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and crediting schemes as well as the complementary contribution of R&D policies. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating deforestation into a global agreement as well as the key role of international transfers, not least to overcome the relatively strong economic incentives in some countries to take advantage of other regions’ mitigation actions. The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and Options for Global Action beyond 2012, OECD, 2009, © OECD 2009410 The analysis presented in this book aims to support countries in developing and implementing an ambitious, cost-effective, equitable, and comprehensive approach to global climate change mitigation. It is part of a broader and long-standing program of work that aims to assist countries in their efforts to build sustainable economies. This book shows how a global carbon price can be built up gradually, from the existing piecemeal and scattered approaches. It also illustrates how governments can encourage climate-friendly economic growth. This includes expanding the use of cap-andtrade schemes to reduce emissions and linking them together; complementing these with taxes and other policy instruments, including support for R&D, regulations and standards; scaling-up and reforming the use of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); and possibly introducing sectoral approaches and incentives to reduce emissions from the forestry sector in developing countries. The analysis looks critically at the incentives for different countries to participate in a global approach to climate change, and how financing and technology can help to support action in developing countries. The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and Options for the Future, OECD, 2008, © OECD 2008411 The main aim of this paper is to explore feasible ways to meet these two basic requirements for successful future climate policies. Using a range of modeling frameworks, it analyzes cost-effective policy mixes to reduce emissions, the implications of incomplete coverage of policies for the costs of mitigation action and carbon leakage, the role of technologysupport policies in lowering future emissions and policy costs, as well as the incentives— and possible options to enhance them—for emitting countries to take action against climate change. The Economics of Climate Change, the Stern Review, House of Lords, UK, 2005, © Crown copyright 200524 This publication attempts to systematically evaluate the effects of climate change, whether the increased greenhouse gas emissions amplify the climate change process, and how and at what cost the effects could be tackled. The review calls on the government to give HM Treasury a more extensive role, both in examining the costs and benefits of climate change policy and presenting them to the United Kingdom public, and in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This publication announces some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political consider-