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APPENDIX D: INTERVIEWS WITH REFUGEES IN JORDAN AND LEBANON
APPENDIX D
INTERVIEWS WITH REFUGEES IN JORDAN AND LEBANON
To explore the effect of migration on both country of destination and country of origin from a community angle, interviews were conducted with 21 refugees in two of the biggest camps in the Middle East and North Africa region. This research included 10 interviews conducted at the Zaatari camp in Jordan and 11 interviews conducted at the Shatila camp in Lebanon.
The interviews were administered by the West Asia-North Africa (WANA) Institute. WANA also transcribed recordings of each interview and prepared interview summaries. The interviews were conducted in person and over the phone. All interviewees agreed to WANA’s consent form for participation in research interviews. Anonymity and confidentiality in the aggregated findings were ensured through the use of randomized key informant codes.
Included in chapter 3 are real-life stories from refugees living in camp settings: one narrative zooms in on a day in the life of a refugee living in the Zaatari camp; another narrative provides the story behind the establishment of the Shatila camp. These sample narratives do not represent all residents of the Shatila and Zaatari camps; however, their opinions are used to study attitudes among forcibly displaced persons in these areas.
In addition, in October 2020, WANA administered a questionnaire to 20 Syrian refugees living in four areas in Jordan (Amman, Mafraq, Ramtha, and Zaatari) to document their vulnerabilities in relation to water security and the COVID-19 pandemic (box D.1).
Context and Existing Vulnerabilities Current conditions and context: • When did you arrive? • Did you arrive on your own or with relatives? • Are there relatives or village members residing in the same camp or nearby host community? • Why did you leave the Syrian Arab Republic?
Perception of water risks: • Are you concerned by the risk of flooding in Jordan? • Are you concerned by the risk of water shortage? • Was water shortage a concern in Syria?
General Perceptions around Welfare, Safety, and Mobility Do you know anyone around you who has had COVID-19 or knows someone who has had COVID-19? [In this question, ensure no personal reference is made to avoid stigma or fear of being linked with COVID-19]
Has the COVID-19 pandemic affected you directly? [Response: very much, partially, very little]
If answer is “very much” or “partially,” please explain how. For example: • Forced to change economic activity or job • Received lower remittances • Increased mental stress due to health concerns/risk of contagion • Restricted mobility
Has the COVID-19 pandemic affected plans for next year? For example: • Returning home • Finding a job • Moving outside the camp into host community
Hand Hygiene and WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) Are you aware of the importance of handwashing in preventing COVID-19? [Yes/no; if answer is yes, ask the following:] • Has the need to ensure hand hygiene increased your expenditure on hand hygiene kits (soap)?
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Has your water consumption changed? [Please mention the following aspects and ask if they are occurring:] • Use more bottled water • Changes to the water fetching routine • Higher cost of water from tankers • More frequent handwashing means less water for plants/laundry
Has COVID-19 brought about additional challenges to life in the camp and to getting water?
What is your typical water source? Has this source changed following the COVID-19 pandemic?
Coping Mechanisms and Perception of Responses • Have you adapted your daily routine to cope with the impact of COVID-19? If yes, how? • To what extent are the actions undertaken by authorities of your host country (or camp authorities) in this pandemic period helping you? [Response: very much, partially, not at all] • Have any awareness plans been done in camp on COVID-19 (importance of washing, etc.) or do you just know from social media outlets (TV, radio, or online)?
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The Middle East and North Africa Region encapsulates many of the issues surrounding water and human mobility. It is the most water-scarce region in the world and is experiencing unprecedented levels of forced displacement. Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa examines the links between water risks (harmful outcomes related to water, from droughts and floods to lack of sanitation), conflict, and forced displacement. It aims to better explain how to address the vulnerabilities of forcibly displaced persons and their host communities, and to identify water policy and investment responses. Contrary to common belief, the report finds that the evidence linking water risks with conflict and forced displacement in the region is not unequivocal. Water risks are more frequently related to cooperation than to conflict at both domestic and international levels. But while conflict is not necessarily a consequence of water risks, the reverse is a real and concerning phenomenon: conflict amplifies water risks. Since 2011, there have been at least 180 instances of intentional targeting of water infrastructure in conflicts in Gaza, Libya, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the Republic of Yemen.
Forcibly displaced persons and their host communities face myriad water risks. Access to safe drinking water is a daily struggle for millions of forcibly displaced Iraqis, Libyans, Palestinians, Syrians, Yemenis, and international migrants in the region, heightening public health risks. Tanker trucks often help fill the gap; however, significant issues of water quality, reliability, and affordability remain. Host communities also face localized declines in water availability and quality as well as unplanned burdens on water services following the arrival of forcibly displaced persons. The reality of protracted forced displacement requires a shift from humanitarian support toward a development approach for water security, including structured yet flexible planning to deliver water services and sustain water resources for forcibly displaced persons and their host communities.
ISBN: 978-1-4648-1746-5
