New Challenges Facing the Education Sector in MENA
107
FIGURE 3.10
The Absolute Value of Average Costs per Student in MENA and Non-MENA Countries, US$ (PPP) 12,000 10,655
9,600 7,121
7,200
7,002
6,089 5,313
4,800
4,627
4,122
2,400 873
856
1,237
1,726
1,402
1,190
886
1,148
0 primary
lower secondary
MENA (5 countries)
upper secondary OECD
secondary (total)
tertiary US$ (PPP)
Non-OECD
Sources: OECD countries and Jordan: Education at a Glance (2005); Algeria and Tunisia: national source (2004).
FIGURE 3.11
Spending per Pupil as a Proportion of GDP per Capita in MENA and Non-MENA Countries, Percent 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
86 70
40
37 18 20 14
primary
30
28
26 24
21 15
lower secondary
MENA (5 countries)
upper secondary OECD
25 18
secondary tertiary (total) percent of GDP Non-OECD
Sources: OECD countries and Jordan: Education at a Glance (2005); Algeria and Tunisia: national source (2004).
driven primarily by salaries, which are determined to a large extent by student–teacher ratios. These ratios, shown in figure 3.12 for the period 1970–2002, clearly point out a reduction in the number of pupils per teacher in primary and secondary education, but an increase in the ratio in tertiary education