The Evolution of Albanian Migration and Its Role in Poverty Reduction
Table 4A.2
93
Selected Descriptive Statistics by Temporary Migration Status
Variable Per capita consumption Tirana Coastal urban Coastal rural Central urban Central rural Mountain urban Mountain rural Number of children ≤5 yrs old Household size Age of household head Head is female Average adult years of education Unemployment rate 2002 (at the district level) PCA score index 1990 Household Distant Index Household Social Capital Index Total months abroad 1990–2004 in household Anyone spoke Greek in 1990 Household had family friends or relatives abroad in 1990 Number of individuals living abroad in household % of males 20–39 by municipality Dummy: anyone spoke Greek or Italian in 1990 Number of observations Percent
Without temporary migration
With temporary migration
Total
9,202 0.16 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.25 0.02 0.07 0.25 3.94 53 0.14
8,943 0.10 0.15 0.18 0.15 0.33 0.02 0.07 0.50 4.70 50 0.06
9,109 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.28 0.02 0.07 0.33 4.18 52 0.11
8.8
9.2
8.9
***
13.2 0.05 –0.01 0.02
12.5 0.13 0.03 –0.04
13.0 0.08 0 0
***
0.00 0.04
31.30 0.11
10.06 0.06
*** ***
0.07
0.10
0.08
***
0.69
0.46
0.61
***
13.71
14.04
13.82
***
0.2 2,470 68
0.2 1,170 32
0.2 3640 100
*
Signif. ***
*** *** * *** *** *** ***
Note: Significance level: * = 10%; ** = 5%; *** = 1%.
Migration In the permanent migration model, the variable indicates the number of household split-offs living abroad. In the temporary migration model, the instrumented variable measures the total number of months spent abroad over the period 1990–2004 by any current household member. Both variables are instrumented separately, using the exclusion restrictions described below (see table 4A.3).