Fostering Accountability in Large-Scale Environmental Projects 131 has been criticized for not delivering on its sustainable development promises.10 A number of CDM projects approved by the CDM Executive Board (CDMEB) have been criticized for resulting in the violation of fundamental human rights in developing countries.11 There have been concerns related to the displacement of locals from ancestral homes and farmlands to allow projects to be located therein.12 There have also been concerns about pollution caused by the transfer of outdated and inefficient technologies for emission credits.13 Other human rights concerns include the lack of opportunities for participation by citizens in project planning and implementation,14 siting of Development Mechanism: A Sustainability Assessment, 22 Third World Q. 795 (2001); M. Doelle, From Hot Air to Action? Climate Change, Compliance, and the Future of International Environmental Law 29 (Carswell 2005); International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP), Climate Change and Human Rights: A Rough Guide 12–14 (ICHRP 2008). 10
See P. Bond, Politics of Climate Justice: Paralysis Above, Movements Below (U. of KwaZulu-Natal Press 2012); A. Michaelowa, The Future of the Clean Development Mechanism, in Climate Change Policies (Emilio Cerdá & Xavier Labandeira eds., Edward Elgar 2011); Haugen, supra note 9; E. Boyd et al., Reforming the CDM for Sustainable Development: Lessons Learned and Policy Futures, 12 Envtl. Sci. & Policy 820–31 (2009): C. Voigt, Is the Clean Development Mechanism Sustainable? Some Critical Aspects, 8(2) Sustainable Dev. L. & Policy 15 (2008); D. Behn, Linking Climate Change Mitigation and Poverty Reduction: Using Kyoto’s Clean Development Mechanism to Promote Energy Development on the African Continent, ch. 13 in Poverty Alleviation and Environmental Law (Yves Le Bouthillier et al. eds., Edward Elgar 2012); S. Headon, Whose Sustainable Development? Sustainable Development under the Kyoto Protocol: The “Coldplay Effect” and the CDM Gold Standard, 20 Colo. J. Intl. Envtl. L. & Policy 127 (2009); B. Pillai, Moving Forward to 2012: An Evaluation of the Clean Development Mechanism, 18 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 357–411 (2010).
11
See T. Griffiths & F. Martone, Seeing “REDD”? Forests, Climate Change Mitigation, and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (report prepared for the Forest Peoples Program, May 2009), h p://www.rightsandresources.org/documents/files/doc_923.pdf. See, generally, E. Meijer, The International Institutions of the Clean Development Mechanism Brought before National Courts: Limiting Jurisdictional Immunity to Achieve Access to Justice, 39 N.Y.U. J. Intl. L. & Pol. 873 (2007). See also J. Santa Barbara, The False Promise of Biofuels (Spec. Rpt., Intl. Forum Globalization & Inst. Policy Stud. 2007); E. Holt-Giménez & I. Kenfield, When Renewable Isn’t Sustainable: Agrofuels and the Inconvenient Truths behind the 2007 U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act (Food First Policy Brief No. 13: Agrofuels, Inst. for Food and Dev. Policy 2008).
12
See A. de Sherbinin et al., Preparing for Rese lement Associated with Climate Change, 334(6055) Sci. 456–57 (2011); R. Bronen, Climate-Induced Community Relocations: Creating an Adaptive Governance Framework Based in Human Rights Doctrine, 35 N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 357–407 (2011); K. Hoshour & J. Kalafut, A Growing Global Crisis: Development-Induced Displacement and Rese lement (Intl. Accountability Project Issue Paper 2010); J. McAdam, Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law (Oxford U. Press 2012); B. Mayer, International Legal Challenges of Climate-Induced Migration: Proposal for an International Legal Framework, 22 Colo. J. Intl. Envtl. L. & Policy 357–416 (2011); Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (J. McAdam ed., Hart Publg. 2010); Forced Migration Review: Climate Change and Displacements (M. Couldrey & M. Herson eds., Oxford Refugees Stud. Ctr. 2008); B. Pe erson, Development-Induced Displacement: Internal Affair or International Human Rights Issue?, 12 Forced Migration Rev. 19 (2002).
13
See, generally, P. Lucas & T. Pa ek, The Disastrous Local and Global Impacts of Tropical Biofuel Production, Energy Tribune 19 (Mar. 2007). See also Carbon Trade Watch, Groups Slam Nigeria’s Submission of Gas Flare Reductions for Carbon Credits, Mar. 6, 2006, h p://www.carbontrade watch.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=171&Itemid=36.
14
See F. Seymour, Forests, Climate Change, and Human Rights: Managing Risks and Trade-offs in Human Rights and Climate Change 207 (S. Humphreys ed., Cambridge U. Press 2010); S.