25
HARNESSING DIASPORA RESOURCES FOR AFRICA
TABLE 2
Countries Permitting and Prohibiting Dual Citizenship for Adults Dual citizenship Country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt, Arab Rep. Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia
Yes
No
X X X X X X X X X — —
— — X X
X X X X X X X X X — X
X — X X
Dual citizenship Country Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia (in draft constitution) Zimbabwe
Yes
No X X X X X
X X X X X X X —
— X X
X X X —
— X
Xa X X X X X
Sources: Compilation by Sonia Plaza and Dilip Ratha based on Brown (2009). Information for Africa was collected from interviews conducted by Plaza and Ratha with African countries' embassies and consular services in London; Paris; Pretoria; and Washington, DC. Other sources: http://www.multiplecitizenship.com/countrylist.html; http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/ dual-citizenship.asp; and http://allafrica.com/stories/201001200400.html. a. In process. — = Not available.
2009). According to Cheran (2004), the status of diaspora members is relevant, and citizenship or residency rights are important in determining their participation in trade, investment, and knowledge transfer. Some origin countries do not allow dual citizenship but offer identification card schemes in destination countries. In certain cases, these cards grant visa rights to diasporas. For example, Ethiopia, India, and Mexico offer special identification cards that entitle migrants to specific rights.