Reaping Digital Dividends

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Reaping Digital Dividends

The Internet Can Increase Firm Entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Constraints on Firms’ Use of the Internet to Increase Productivity and Entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Governments’ Policy Priorities Depend on the Level of Competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 The Internet Is Generating New Challenges for Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Annex 3A. Selected Firm-Level Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

4 Digital Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Introduction and Main Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 The Internet Can Increase Exports by Reducing Trade Costs. . . . . . . . . . . 119 E-Commerce Is Transforming Sales to Both Domestic and Foreign Consumers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Internet Makes Firms More Mobile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Policy Priorities for the Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 New Challenges in Digital Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5 The Internet Is Changing the Demand for Skills. . . . . . . . . . 151 Introduction and Main Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Is the Internet Increasing Labor Market Polarization in ECA?. . . . . . . . . . . 155 Which Are the New Economy Skills? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Do Skills Bottlenecks Significantly Constrain Internet Adoption in ECA? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 The Rapid Obsolescence of Skills in Aging Economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 The Changing Demand for Skills May Affect Shared Prosperity and Inequality in ECA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Policies for Developing the Skills of the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Annex 5A. Impact Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

6 The Internet Is Changing the Labor Market Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Introduction and Main Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 The Internet Is Changing the Labor Market Structure in ECA . . . . . . . . . . 188 Are Labor Market Developments Benefiting Everyone Equally in ECA?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Labor Market Policies for the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 The Labor Market Challenges of the Internet Economy in ECA. . . . . . . . . 212 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212


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