88
Special Economic Zones in Africa
The African country data tell a very different story. Countries such as Lesotho (a garment export mono-economy) and Nigeria experienced no change in their national export structures. Export structures in Senegal and Ghana have fluctuated somewhat over recent decades, with no clear patterns discernable (at least none that appear to have any relationship to their zone programs). Only Kenya and Tanzania show a broad pattern of sectoral adjustment over time. In Tanzania’s case, it is a story of increasing growth of nontraditional exports, particularly services and minerals; again, with no real link to the EPZ program. Kenya is the only country to Figure 3.8 Comparison of Long-Run Sectoral Changes in Exports with SEZ Program Establishment Dominican Republic
19%
14% 38%
years before and after SEZ established agriculture
20
Ye ar 30
ar
Ye
ar
30
20 Ye
2%
3%
20%
24%
23%
5%
13%
Ye
ar
20 ar Ye
ar
30
60%
10
69%
Ye
1 Ye
ar
76%
ar
82%
2%
Ye ar 5
1%
–5
82%
30 ar Ye
ar
20
10 Ye
ar Ye
Ye
ar
5
1 ar
67%
15%
Ye
50%
Ye
ar
–5
38%
Ye
ar
–1 0
72%
10
47%
21%
2%
2% 5%
r–
14%
share of exports (%)
19%
15%
1% 12%
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ye a
25%
ar
ar 5
ar –
Kenya 10% 9%
11%
16%
22%
0
39%
ar 1
5
50%
years before and after SEZ established
11%
Ye
share of exports (%)
18%
50%
Ye
70%
Ye
65%
Ghana
30%
1%
27%
years before and after SEZ established
9% 5% 14%
10
1%
21%
Ye
Ye
3%
32%
–1
ar
20 ar
4%
8%
0
27%
18%
30
41%
Ye
5 ar
86%
Ye ar 10
Ye
Ye
ar
1
5 ar – Ye
–1 ar Ye
85%
17%
Ye
2%
share of exports (%)
2%
1%
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ye ar 1
5%
1%
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ye
Ye
2%
ar
9%
66%
93%
1%
14%
Vietnam 3%
5% 6% 4%
1%
56%
0
share of exports (%)
3%
20%
years before and after SEZ established
Honduras 3%
59%
ar
0 ar
ar Ye
Ye
years before and after SEZ established
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
83%
0%
55%
30
20 ar
ar
ar
Ye
0%
–1
9%
10
5
1 Ye
–5
ar Ye
Ye
ar
–1 ar Ye
22%
3% 74%
Ye
2%
38%
–5
31%
ar
36%
25% 0%
Ye
10%
2%
1
91%
6%
44%
Ye ar 5
75%
3%
5%
13%
ar
59%
59%
1%
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Ye
share of exports (%)
58%
0
share of exports (%)
Bangladesh 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
years before and after SEZ established minerals and fuels
manufacturing
other
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