl/english/adjectives-word-order.htm http://www.studyandexam.com/present-simple-tense.html http://www.studyandexam.com/past-simple-tense.html http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/adverbtime.html YOUNG JI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL/COLLEGE
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http://www.studyandexam.com/adverb.html https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/what-is-a-sentence.htm http://www.edhelper.com/Kinds_of_Sentences.htm Azar, B. (1992). Fundamentals of English grammar 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents. Hacker, D. (1989). A writer’s reference. New York: St. Martin’s Press, Inc. Hayes, C. (1996). English at hand. Marlton, NJ: Townsend Press. Leah’s head. Shono, S. (Fall 1998). ESL 0650 Articles Handout.
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