126 The Future of Water in African Cities
• constraints to urban water management as perceived by cities and water operators • similarities and differences of knowledge and attitudes between cities and water operators.
Survey Design and Dissemination KAP surveys are designed to assess the knowledge that a selected community possesses on a certain topic. They also aim at revealing the attitudes and perceptions of that selected community toward the topic, and illustrate what occurs at the individual and organizational level as a consequence of such knowledge and attitudes (WHO, 2008). A review of previously conducted qualitative and quantitative surveys conducted by the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program for the Water Operators Partnership on water utility services helped leverage some of the material needed to construct the survey. Additionally, a general examination of relevant literature on urban water management and the related documents helped design the survey. Previous work on IUWM such as the European Union’s Sustainable Water Management Improves Tomorrow’s Cities Health (SWITCH) project and publications by organizations like the Global Water Partnership (Rees, 2006) also helped define the issues relevant to assess opportunities and constraints for IUWM. The target community identified for this survey consisted of chief planners and other senior managers of water operators and municipalities. A first version of the survey was tested as a pilot among five water utilities and two cities in January 2012. After the reception of the responses, the team modified some of the questions to clarify the scope and aims of some of them and to avoid double-barreled questions. Some questions had to be rewritten to include more specific instructions and wording. Some questions were deleted and new questions were added to help with comprehension of the questions and consistency in responses.
Survey Structure and Contents The survey included a combination of multiple choice questions, rating scales with equal weights, and close- and open-ended questions. The questionnaire was divided into four sections. The first section was intended to identify the respondent: name of organization, title, and location. Section two was aimed at reflecting on the knowledge of the respondents to capture the main general aspects of the organization’s current