Anbeshi 2017 Status and Dimensions of Violence Against Women in Nepal by WOREC nepal

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Email :ics@worecnepal.org Website :www.worecnepal.org ISBN: 978-9937-8822-3-1

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o'=Pg=8L=kL, dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @)!! http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/end-violence-against-women

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

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!=@ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] sf®s tTjx¿

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Statement on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women by Peter Thomson, President of UN General Assembley, 25th Nov 2017

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

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sflGtk'/ b}lgs, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, uf]/vfkq, g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq, gful/s

The Himalayan Times, The

Kathmandu Post

gf]6 M ;+:yfn] k|ToIf ¿df clen]vLs/0f u/]sf 36gfx?nfO{ ;+rf/ cg'udgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

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æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg cj: yfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ug{ g;s] klg g] kfnsf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] cj: yfsf] : j¿k eg] lrq0f ub{5 eGg] ljZjf; cf] ®] s g] kfnn] lnPsf] 5  .

!=^ cWoog ljlw ;"rgf ;Íngdf ;dfg ljlwsf] k|of] u 36gf clen] vLs®0fdf ;dfgtf Nofpgsf nflu cf] ® s ] n] dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] kmf®d -cg';r" L !_ tof® u®L pQm kmf®dsf cfwf®df g} ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng ub{ } cfPsf] 5 . dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] jf: tljs oyfy{tf clen] vLs®0fsf nflu 36gf;DaGwL hfgsf®L, 36gfn] dlxnfsf] hLjgdf kf®] sf] c;®x¿ nufotsf ;+VofTds tyf ljj®0ffTds ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng ul®Psf] lyof]   . ;a} If] qx¿df ;dfg kmf®dsf] k|of] u ul®Psf] lyof] ® cfjZostf cg';f® yk ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng ul®Psf] lyof]  .

;"rgf ;Íng o; k': tsdf ;dfj] z ul®Psf ljZn] if0fx¿ cf] ®] s g] kfnn] tof® u®] sf] dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] 36gf clen] vLs®0f kmf®dsf] dfWodaf6 ;Íng ul®Psf] xf]   . k|fKt ;"rgfx¿ clen] vLs®0fsf] ;Lk k|fKt tyf cf] ®] s g] kfnåf®f clen] vLs®0fsf] tflnd lbOPsf cf] ®] ssf] zfvf sfof{nosf sd{rf®Lx¿ tyf dlxnf dfgj clwsf® ®Ifsx¿åf®f 36gf clen] vLs®0f ul®Psf] 5  . 36gf clen] ]vLs®0f ubf{ kLl8t : jo+;Fu tyf kLl8tsf kl®jf®sf ;b: o h;n] pQm 36gfnfO{ aflx® Nofpg ;xof] u u®] sf] lyof] pQm JolQm;Fu ;"rgfx¿ ;Íng ul®Psf] lyof]   . 8f6f k|zf] wg ® ljZn] if0f clen] vLs®0f ul®Psf 36gfx¿sf] uf] kgLotf sfod ug{ x®] s 36gfx¿df sf] 8 gDa® ®fvL P;\=lk=P;\=P;\= ;ˆ6j]® e;{g !!=% df tYofÍnfO{ Jojl: yt ® ;+ul7t ug{] sfo{ ul®Psf] lyof] ® pQm ;ˆ6j] ®s} dfWodaf6 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f u®L k|fKt tYofÍx¿nfO{ o; k': tsdf ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5  . cf] ®] ssf] zfvf sfof{no tyf glhssf lhNnf÷If]qdf clen] vLs®0f ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ tYofÍ zfvfsf lhDd]jf® sd{rf®Låf®f P;\=lk=P;\=P;\= df ®fVg] ul®G5 ® ;a} zfvf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg sfof{nox¿n] Ps jif{sf] tYofÍ cf] ®] ssf] s] lGb|o sfof{nodf k7fO;s] kl5 tYofÍsf] ljZn] if0f u®L of] k': ts tof® ul®Psf] xf]   . g} lts ;xdlt÷ljrf® 36gf clen] vLs®0f ug{] qmddf lgDgadf] lhdsf g} lts ;xdltx¿ lnOPsf] lyof] M • 36gf clen] vLs®0f ug'{k"j{ ;"rgfbftf -k|efljt_ sf] k"0f{ df}l vs cg'dlt lnOPsf] lyof]   . gfafnssf] xsdf kl®jf®sf ;b: o jf cGo gft] bf®sf] JolQm;Fu cg'dlt lnOPsf] lyof]   . • 36gf clen] vLs®0f ug'{k"j{ ;"rgfbftfnfO{ uf] klgotf sfod ug{] s'®f ;"rgfbftfn] lbOPsf] ;"rgf s'g k|of] hgsf nflu ;+: yfn] k|of] u ug{] 5 eGg] hfgsf®L k|bfg ul®Psf] lyof]   . • clen] vLs®0f ul®Psf] ;"rgfnfO{ k|efljtnfO{ gsf®fTds k|efj kg{] jf s'g} klg xflg k'Ug] u®L k|of] u gul®g] k|lta4tf hgfOPsf] lyof]   . ;fy} k|fKt ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;du| ¿kdf ljZn] if0f u®L dlxnf lx+;f lj?4sf] k} ®jLsf nflu k|of] u ul®g] hfgsf®L k|bfg ul®Psf] lyof]   . • clen] vLs®0f ug{] qmddf k|efljtnfO{ c;® kg{] lsl;dsf s'g} klg efiffsf] k|of] u ul®Psf] lyPg  . tflnd k|fKt clen] vgstf{åf®f dfq 36gfsf] clen] vLs®0f ul®Psf] lyof]   . k|efljtnfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg u®] afkt JolQmut lx;fan] nfe x'g] u®L s'g} klg j: t' jf ;xof] u ul®Psf] lyPg  . clt hf] lvdsf] cj: yfdf ®x] sf k|efljtx¿sf nflu dgf] ;fdflhs k®fdz{ ® ;'®lIft cfjf;sf cfjZostf dx;'; u®L 36gf clen]vLs®0fstf{ n] l®km® u®] adf] lhd ;+: yfn] dgf] ;fdflhs k®fdz{ tyf ;'®lIft cfjf;sf] ;xof] u k|bfg u®] sf] lyof]   . • 36gf clen] vLs®0f ug{] qmddf uf] kgLotfsf] k"0f{ ¿kdf Uof®] G6L ul®Psf] lyof]   .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b @

@=! sfo{ut kl®efiff dlxnfdfly x'g] u®] sf lx+;fsf : j¿kx¿ ljleGg 5g\ . dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf®sf e]b efj pGd"ng dxf;lGw (CEDAW), dfgj clwsf® ;DaGwL cGt®f{li6«o b: tfj] hx¿, ®fli6«o sfg"gx¿ Pj+ dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf tyf dfgjclwsf® ;DaGwL 3f] if0ffkqx¿df cfwfl®t x'Fb} of] cWoogdf lx+;fsf : j¿kx¿nfO{ & efudf juL{s®0f u®L ljZn]i f0f ul®Psf] 5 .

s_ lx+;fsf k|sf® 3®] n' lx+;f 3®leq kl®jf®sf Ps ;b: oaf6 cGo ;b: odfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfnfO{ 3®] n' lx+;fleq ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . >Ldfg\ tyf kl®jf®sf cGo ;b: ox¿af6 ePsf s'6lk6, ax'ljjfx u®L ;|f] t–;fwgaf6 jl~rt ul®Psf, 3®lgsfnf, ufnLunf} h, efjgfTds rf]6 k'¥ofpg] sfo{ tyf ljleGg 8®, qf; b] vfO{ ePsf dfgl;s lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;f dlxnf a;] sf] ];dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs lx+;fleq ;dfj]z ul®Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;fleq ljz]i fu®L af]S ;Lsf] cf®f]k df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿, 5'jf5"t, afnljjfx, bfOhf] sf sf®0fn] ePsf lx+;fx¿, dlxnfdfly ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ;fdflhs ® dfgl;s c;® kf®]s f 36gfx¿nfO{ ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . of} lgs lx+;f dlxnfsf] O{R5f ljk®Lt ha®h: tL of} g cËx¿ tyf ;+j] bgzLn c+ux¿df 5'g] , ;'D;'Dofpg] , cZnLn zAbx¿sf] k|of] u ug{] , lh: sfpg] , cZnLn lrq, b[Zo jf lkmNdx¿ b] vfpg] h: tf 36gfx¿nfO{ o; k|ltj]b gdf of} lgs lx+;fleq ®flvPsf 5g\ . jnfTsf/ jnfTsf/, ;fd"lxs jnfTsf/ ® jnfTsf/sf] k|of;nfO{ jnfTsf/sf] kl®efiffleq ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . o;df dlxnfnfO{ nnfOkmsfO jf ha®h: tL zlQm k|of] u u®L ePsf jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ;dfj]z ul®Psf 5g\ . a] rlavg ® cf] ;f®k;f® bf;tf, afWofTds >d -aFw'jf dhb"®L jf C0fL agfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] >dnufot_ ® bf;tfk"0f{ Jojxf®sf nflu s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ 8®, wfs b]v fO{, hfnem]n u®L jf zlQm®kbsf] b'¿kof] u u®L sfddf nufpg'®cf] ;f®k;f® ug'{®Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf n} hfg' jf n} hfgsf nflu ;xof] u ug'{ jf cf>o lbg' jf c¿åf®f To: tf] sfdsf] lglDt ;xof] u k|fKt ug'{ a] rlavg xf]   . a] rlavg®cf] ;f®k;f® tyf a] rlavg®cf] ;f®k;f®sf] nflu k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . xTof xTofleq dlxnfnfO{ dg;fok"j{s ljleGg tj®af6 dfl®Psf tyf dfg{] k|of; ul®Psf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;d] l6Psf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg cGo ckx®0f÷ j] kQf, cfTdxTofsf 36gfx¿nfO{ o;df ®flvPsf] 5 . v_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] j} jflxs l: ylt o;cGtu{t ljjflxt, cljjflxt, Psn, 5'l§P® a;] sf] , ;Fu} a;]s ] f ® kf®kfr's] nfO{ ;d] l6Psf] 5  . u_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf hfltut ;d"xx¿

lognfO{ lgDglnlvt ;d"xx¿df afFl8Psf] 5 — kxf8] hghflt M u'?Ë, du®, ®fO{, lnDa", ls®fFt, yfdL, 5GTofn, tfdfË, z] kf{, nfdf, ef]6 ] , g] jf®, lh®]n , ysfnL, ®fp6], r] kfª, s';'G8f, bg'jf® cflb . t®fO{ hghflt M yf?, ®fhj+zL, tfhk'l®of, uGufO{, l;+x, wfg's, lwdfn, ;Gyfn, d'G8f, ;tf®, emfFu8, bg'jf®, ls;fg, sf]r ] cflb . t®fO{ blnt M rdf®, xl®hg, ®fd, d';x®, b';fw, kf;jfg, kf;L, tTdf, vTj] , wf] aL, ;®bf®, lrldbf®, 8f]d , xNvf]® , s';jflbof, sn®, vflts, sf] O®L cflb . kxf8] blnt M bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, 9f]n L, ufOg] , afbL cflb . t®fO{ u}® blnt M ofbj, t] nL, u'Ktf, sfdt, dnfxf, dxtf] , ;fx, 7fs'®, ®fhe®, dfnL, s'dL{, xnjfO{, s]j t, g'lgof, sx®, w] l8of®, wlgof, nf] wf, xhfd, cflb . a|fXd0f IfqL 3_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] k] zfx¿ s[lif dhb"®L cgf} krfl®s If]q df sfo{®t u} ®;®sf®L hflu® j} b] lzs ®f] huf®

3®fo;L sfd Jojzfo ;®sf®L hflu® ;fdflhs ;] jf

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ª_ k|efljtnfO{ k®]s f] c;®x¿ zf®Ll®s c;® cfly{s c;®

dfgl;s c;® ;fdflhs c;®

r_ k|efljt÷kL8ssf] pd] ® !^ jif{eGbf d'lg @^ b] lv #% jif{;Dd $^ b] lv %% jif{;Dd

!& b] lv @% jif{;Dd #^ b] lv $% jif{;Dd %^ jif{eGbf dfly

@=@ sfo{sf®L ;f®f+z cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfx¿ ;ª\If]k df @=!=!= ef} uf] lns If] qcg';f® dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] l: ylt ;+: yfn] clen] vLs®0f u®] sf hDdf !!%) j6f 36gfx¿sf] ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;a}e Gbf a9L t®fO{ If]q af6 k|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; jif{ t®fO{ If] qaf6 *( k|ltzt -!)#)_, kxf8L If] qaf6 & k|ltzt -&&_ ® lxdfnL If]q af6 $ k|ltzt -$#_ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;Íng ul®Psf 5g\ . @=!=@= lx+;fsf k|sf®x¿ s_ 3®] n' lx+;f cf] ®] s g] kfnn] o; jif{ clen] vLs®0f u®] sf hDdf !!%) j6f 36gfx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ 3®] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] k|fKt ePsf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L ^& k|ltzt -&^^_ dlxnfx¿dfly 3®] n' lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnf ® k'?if b'j} n] ;fy{s ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ ;Sg] ;dfhsf] : yfkgf x'g;s]s f] 5} g . dlxnfx¿ ;dfg cj;®, ;Ddfg ® ;Qfdf ;xefuL x'g] df} sf k|fKt ug{] jftfj®0f lgdf{0f x'g;s] sf] 5}g , h;sf sf®0f dlxnfsf] JolQmTj ljsf;df ;d] t cj®f] w k'Ug] ub{5 . kl®jf®, dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ;dfh tyf ®fHodf dlxnfx¿nfO{ sdhf]® jf tNnf] bhf{sf] lnËsf] ¿kdf x]l ®g] dfgl;stf ® To;} cg';f® ul®g] Jojxf®df kl®jt{g cfpg;s] sf] 5} g, h;sf sf®0f dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} elgg] JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf kb{} cfPsf 5g\ . dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ug{] x¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L cfˆg} >Ldfg\ ® 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . &* k|ltzt -^)!_ dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} >Ldfg\af6 ® @@ k|ltzt -!^%_ dlxnfx¿ 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k®]s f o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . o;®L 3®] n' lx+;f vKg afWo dlxnfx¿dWo] !&–@% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf $) k|ltzt -#)*_ dlxnfx¿ ®x] sf 5g\ eg] *@ k|ltzt -^@&_ ;fIf® dlxnfx¿ 3®]n ' lx+;faf6 kLl8t ®x] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

v_ ;fdflhs lx+;f 3®] n' lx+;fkZrft\ ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . 3®] n' lx+;fkZrft\ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fx¿dWo] ;fdflhs lx+;f bf]; |f] : yfgdf ®x] sf] 5 . o; jif{ !& k|ltzt -!!%) hgfdWo] !(% hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;df %( k|ltzt -!!% hgf_ l5d] sLaf6, ( k|ltzt -!* hgf_ kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6, !# k|ltzt -@^ hgf_ glhssf] ;fyLaf6, !* k|ltzt -#$ hgf_ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf dflg;x¿af6, ! k|ltzt -@ hgf_ lzIfsaf6 dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] &@ k|ltzt -!$) hgf_ dlxnfx¿ ;fIf® ®x]s f] kfOPsf] 5 . u_ jnfTsf/ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df o; jif{ ^ k|ltzt -^* hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] ! k|ltzt -!* hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/sf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿sf] %! k|ltzt dlxnfdfly l5d]s Laf6, @! k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6, ( k|ltzt ;DaGw gePsf JolQmaf6, & k|ltzt cfTdLo ;fyLaf6, ^ k|ltzt ;fyLaf6 ® ^ k|ltzt lzIfsaf6 dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u®L g} ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ^& k|ltzt l5d] sLaf6, !! k|ltzt kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6 ® @@ k|ltzt s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/sf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L %) k|ltzt -$% hgf_ jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿ !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿df x'g] u®] sf] tYofÍ kfOPsf] 5 . 3_ of} lgs lx+;f o; jif{ $ k|ltzt -$% hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5, h;dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L $@ k|ltzt of} lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ dlxnfn] cfTdLo ;fyL 7fg] sf JolQmx¿af6} ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To: f} u®L !# k|ltzt l5d] sLaf6, !* k|ltzt s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQm, & k|ltzt cfˆg} ;fyLaf6, !# k|ltzt lzIfsaf6 ® @ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6 lx+;fdf k®] sf kfOPsf] 5 . ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly (! k|ltzt ® !&–@% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf %* k|ltzt dlxnfx¿dfly of}l gs lx+;f a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ª_ xTof k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ! k|ltzt -$ hgf_ dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] ! k|ltzt -* hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . &% k|ltzt >Ldfg\af6, @% k|ltzt kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6 dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u®L >Ldfg\af6 ^@ k|ltzt, 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: oaf6 @% k|ltzt ® !# k|ltzt glhssf] ;fyLaf6 dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fIf® ^& k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ ® !^–@% pd] ®sf @ hgf ® @^–#% jif{ pd] ®sf @ hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . r_ a] rlavg @ k|ltzt -@$ hgf_ dlxnfx¿ o; jif{ a]r lavgdf k®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] ! k|ltzt -& hgf_ dlxnfx¿dfly a]r lavgsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ ;a}e Gbf a9L @( k|ltzt l5d]s Laf6 ® @( k|ltzt kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6, $ k|ltzt >Ldfg\af6, !# k|ltzt ;fyLaf6 ® @% k|ltzt cGhfg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg JolQmx¿af6 a] rlavgdf k®]s f] kfOPsf] 5 . o: t} u®L %& k|ltzt l5d]s Laf6, $# k|ltzt glhssf] ;fyLaf6 dlxnfx¿dfly a] rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . oLdWo] ztk|ltzt g} ;fIf® dlxnfx¿ a]r lavg ® a] rlavgsf] k|of;df k®]s f 5g\ . !&–@% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf #& k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ a9L a] rlavgsf] hf] lvddf kg] { u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5  . 5_ cGo dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;f t® yf]® } ;+Vofdf clen] vLs®0f ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ cGo ;d"xdf ®fvL ljZn]i f0f ul®Psf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf 36gfx¿df cfTdxTof, ® dlxnfnfO{ a]k Qf agfOPsf 36gf ®flvPsf] 5 . o; jif{ ! k|ltzt * hgf dlxnfx¿n] cfTdxTof u®]s f] , & hgf dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} Gflhssf] ;fyLx¿af6 g} a] kQf agfOPsf kfOPsf] 5 .

@=#= pd] ® ;d"x ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f

k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf®df o; jif{ ;a} eGbf a9L !&–@% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf kfl®Psf kfOPsf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df #& k|ltzt lx+;f ePsf] 5 . o: t} u®L @^–#% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xdf #) k|ltzt, #^–$% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xdf !% k|ltzt, !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfdf !! k|ltzt, $^–%% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfdf $ k|ltzt ® %^ jif{eGbf a9L pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df # k|ltzt s'g} g s'g} k|sf®sf] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

@=$= lzIff ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ® k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] : t®nfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ *@ k|ltzt-($$_ ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly ;a}e Gbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]]  . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !* k|ltzt lg®If® -@)^_ dlxnfx¿ ®x] sf] kfOof]  . dlxnfsf] ;fIf®tfsf] cj: yfnfO{ ;d] t ljZn] if0f u®L x]b f{ ## k|ltzt -#!&_ dlxnfx¿n] dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®]s f, #@ k|ltzt -#))_ ;fdfGo 1fg ePsf, !& k|ltzt -!%*_ pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®] sf, !^ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg k|ltzt -!%#_ k|fylds tx;Dd ® @ k|ltzt -!^_ pRr dfWolds txeGbf a9L cWoog u®] sf dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  .

@=%= j}j flxs cj: yf ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;f ® dlxnfsf] j} jflxs cj: yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L *%% hgf -&& k|ltzt_ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . !^ k|ltzt -!*(_ cljjflxt dlxnfx¿, # k|ltzt -#)_ Psn dlxnfx¿, @ k|ltzt -@^_ ljjflxt t® ;Fu} ga;] sf, ! k|ltzt-!@_ cljjflxt t® ;Fu} a;] sf, ! k|ltzt-*_ >Ldfg\;Fu 5'l§P® a;]s f dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . dlxnfx¿ a9L 3®] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt 5g\ ® ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly ljjfxkZrft\ >Ldfg\åf®f lx+;f x'g] xFb' f klg ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] ;+Vof a9L clen] vLs®0f ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

@=^= k] zf ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s'g k] zfdf ;+nUg slt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 egL o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ljZn] if0f ubf{ cfˆg} 3®sf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g] #& k|ltzt -$@%_ dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o: t} u®L lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @* k|ltzt -#@!_ dlxnfx¿ s[lif k]z fdf ;+nUg ®x]s f, !& k|ltzt-!(!_ ljBfyL{ cj: yfdf ®x]s f dlxnfx¿, * k|ltzt -(&_ dlxnfx¿ dhb"®Ldf ®x]s f kfOPsf 5g\  . o: t} $ k|ltzt-$@_ Jojzfodf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿, # k|ltzt -@(_ u} ®;®sf®L If]q df sfo{®t dlxnfx¿, ! k|ltzt -!#_ lzIf0f k] zfdf ®x]s f dlxnfx¿, ! k|ltzt -!$_ l;nfO{a'gfO{ k] zfdf, cGodf )=)^ k|ltzt -*_, j}b ]l zs ®f] huf®L )=$# k|ltzt -%_ ® ;®sf®L If] qdf )=$@ k|ltzt -%_ hgf dlxnfx¿dfly klg lx+;f ePsf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

@=&= dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf c;®x¿ lx+;fsf sf®0f dlxnfx¿dfly k®] sf] c;®nfO{ o; k':t sdf $ ;d"xdf ljefhg u®L ljZn] if0f ul®Psf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'g} klg k|sf®sf] lx+;f x'Fbf ;a}e Gbf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg a9L %$* hgf -$* k|ltzt_ zf®Ll®s c;® k®]s f] kfOof]  . #* k|ltzt -$#(_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfgl;s c;® k®] sf] , !! k|ltzt -!@@_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfly{s c;® ® # k|ltzt -$!_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs c;® k®]s f] kfOof]  .

@=*= hftLotfsf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf ljleGg k|sf®x¿ ® dlxnfsf] hftLotfsf cfwf®df ljZn] if0f ubf{ o; jif{ ;a}e Gbf a9L t®fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . lx+;f k|efljt s"n dlxnfdWo] @( k|ltzt -#$$_ t®fO{ hghflt, !% k|ltzt -!&*_ If]q L, !$ k|ltzt -!%(_ kxf8] hghflt, !@ k|ltzt -!##_ t®fO{ blnt, !) -!!%_ k|ltzt a|fXd0f, ( k|ltzt -!)!_ kxf8] blnt, % k|ltzt -^)_ t®fO{ u} ®blnt, $ k|ltzt -$!_ d'lZnd dlxnfx¿dfly ® @ k|ltzt -!^_ hgf yfxf gePsf] ® ! k|ltzt -#_ cflbjf;L dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  .

@=(= kL8s ® k|efljtsf] ;DaGw

dlxnfsf] kL8s;Fu ®x] sf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf®df ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ug{] ^!( -%$ k|ltzt_ >Ldfg\ ePsf] kfOof]  . To: f} u®L !& k|ltzt -!(^_ dlxnfx¿ kl®jf®sf ;b: oaf6, !^ k|ltzt -!*)_ dlxnfx¿ cfkm" a;]s } ;dfhsf l5d]s Laf6, ^ k|ltzt -^%_ dlxnfx¿ ckl®lrt JolQmx¿af6, $ k|ltzt -%(_ dlxnfx¿ cfkm"n] cfTdLo 7fg] sf JolQmx¿af6, ! k|ltzt -!%_ ;fyLaf6, ! k|ltZft -!$_ lzIfsaf6, ! k|ltzt -@_ ljBfyL{ lx+;fdf k®] sf] tYof+s kfOPsf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b #

#=! dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f cGTosf nlfu ePsf k|of;x¿ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljZjJofkL ;d: ofsf] ¿kdf ®x] sf] 5  . g] kfndf klg of] ;d: of a9\bf] 5  . of] jif{ dfq cf] ®] s g] kfnn] !!%) hgf dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf®sf lx+;f vKg afWo ePsf 36gfsf] clen] vLs®0f u®] sf] 5, oBlk of] tYofÍ jf: tljs lx+;fsf 36gfsf] cg'kftdf w] ®} sd 5  . xfd|f] b] zdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dlxnfx¿ ljleGg k|sf®sf lx+;f ® oftgfsf ;fydf hLjg latfpg afWo 5g\ . t® klg JofKt ¿l9jfbL k®Dk®fut ;f]F r tyf ;fdflhs d"No ® dfGotf, 36gfdf x'g] kfl®jfl®s ;fdflhs ® ®fhgLlts x: tIf] k, kL8snfO{ ;+®If0f ug{] k|rng, k|efljtnfO{ g} bf] ifL b] vfpg] ;fdflhs k|rng ® lx+;fkLl8t dlxnfnfO{ ;xof] u ug] { bl®nf] ® e®kbf] { ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf] cefj cflb sf®0fn] ubf{ o: tf 36gfx¿ aflx® cfpg ;St} gg\ . kl®jf® ® ;dfh h'g 7fpF dlxnfsf nflu ;a}eGbf a9L ;'®lIft x'g'kg{] : yfg xf] ToxL 7fpFdf dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf c;'®lIft aGb} uO®x] sf] cj: yf 5  . >Ldfg\ h;nfO{ hLjg;fyL eg] ® kl®eflift ul®G5, hf] ;Fu dlxnfn] l;+uf] hLjg ;Fu} latfpg] lgZro ub{5g\ ® kl®jf®sf cGo ;b: o h;nfO{ dlxnfn] cToGt ljZjf; ® dfof u5{g\, pgLx¿sf] ®] vb] v ® ;]j fdf cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg ;dlk{t ub{5g\, ltg} JolQmx¿af6 g} ;a} eGbf a9L dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] ] kfOPsf] 5  . lzIffsf] cj;®, sfd ug{ kfpg] jftfj®0f, cfˆgf] hLjg : j: y ® : jtGq ¿kdf latfpg kfpg] clwsf® ® ;fdflhs tyf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf® dlxnfsf] g}; lu{s clwsf® xf ]. t® ljZjdf g} n} lu+stf (Gender) df cfwfl®t bf] xf] ®f] ® t] x] ®f] ;d] t d"NodfGotfsf sf®0f dlxnfsf nflu lgwf{®0f ul®Psf kl®lwleq dfq ®x] ® hLjg latfpg dlxnfx¿ afWo kfl®Psf 5g\ . kl®0ffd: j¿k dlxnfx¿sf] cfwf®e't ;] jfx¿df c;dfg kx'Fr ®x] sf] 5 eg] pgLx¿sf] dfgj clwsf®sf] ;d] t xgg eO®x] sf] l: ylt 5  .^ cfh eGbf @% jif{ cufl8 dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f g t s'g} ;jfnsf ¿kdf : yflkt x'g;s] sf] lyof] , g t cGt®fli6«o : t®df o;sf] ljifodf s'g} rf;f] jf Wofgfsif{0f g} ePsf] lyof]  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s] jn Ps JolQmut ® lghL ;jfnsf] ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt lyof]  . t® ha ;+;f®el®sf dlxnfx¿ : yfgLo ® cGt®f{li6«o : t®df ;+ul7t xF'b} dlxnfdfly zf®Ll®s, dgf] ;fdflhs ® cfly{s ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf] lx+;fsf af®]df cfjfh p7fpg yfn] ® ;g\ !(*) kl5 aNn dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljifodf cGt®f{li6«o : t®df 5nkmn z'¿ eof] ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dfgj clwsf®sf] xgg xf] eGg] tYo : yflkt x'g k'Uof]   .& ;g\ !((# df ;DkGg ;+o'Qm ®fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf®0f ;efn] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;flj?4sf] 3f] if0ff kq hf®L ub{} dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dfgj clwsf®sf] xgg xf] eGg] 3f] if0ff u®] sf] lyof]   .*

xfn} ePsf] : yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg;Fu} b] zdf : yfgLo lgsfodf $! k|ltztn] pFef] nfu] sf] lgjf{lrt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'gn ' fO{ klg ®fhg} lts ¿kdf Pp6f pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 . oBlk bnx¿aLrsf] r'gfjL tfnd]nsf] ;§f v'nf k|lt: kwf{af6 dlxnf k|ltlglw cfpg kfPsf eP g] kfndf xfn axfndf ®x] sf gu®k|dv ' dlxnfsf] ;+Vof kfFr -h'g clxn]sf axfnjfnf gu®k|dv ' dlxnfsf] ;+Vof xf] _ eGbf kSs} a9L x'GYof] ls eGg] cfzf hfU5 . cfˆgf] ;Ddfghgs http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/issues/women-s-rights/gender-baseddiscrimination accessed on 4th Feb 2013 7 Navneet Kumar Misra and Neha Bakshi, Unite To End Violence Against Women available at http://www.slideshare.net/helloindia05/violence-againstwomen-research-paper accessed on 4th Feb 2013 8 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, A/RES/48/104, 85th plenary meeting, 20 December 1993 6

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ;fdflhs–®fhg} lts pkl: yltsf nflu dlxnfdf k|z: t ;r] tgf cfO;s] sf] eP tfklg jiff}{ +jif{ k'®fgf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+®rgf, ;dfhsf x®]s If] qdf h®f] uf8] ® ®x] sf] k'?ifs] lGb|t d"No–dfGotf, ;f]Fr, wf®0ff tyf cGwljZjf;df cfwfl®t ;+: s[lt olt l56} lgd"{n jf Go"gLs®0f;Dd klg x'g;Sg] df k"0f{ ljZj: t x'g;lsg] cfwf® 5} g . sltko wfld{s ® ;f+: s[lts cGwljZjf;sf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] l: ylt eofjx ;d] t 5 h;nfO{ lgd"{n ug{ ;®sf®n] sfg"gsf] k|efjsf®L sfof{Gjogsf] Joj: yf ug{ ;s] sf] 5} g  . pbfx®0fsf nflu, g] kfnsf] klZrd jf ;'b"® klZrdsf ufpFdf dlxnfnfO{ dlxgfjf®L ® ;'Ts] ®L ePsf] a] nf c: j: ys® ® c;'®lIft uf] 7df ®flvg] 5fpk8L k|yfnfO{ ;®sf®n] kmf} hbf®L ck®fwsf] bhf{ lbPsf] 5  . t® lgs} 5f] 6f] 5f] 6f] cGt®fndf 5fpuf] 7df dlxnf jf lszf] ®L ljleGg b'3{6gfsf lzsf® x'g] jf d[To';d] t ePsf ;dfrf® cfO®xG5g\  . ;'b"® klZrds} s} of} + ®fhg} lts g] tfx¿ af®Daf® dGqL ® k|wfgdGqL ;d] t eO;s] sf] cj: yfdf ;d] t ToxfFsf dlxnfdfly 5fpk8Lsf] gfddf ul®g] h3Go lx+;f sfod} x'gn ' ] k'li6 ub{5, g]kfndf ;fdflhs cGwljZjf; ® To;sf] cfwf®df dlxnfdfly lx+;f ug] {x¿sf] ;Ghfn s;} n] xNnfpg} g;Sg] u®L bx|f] 5  . b] zdf a9\b} uPsf] ®fhgLltsf] ck®fwLs®0f ® ck®fwsf] ®fhgLlts®0fn] c¿ vfnsf lx+;f ug] {x¿nfO{ ;d] t an k'u] s] f 5  . b] zdf a9\b} uPsf] b08xLgtfsf] l: yltn] lx+;f k|efljtn] Gofo kfpg] ;Defjgf lbglbg} IfL0f xFb' } uPsf] 5  . dlxnf clwsf® ;'lglZrt ug{] egL ;®sf®åf®f ®fli6«o ® cGt®f{li6«o txdf ljleGg k|lta4tfx¿ hgfOPsf] 5 . t® b] zdf ljBdfg dlxnf k'?ifsf] aLrsf] c;dfg zlQm–;DaGwsf] ;Daf] wg k|efjsf®L ¿kdf x'g;s] sf] 5} g  . g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] n} lËs lje] bsf] cGTo u®L ;dfg'kflts ;dfj] zL ® ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf®df ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] kl®sNkgf u®] sf]( ePtf klg Jojxf®df dlxnfx¿n] oL clwsf®x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;s] sf 5} gg\  . cfˆgf] z®L®dfly pgLx¿sf] cfˆgf] lgoGq0f 5} g  . x®] s If] qsf ;+®rgfx¿df ljBdfg c;dfgtfn] dlxnfdfly lje] b ePsf] 5 . hfltut, ;fdflhs ® cfly{s ju{, of} lgs ® n} lËs klxrfg tyf ( g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg wfld{s, ;f+: s[lts tyf k®Dk®fsf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] ub{5 . g] kfn ;®sf®n] ®fli6«o tyf cGt®f{li6«o : t®df n} lËs lje] bdf cfwfl®t lx+;fsf] cGTo u®L dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf® ;'lglZrt ug{] k|lta4tfx¿ hgfPsf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf®sf e] befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL dxf;GwL !(&( -CEDAW_ nfO{ ;g\ !((! df cg'df] bg u®L dlxnf clwsf®sf] ;jfndf ;Ddfg, ;+®If0f ® kl®k"0f{ ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm u®] sf] 5 . ;dflhs, cfly{s ® jftfj®0fLo ljsf;sf] Ps ljZjJofkL cjwf®0ffsf] ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] nIonfO{ ljZjsf ;a} b] zn] cfTd;ft u®] sf 5g\  . ;g\ @)#) ;DDfdf ;a} k|sf®sf lje] bx¿ pGd"ng u®L ;dfgtf ® Gofodf cfwfl®t ;dfhsf] cfwf® tof® ug{ cfjZos kg{] nIox¿ o;df lgwf{®0f ul®Psf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGToljgf n}lËs ;dfgtfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g ;Sb} g ® ;fdflhs, cfly{s ® ®fhg} lts kl®jt{gljgf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dej 5} g  . g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # df} lns xs ® st{Jo sf] wf®f !^ n] k|To] s JolQmsf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf® : yflkt u®] sf] 5  . o;} ul® wf®f @( n] zf] if0f lj?4sf] xs cGtu{t k|To] s JolQmnfO{ zf] if0f lj?4sf] xs, wd{, k|yf, k®Dk®f, ;+: sf®, k|rng jf cGo s'g} cfwf®df s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} lsl;dn] zf] if0f ug{af6, a] rlavg ug{, bf; jf afFwf agfpg] sfo{x¿dfly ®f] s ® s;} nfO{ klg lghsf] OR5flj?4 sfddf nufpgaf6 jl~rt u®] sf] 5  .

;fy} kmf} hbf®L ;+lxtfleq ;d] l6Psf dlxnfd} qL sfg"gx¿ -ax'ljjfx ab® x'g] ® s} b ;hfoFFdf yk Joj: yf, 5fpk8LnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ NofOPsf] sfg"g, sfo{: yndf x'g] of} ghGo b'Jo{jxf® P] g, ;dfg sfdsf] ;dfg Hofnf ;d] t_, n} lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug] { s] xL g] kfn sfg"g ;+zf] wg ug] { P] g, @)^#, dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lgoGq0f P]g , @)^$ lgodfjnL @)^%, 3®]n ' lx+;f -s;"® ® ;hfoFF_ P] g @)^^, lgodfjnL @)^&, j} b] lzs ®f] huf® P] g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^%, 5fpk8L k|yf pGd"ng lgb] {lzsf, @)^$, >dhLjL dlxnfx¿k|lt 8fG; ®] i6'®] G6, 8fG; af® h: tf sfo{: yndf x'g] of} g pTkL8g lgoGq0f ug{ hf®L ul®Psf] lgb] {lzsf, @)^%, sfo{: yndf x'g] of} ghGo b'Jo{jxf®nfO{ lgjf®0f ug] { ;DaGwdf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg Joj: yf ug{ ag] sf] P] g, @)&!, Aff] S;L ;DaGwL s;"® ® ;hfoFFsf ;DaGwdf Joj: yf ug{ ag] sf] P] g, @)&!, ;jf] {Rr cbfntaf6 ljleGg ;dodf ePsf lg0f{ox¿ tyf cfb] zx¿ ®x] sf 5g\  . b] zdf ePsf] ljleGg ®fhg} lts kl®jt{g ® ;sf®fTds ¿kdf cfPsf sfg"gx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ePsf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog kIf lkmtnf] ePsf] x'Fbf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿df sdL cfPsf 5} gg\ . g] kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg kl5Nnf] Ps bzskl5 dfq dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf af®] df 5nkmn ® o;sf] Go"gLs®0fsf nflu ;®sf®af6 ljz] if k|of;x¿sf] yfngL z'¿ ePsf] xf]  . xfn klg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ dlxnfsf] ;jfnsf ¿kdf dfq : yflkt ug{ vf] Hg] ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf ljBdfg 5 . lkt[;QfTds ;f]Fr xfaL ePsf] ;+®rgfdf dlxnfsf] : jtGqtfnfO{ ;Lldt u®L s] jn Ps ju{ -k'?if_ nfO{ dfq zlQmzfnL ju{sf] ¿kdf : yflkt ug{] k|of; hf®L 5, h;sf sf®0f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ;jfn ®fli6«o : t®df ®fhg} lts ;jfnsf] ¿kdf cem klg Jofjxfl®s ¿kdf : yflkt x'g;s] sf] 5} g  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf®0f dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg oltv] ® cfqmfGt eO®x] sf] 5  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lje] bk"0f{ cGTo ® ;dfgtfsf nflu lje]bsf ;+®rgfut sf®s tTTjx¿sf] klxrfgnfO{ : jLsf® ug'{ jt{dfg kl®j]z df cfjZos 5 .!) o;y{, o; k|ltj]b gnfO{ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] jf: tljs cj: yfnfO{ aflx® Nofpg] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ k|of;sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, Rashida Manjoo, 2011, UN Human Rights Council

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b $

dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf k|fKt kl/0ffdx¿ / ljZn]if0f $=! dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] cj:yf / ljZn]if0f $=!=! ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] l:ylt

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s'g} ljlzi6 ef}uf]lns If]qdf dfq ;Lldt x'G5 eGg] 5}g . of] x/]s If]q÷:yfgdf x'g] ub{5 . of] jif{ -@)!^ h'nfO{ b]lv @)!& h'g;Dd_ cf]/] s g]kfnn] dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf lx+;fsf hDdf !!%) j6f 36gfx¿sf] clen] vLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . oL 36gfx¿ b]zsf] t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfn ;a} If]qx¿af6 ;Íng ul/Psf x'g\ .

rf6{ g+= != ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] l:ylt

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍ cg';f®, cl3Nnf] jif{h: t} , t®fO{ If] qaf6 g} a9L lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ clen] vLs®0f ePsf 5g\ . *( k|ltzt -!)#)_ t®fO{, & k|ltzt -&&_ kxf8 ® $ k|ltzt -$#_ lxdfnL If]q af6 36gfx¿ clen]v Ls®0f ePsf 5g\ . t® o; cWoogn] lxdfnL If] qdf sd 36gf x'G5 eGg] b] vfpg vf] h] sf] xf] egL ls6fgL;fy eGg ;lsg] l: ylt eg] ®x] sf] 5} g lsgls t®fO{ If]q df cf] ®] s g] kfnn] cfˆg} % j6f zfvf sfof{nox¿dfkm{t ljut nfdf] ;dob] lv sfo{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf t®fO{ If] qaf6 clen] vLs®0f x'g'n] s] jn o; If]q df a9L dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 eGg] klg x}g  . hxfF ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr, dlxnfx¿sf] ;zQmLs®0fsf] cj: yf ® dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf; ® kx'Fr ®x] sf] 5, ToxfF 36gfx¿ a9L l®kf] l6{Ë x'g] ub{5g\ . ef} uf] lns ljs6tf, ;"rgfsf] kx'Frsf] sdL, lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;xof] uL ;+oGqx¿sf] sdL h: tf sf®0fn] klg kxf8L ® lxdfnL If] qaf6 sd dfqfdf lx+;fsf] l®kf] l6{Ë sd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 eGg] xfd|f] ljZn] if0f ®x] sf] 5 .

$=!=@ dlxnf lx+;fsf k|sf®x¿ dlxnfdfly ljleGg : j¿k tyf k|sf®n] lx+;fx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . o; jif{sf] k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fx¿nfO{ -rf6{ g++ @_ & efudf juL{s®0f u®L ljZn] if0f ul®Psf] 5 . o; jif{ clen]v Ls®0f ul®Psf tYofÍx¿sf] ljZn] if0f ubf{ ;a}e Gbf a9L ^& k|ltzt -&^^_ dlxnfx¿dfly 3®] n' lx+;f ePsf] 5 . To: t} u®L !& k|ltzt -!(%_ dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;faf6, ^ k|ltzt -^*_ dlxnfx¿ jnfTsf/ af6, ! k|ltzt -!*_ dlxnfx¿ jnfTsf/sf] k|of;af6, $ k|ltzt -$%_ dlxnfx¿ of}l gs lx+;faf6 k|tfl8t ePsf 5g\ . ! k|ltzt -$_ dlxnfx¿sf] xTof, ! k|ltzt -*_ dlxnfx¿sf] xTofsf] k|of;, @ k|ltzt -@$_ dlxnfsf] a]r lavg ul®Psf] 5 eg] ! k|ltzt -&_ dlxnfsf] a] ]rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] 5, ! k|ltzt -!%_ dlxnfx¿df cGo -* hgf cfTdxTof ® & hgf a]k Qf_ lx+;f ePsf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= @= dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿

JolQmsf] cfTdLotf hf] l8Psf] clt glhssf] cfˆg} 3®b] lv 3®aflx®sf ;fj{hlgs : ynx¿;Dd klg ljleGg k|sf®n] dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f eO®x] sf] 5  . o;®L JolQmut txb]lv ;fj{hlgs tx;Dd dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'g] sf®0fx¿ ljleGg ePtfklg ;dfhdf xfn;Dd : yflkt dlxnfnfO{ x] g] { b[li6sf] 0f ® dfGotf g} k|dv ' sf®0fsf ¿kdf b]lvG5g\  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ljz] ift 3®] n' lx+;fnfO{ lghL ;jfnsf] ¿kdf dfq lnOPsf] 5, xfn;Dd klg uDeL® ;jfnsf] ¿kdf 3®] n' lx+;f ] xfd|f ;fdflhs : yflkt x'g ;s] sf] 5} g  .!! lkQ[;QfTds d"No–dfGotfaf6 lgb{lzt tyf ;f+: s[lts gLlt–lgodn] dlxnfs] f z®L®dfly c¿sf] lgoGq0f sfod ug{] l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u®] sf] 5  . ljjfxsf] ;+: sf® ® ljjfxkl5 dlxnfn] g} >Ldfg\sf] 3® hfg'kg{] lgod klg oxL l;4fGtaf6 cfPsf] xf] eGbf km®s kb{g . } lkt[;QfTds j} jflxs Joj: yfn] lgwf{®0f u®] sf] ljjfxkl5 klts} 3® hfg'kg] { k|rng (patri-local residence system) nfO{ ljjfxkl5 dlxnfdf >Ldfg\ ® 3®kl®jf®sf cGo ;b: o -;f;", ;;'®f_ sf] lgoGq0f z'¿ x'g] k|dv ' sf®0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . dlxnfnfO{ 3®kl®jf®sf] OHhtsf] ;+1f lbO{ p;sf] of}lgstfnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf lgoGq0f u®L zlQmljxLg dfgjsf] ¿kdf : yflkt ul®G5 . o;df ;dfhdf dlxnf ® k'?ifsf nflu 11

Findings of DOVA Research, 2013-WOREC

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg : yflkt of} lgstfsf bf] xf] ®f] dfkb08x¿ lhDd] jf® 5g\  . k'?ifn] jo: s ePkl5 s'\g} dlxnfnfO{ dg k®fpg' jf k|] d;DaGw ®fVg'nfO{ … 5f] ®f] 7"nf] ePsf] Ú elgg] ;dfhd} s'g} dlxnfn] To: t} ;DaGw ®fv] df p;nfO{ … pQfpnLÚ of … 5f8f ePsLÚ eg] ® l6Kk0fL ul®G5  . dlxnfsf] of} lgstfnfO{ kl®jf®sf] OHht;Fu hf] 8] ® x] l®g] k|rng, OHht hfg'eGbf Hofg u'dfpg' a]; cflb egfOx¿ k|rlnt ®x]sf cflb sf®0f g} Pp6L jo: s dlxnfsf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw kl®jf®sf -k'?if_ ;b: osf] lgoGq0fdf ®xG5g\ . o;afx] s g] kfnL ;dfhdf dlxnfsf] j} olQmstf g} kl®eflift ® kl®lrt eOs] sf] 5} g . cfˆgf v'zL ® JolQmut OR5fx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] o'jtLx¿nfO{ … o;n] 3® u®] ® vfg ;lStgÚ eg]® kl®jf® ® ;dfhdf 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL ul®G5 . hf] dlxnfn] >Ldfg\ ® p;sf] 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: osf k|To]s lg0f{o ® ljrf®df ;xdlt hgfpFl5g\, pg} nfO{ c;n ul[x0fLsf] kl®efiffleq ®flvG5 h;sf sf®0f … c;n x'g ;lStg lsÚ eGg] dgf] j} 1flgs 8®sf sf®0f klg s} of} + dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt lgtfGt j} olQms ® g} ;lu{s clwsf®af®] lg0f{o ug{af6 jl~rt 5g\  . oL ;a} d"No–dfGotfs} sf®0f dlxnf cfˆgf] af®] df af] Ng jf lg0f{o ug{;d]t c¿k|lt lge{® 5g\ . x®]s jif{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] tYofÍ ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3®] n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf x'g] u®] sf] kfOG5 ® o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] klg log} d"No–dfGotftkm{ ;Í] t u®] sf] 5  .

$=!=# dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ® pd] ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s'g} Ps pd] ® ;d"xdf dfq s] lGb|t 5} g  . x®] s pd] ® ;d"xsf JolQmx¿dfly lx+;f x'g] u®] sf] 5  .

rf6{ g+= #= dlxnf lx+;f / pd]/ ;d"x

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg o; cWoogn] dlxnfsf] pd] ®nfO{ ^ ;d"xdf ljefhg u®L k|fKt tYofs+nfO{ s'g pd] ® ;d"xdf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 egL ljZn] if0f u®] sf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍ cg';f® !&–@% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df ;a}e Gbf a9L #& k|ltzt -$@%_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u®L @^–#% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xdf #) k|ltzt -#$@_, #^–$% jif{ pd]® ;d"xdf !% k|ltzt -!&$_, !^ jif{d'lgsf aflnsfdf !! k|ltzt -!@#_, $^–%% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xdf $ k|ltzt -%!_ ® %^ jif{ dflysf dlxnfx¿df # k|ltzt -#%_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ #_ . !&–@% ® @^–#% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ a9L hf]l vddf ®x]s f kfOPsf] 5 .

dlxnfx¿df a9L dfqfdf o'jf cj: yfdf x'Fbf pgLx¿dfly lx+;f x'g] u®] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . o'jf ;d"x eg] sf] JolQmut ljsf; ug{] , pRr lzIff xfl;n ug{] ® l;h{gzLn sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] pd] ® ;d"x xf]  . lx+;f x'g'df k|efljt : jo+sf] s'g} bf] if xF'b}g t® pgLx¿dfly 36] sf lx+;fsf sf®0f k|efljtn] lx+;fsf] zf®Ll®s, dfgl;s c;® t ef]u ]s } x'G5g\, Tof]a fx] s klg ;fdflhs nf~5gfsf sf®0f c¿ y'k|} c;®x¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . k|efljtnfO{ g} ;dfhdf x] l®g] gsf®fTds b[li6sf] 0f ® p;nfO{ ul®g] gsf®fTds Jojxf®sf sf®0f pgLx¿sf] cfTdandf sdL x'Fb} hfG5, h;sf sf®0f k|efljtx¿ c¿ JolQm;®x lzIff xfl;n ug{af6 tyf JolQmut ljsf;sf cGo lqmofnfkdf ;xefuL x'g lxlRsrfpF5g\ . o;n] pgLx¿sf] ;du| hLjgsf] ljsf;df c;® kfl®®x] sf] x'G5 . !& b] lv @% jif{ pd] ® k|fo g] kfnL dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljjfxof] Uo 7flgg] jf ljjfx eO;Sg] ;d] tsf] pd] ® xf]  . of] pd] ® ;d"xdf lx+;f x'g'n] s] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ]g] kfnh: tf] b] zdf k|rlnt ljjfx ;+:s f®— dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx u®L csf{sf] ->Ldfg\_ sf] 3® hfg] k|yf— n] pgLx¿nfO{ c;'®lIft agfpg] ® pgLx¿dfly lx+;f x'g] ;xh jftfj®0fsf] lgdf{0f u®] sf] x'G5 . cfkm" k|z: t nf8Kof® ® cfTdljZjf;sf] ;fydf x's] {sf] cfˆgf afa'cfdfsf] 3® 5f] 8] ® ljjfx u®] ® uPsf dlxnfsf] hLjgdf ljjfxsf] ef] lnkN6} b] lv z'¿ x'g] gf6sLo kl®jt{gn] pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; : jfefljs ¿kdf sdhf] ® x'g hfG5 ® pgLx¿ cfkm"dfly dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg x'g] b'Jo{jxf® ckdfg jf lx+;fsf 36gf;d]t df cfjfh p7fpg ;Sb}g g\ . @^ b] lv #% jif{ pd] ® ;d"x dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f x'g] csf] {pd] ® ;d"x xf]  . of] pd] ® eg] sf] pTkfbgzLn pd] ® xf]  . o; pd] ®df dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs ® h}l js k|hgg\ b'j} sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\ . of] pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfn] kl®jf®n] eg] cg';f®sf] lnËsf] aRrf vf;u®L 5f]® f hGdfOgg\ , ;dfhsf] dfGotfcg'¿k cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;lsgg\ , kl®jf®sf] ck] Iff cg'¿ksf] k9fO{ jf , 3®leq aflx®sf sfd ug{ ;lsgg\ jf cfˆgf] z®L®dfly cfkm} +lg0f{o ug{] sf] lz; u®] sf] v08df pgn] lx+;f vKg'kg{] l: ylt 5 .

$=!=$ dlxnf lx+;f ® lzIff dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ® lzIffsf] l: yltnfO{ ljZn]i f0f u®L rf6{ g+ $ ® % df k|: t't ul®Psf] 5 . o; tYofÍsf cfwf®df *@ k|ltzt -($$_ lx+;f ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dWo] klg #@ k|ltzt -#))_ ;fdfGo n]v k9 ug{ hfGg], ## k|ltzt -#!&_ dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®]s f, !& k|ltzt -!%*_ pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®] sf, !^ k|ltzt -!%#_ k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u®]s f, @ k|ltzt -!^_ pRr dfWolds txeGbf dfly cWoog u®]s f dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !* k|ltzt -@)^_ lg®If® dlxnfx¿ ®x] sf kfOof]   .

rf6{ g++=$ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

rf6{ g++=% dlxnfsf] ;fIf®tfsf] cj: yfsf cfwf®df lx+;fsf kl®0fdx¿

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍn] lg®If® dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] b] vfPsf] 5  . o;sf] cy{ xf] , ;fIf® dlxnfn] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;faf®] d'v vf]n ] sf 5g\ . lg®If® dlxnfeGbf ;fIf® dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf] tYofÍ w]® } b] lvg'sf] Ps sf®0f lg®If® dlxnfx¿ kl®jf®sf ;b: ok|lt cfly{s ¿kdf k"0f{ lge{® ®xg\' klg x'g ;S5 . elgG5, lzIffn] ®f] huf®Lsf] 9f] sf vf] N5 ® ®f]h uf®Ln] cfly{s : jtGqtfsf]  . clnslt lzIff xfl;n u®] sf dlxnfnfO{ lx+;f ;x] ® a: g'eGbf a? 3®} 5f] 8] ® hfg'k®] klg ;fgf]l tgf] sfd u®]® a: g ;S5' eGg] cfTdljZjf; k|fKt ePsf]n ] klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"dfly ePsf lx+;fsf] lj?4df cfjfh p7fpg] lxDdt k|fKt ePsf] x'g;S5 . o;sf] cy{ of] t kSs} xf] Og ls lg®If® dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePs} 5} g jf cfkm"dfly lx+;f eof] eg] pQm 36gfsf] lj?4sf] cfjfh p7fPdf jf lj®f]w u®] df 3®af®ljxLg x'g] ® To;kl5sf lbgdf cfly{s ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ s'g} cf8e®f] ;f gx'g] qf;n] klg lg®If® dlxnf lx+;fsf] lj®f] w ug{ lxlRsrfPsf x'g ;S5g\ . o;sf] cy{ km] l® pgLx¿n] To;sf] lj®f] w u®] s} 5} gg\, eGg] klg xf] Og . lzIff k|flKtsf] s'g} cj;® gkfPsf, cfly{s ¿kdf s'g} bl®nf] cf8e®f]; fo'Qm sfd gePsf dlxnfn] ;d] t lx+;fsf] lj®f] w u®] ® 3®kl®jf® jf >Ldfg\ Tofu] ® cToGt hf] lvdo'Qm sfd u®Lsg cfkm" ® cfˆgf afnaRrfsf] kfngkf]i f0f ul®®x] sf b]l vG5g\ . t® pgLx¿n] rfn] sf o: tf sbd ®] s8] {8 x'g ;s] sf 5}g g\ . lzIffsf] cefjsf sf®0f pgLx¿n] lx+;fsf] lj®f] w jf ph'®L ug] {lgsfo klg x'G5g\ ® oL lgsfodfkm{t lx+;flj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] k|lqmof oL oL x'G5g\ eg]® yfxf gkfpg' k|d'v sf®0f xf]  . csf] {, b} lgs Hofnfbf®Lh: tf] s8f zf®Ll®s >d ug'{kg] {® c;Lldt ;do;Ldf ePsf sfddf cToGt Jo: t ®x] ® Hofg kfNg'kg] {pgLx¿nfO{ k|x®L k|zf;g ® c8\8f cbfntdfkm{t ;~rfng x'g] ph'®L ® To;dflysf] ;'g'jfOh: tf dlxgf}+ jf jiff}{ +;d] t nlDag] k|lqmofdf wfO®fVg] k'm;{t x'Fb} g . olb lx+;fkLl8t dlxnfsf] zf®Ll®s tyf dfgl;s : jf: Yosf] k"0f{ Uof®] G6L x'g] ® l56f] 5l®tf] Gofo k|flKtsf] Joj: yf : yflkt x'g;Sg] xf] eg] ;dfhdf x®] s ju{sf dlxnfn] cfkm"dfly x'g] lx+;fsf] lj®f]w df lxDdtsf ;fy cufl8 cfpg] df ljZj: t x'g ;lsG5 . ®fHosf ;xof] uL ;+oGqaf6 ;d] t ;xof] usf] k|Tofe"lt k"0f{ ¿kdf k|fKt gx'g] xfnsf] l: ytLn] ;fIf® x'g\ jf lg®If®, ;DkGg dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg x'g\ jf ljkGg, dlxnfx¿sf] df} gtfsf] k|rng k"0f{ ¿kdf olt l56} tf] l8OxfNg] cf; ug{ ;ls+b}g  . g] kfnL dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fnfO{ ck®fwsf ¿kdf x} g, hLjgsf] Ps ;fdfGo kf6f] sf ¿kdf lng] u®] sf 5g\ . g]k fn ;®sf®n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f Go"gLs®0f ® dlxnf clwsf® ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljleGg gLlt, lgb{]l zsf tyf sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ® kl®dfh{g u®] sf] cjZo 5 . t® ltgsf] k|efjsf®L sfof{Gjogsf] cj: yf gb] lvP;Dd ;dfhdf dlxnf lx+;fsf] eofjx ¿k ® To; lj?4df dlxnfsf] cfjfh cToGt lemgf] ;'lgg] l: ylt sfod} ®xg] kSsf 5 .

$=!=% j}j flxs l: ylt ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f o; jif{ clen] vLs®0f ul®Psf tYofÍsf cfwf®df ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L && k|ltzt -**%_ lx+;fdf k®]s f] kfOPsf] 5 . o;} u®L !^ k|ltzt -!*(_ dlxnfx¿ cljjflxt, # k|ltzt -#)_ dlxnfx¿ Psn, @ k|ltzt -@^_ ljjflxt t® ;Fu} ga;] sf] , ! k|ltzt -!@_ cljjflxt t® ;Fu} a: b} cfPsf ® ! k|ltzt -*_ kf®kfr's] u®]s f] dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= ^ dlxnfsf] j}jflxs l:ylt / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg o'lg;] kmsf] tYof+s cg';f® g] kfndf afnljjfxsf] b® af+Unfb] z ® ef®tkl5 Plzofd} t] ;|f] pRr : yfgdf ®x] sf] 5  . g] kfnsf] sfg"gcg';f® ljjfxsf] Go"gtd pd] ® @) jif{ ePtfklg #& k|ltzt g]k fnL lszf] ®Lx¿sf] ljjfx !* jif{ gk'Ub} ® !) k|ltztsf] !% jif{ gk'Ub} x'g] u®] sf] 5 .!@ ljjfx ;dfhdf dfGotfk|fKt ;+:y fsf ¿kdf : yflkt 5 . ;f+: s[lts k|rngx¿ h: t} — sGofbfg, s'df®LTj x'Fb} ljjfx ug'{k5{ 5f]® Lsf] eGg] dfGotfn] ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfsf] ;Dk"0f{ bfloTj >Ldfg\df x: tfGt®0f x'g] ® >Ldfg\n] g} dlxnfsf] clwsf®sf] ®Iff ug'{kg{] lhDd]j f®L k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] dlxnfnfO{ s] jn j: ts ' f] ¿kdf dfq k|: tt' gu®L dlxnfn] >Ldfg\n] eg] sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug{ afWo ub{5 .!# cljjflxt dlxnfx¿df ljz] ift of} g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L x'g] u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

$=!=^ k|efljtsf] hftLotf k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ;a}e Gbf a9L t®fO{ hghflt #$$ -@( k|ltzt_ dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf ®x] sf kfOG5g\ . To: f} u®L !&* If] qL dlxnfx¿ dfly bf] ;|f] : t®df a9L lx+;faf6 -!% k|ltzt_ k|efljt ®x]s f] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . s"n lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !$ k|ltzt -!%(_ kxf8] hghflt, !) k|ltzt

rf6{ g+= & dlxnfsf] hftLo ljj/0f / lx+;fsf] kl/0ffd https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/nepal0916_insert_nepali_web.pdf Presumption of Women's sexual consent provides the social justification for marital rape. Society condones this violence through the normative construction of marriage as as sexual contract that ensures me the exclusive rights their wiver's bodies (Idrus and Bennet, 2003, pg 50)

12 13

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg -!!%_ a|fXd0f, ( k|ltzt -!)!_ kxf8] blntx¿ ®x] sf kfOof]  . o: t} u®L % k|ltzt -^)_ t®fO{ u} ®blnt, $ k|ltzt -$!_ d'l: nd, @ k|ltzt -!^_ yfxf gePsf] , ! k|ltzt -#_ cflbjf;L dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] dlxnfx¿dfly x'g] lx+;f ;a} hfltsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ax'hftLo, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs b]z ePsfn] hfthflt cg';f/sf km/s ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, d"No / dfGotf /x]sf 5g\ / hfthflt cg';f/ g} pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhsLs/0f k|lqmof klg km/s x'g] u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f s'g} ljz]if hfltdf eGbf klg dlxnfsf] kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf s:tf] :yfg /x]sf] 5, To;df Tof] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cj:yf km/s x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . hghflt dlxnfx¿ c¿ hfltsf dlxnfx¿eGbf cfˆgf s'/fx¿ ;zQm 9Ën] k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] x'Fbf klg oL hfltsf dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ a9L dfqfdf l/kf]6{ ePsf x'g ;S5g\ .

$=!=& k|efljt / kL8saLrdf /x]sf] ;DaGw dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] o; jif{ ul/Psf] clen]vLs/0fsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ;a}eGbf a9L lx+;f %$ k|ltzt-^!(_ >Ldfg\af6 ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To:t} u/L dlxnfx¿dfly cfˆg} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 !& k|ltzt -!(^_ lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;dfh, hxfF dlxnfx¿ x's{G5g\, ToxL ;dfhsf !^ k|ltzt -!*)_ JolQmx¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f u/]sf kfOPsf] 5 . ^ k|ltzt -^%_ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmaf6, dlxnfx¿n] h;nfO{ cfTdLo ;fyLsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\, dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ug{] JolQmx¿dWo] $ k|ltzt -%(_ cfTdLo ;fyL, ! k|ltzt -!%_ ;fyL, ! k|ltzt -!$_ lzIfs, / ! k|ltzt -@_ ljBfyL{af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+=* lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

o; jif{sf] k|fKt tYofÍsf] cfwf®df dlxnfx¿ ckl®lrt JolQmx¿eGbf kl®lrt ® cfˆg} elgg] JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fsf] hf] lvddf ®x]s f] kfOPsf] 5 . dfly k|: t't tYofÍsf cfwf®df s] ljZn] if0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg] dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf lrghfg gePsf jf ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6 lx+;fdf k5{g\ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o;n] unt ;flat u®]s f] 5 . dlxnfx¿sf] hf] ;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw 5 jf h;n] a9L dfof u5{ eGg] dlxnfx¿n] ;f]Frb5g\ ToxL JolQmaf6 pgLx¿dfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] o; tYofÍn] k'li6 ub{5 .

$=!=* dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ® k] zf s'g k] zfdf ;+nUg slt dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 egL o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ljZn]i f0f ubf{ cfˆg} 3®sf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g] #& k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ -$@%_ dfly ;a} eGbf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o: t} u®L lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] @* k|ltzt -#@!_ dlxnfx¿ s[lif k]z fdf ;+nUg ®x]s f, !& k|ltzt -!(!_ ljBfyL{, * k|ltzt -(&_ dlxnfx¿ dhb"®Ldf, $ k|ltzt -$@_ Jofkf®df # k|ltzt -@(_ u}® ;®sf®L ;+: yfdf sfo{®t, ! k|ltzt -!$_ cfˆg} dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg Jojzfodf, ! k|ltzt -!#_ lzIf0f k]z fdf, ! k|ltzt -!$_ l;nfO{a'gfO{df ;+nUg dlxnf, )=$# -%_ ;®sf®L ;]j fdf, )=$# k|ltzt -%_ j}b ] lzs ®f] huf®df ®x]s f dlxnfx¿dfly ® )=)^ k|ltzt -*_ cGo k]z fdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= ( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f / k]zf

$=!=( dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿ lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿dfly k/]sf c;/x¿nfO{ $ efudf ljefhg u/L o; cWoog k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lx+;f x'Fbf ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿dfly zf/Ll/s c;/ $* k|ltzt -%$*_ k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . #* k|ltzt -$#(_ dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;/, !! k|ltzt -!@@_ dlxnfx¿df cfly{s c;/ / # k|ltzt -$!_ dlxnfdf ;fdflhs c;/ k/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= !) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfdf k/]sf c;/x¿

dflysf ;a} tYofÍx¿n] k|dfl0ft ub{5g\ ls dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf k|sf® c;Lldt 5g\ . zf®Ll®s Pj+ dfgl;s b'Jo{jxf®b] lv xTof;Ddsf h3Go 36gf pgLx¿dfly 36] sf 5g\ ® oL x®] s hflt If] q, k] zf, ju{ ® e"uf] nsf dlxnfdfly ePsf 5g\  . 3®leqb] lv 3®aflx® ® b] zleqb] lv b] zaflx® ;d] t ePsf 5g\  . x®] s 7fpFsf x®] s k]z f, ju{, hflt ® z} lIfs cj: yfsf dlxnfdfly x'g] x®] s vfnsf lx+;fn] xfdLn] ;fg} b] lv ;'Gb} –k9\b} cfPsf : yflkt dfGotfnfO{ r'gf} tL lbG5g\  . k9fOn] vfOn] dlxnfnfO{ ;zQm agfpF5 jf 3® xfd|f nflu ;a} eGbf ;'®lIft 7fpF xf] eGg]h : tf s'®fnfO{ dlxnfdfly ePsf lx+;fsf tYofÍn] s}o f} +k6s unt ;flat u®] sf 5g\ . cem k®Dk®fut ¿kdf dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]® 7fg]® ul®g] ;Daf] wg … cfOdfO s] 6fs] 6LÚ ® pgLx¿sf] ;+®If0fsf] lhDdf … alnofafËfÚ k'?ifx¿n] lng'kg] {eGg] dfGotf;d]t ePsf] ;dfhdf slyt ®Ifs ® alnofafËf elgg] kl®jf®leq ® kl®jf® aflx®sf k'?ifn] g} u®] sf lx+;fsf] tYofÍn] ;dfhsf] bf] xf] ®f] rl®qsf] ;d] t lrq0f ub{5 . ;aeGbf ck;f]Frhgs s'®f xf], ;+;f®sf ;a} JolQmsf nflu ;a} eGbf ;'®lIft dflgg] 3®;d]t g] kfnL dlxnfsf nflu ;a} eGbf c;'®lIft 7fpFdWo] sf] Ps aGg k'u]s f] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfo : t®b] lv gLltlgdf{0f tx;Dd ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ If] q ® lnË, zf®Ll®s Pj+ dfgl;s Ifdtfsf JolQmx¿sf] ;dfg pkl: ylt, ;xeflutf ® k|ltlglwTj cfjZos x'G5 . ;dfhsf ;|f] t ® cj;®x¿df pgLx¿sf] a®fa® kx'Frsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . g] kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dlxnfsf] xslxtdf k|z: t sfg"gL Joj: yfx¿sf] : yfkgf x'g cem afFsL g} 5 . x®] s If] qdf dlxnfsf cfˆgf vf; ® ljlzi6 vfnsf dfgj clwsf®sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g afFsL 5 . To;sf nflu s[lif, Jofkf®, lzIff, : jf: Yo ® cGo ;fdflhs tyf ®fhg} lts txdf dlxnfsf] ;Ddfghgs ® ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ 5, hxfF;Dd k'u] ® pgLx¿n] cfˆgf nflu rflxg] oL ;a} clwsf®sf] nflu bx|f] cfjfh p7fpg ® cfjZos sfg"gL Joj: yfsf nflu x: tIf] ksf®L of]u bfg lbg ;S5g\ . t® oL ;a} 7fpFdf k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] k|z: t ;Ifd dlxnfsf] pTkfbg Tolta] nf dfq} ;+ej 5 hlta] nf ;dfh pgLx¿sf nflu k"0f{ ;'®lIft x'G5 . k"0f{ ;'®lIft 3®kl®jf® ;dfh ® ®fHodf ®x] ® lzIff, ®f]h uf®L, ® : jf: Yo®Iffsf] cj;® k|fKt ug\'{ k|To] s dlxnfsf] dfgj clwsf® xf]  . lx+;fd'Qm ;dfh dlxnf clwsf®sdL{sf] dfq geO{ ;d[4 ;dfhsf] kl®sNkgf ug]{ ;a} gful®ssf] bfloTj ® lhDd] jf®L xf]  .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b %

%=! dlxnf ® 3®] n' lx+;f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] : j¿kx¿dWo] 3®] n' lx+;f k|d'v ®xFb} cfPsf] 5 . 3®]n ' lx+;fnfO{ ;+;f®e® dxfdf®L ® b]z sf] k|d'v ;d: ofsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . g] kfndf klg of] k|d'v r'gf} tLsf ¿kdf ®x] s] f 5 . ljZjdf, x®] s # hgf dlxnfx¿dWo] ! hgf -#) k|ltzt_ dlxnf hf] j}j flxs ;DaGwdf 5g\ pgLx¿ cfˆg} >Ldfg\÷;DaGwdf ®x] sf JolQmaf6 zf®Ll®s÷jf of}g zf] if0fdf kg{] ub{5g\ .!$

3®]n ' lx+;f -s;"® ® ;hfoF_ P] g @)^^ cg';f® æ3®]n ' lx+;fÆ eGgfn] s'g} JolQmn] 3®]n ' ;DaGw ePsf] csf{] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lbPsf] zf®Ll®s, dfgl;s, of} ghGo jf cfly{s oftgf ;Demg' k5{ ® zAbn] ufnL ug{] tyf efjgfTds rf] 6 k'¥ofpg] cGo s'g} sfo{nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .!% 3®leq jf kl®jf®sf Ps ;b: oaf6 cGo ;b: odfly x'g] lx+;f 3®] n' lx+;f xf]  . g]k fndf 3®] n' lx+;fnfO{ JolQmut jf 3®fo;L dfldnfsf] ¿kdf lnO{ of] ;fdflhs ® aflx®L x: tIf] keGbf 6f9fsf] ljifo xf] eGg] k®Dk®fut ;f]FrfO cem} ljBdfg 5 h;sf sf®0f 3®] n' lx+;f a9\bf] qmddf ®x] sf] kfOG5 . æ3®] n' lx+;fÆ eg] sf] dlxnflj?4sf] 14

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/

3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfoF_ P]g, @)^^ tyf 3/]n' lx+;f -s;"/ / ;hfoF_ lgodfjnL, @)^&

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg lx+;fsf] Pp6f ;a}e Gbf k'®fgf] ¿k xf]  . 3®] n' lx+;f ;a} lsl;dsf] ;dfhdf k|rlnt 5 . 3®]n ' lx+;fn] dlxnfsf] : jf: Yodf ® kfl®jfl®s tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf®df ;xefuL x'g] dlxnfsf] Ifdtfdf ulx®f] k|efj kfl®®x]s f] 5 .!^

%=@ 3®]n ' lx+;fleqsf : j¿kx¿ 3®] n' lx+;fsf : j¿kx¿ Aofks 5g\ . o; jif{ ul®Psf] clen] vLs®0fsf cfwf®df 3®] n' lx+;fsf lgDg : j¿kx¿nfO{ ljZn] if0f u®L o; k':t sdf ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . Zff®Ll®s lx+;f >Ldfg\ ® 3®kl®jf®sf ;b: on] xftxltof® cyjf cfˆgf] ansf] k|of] u u®] ® ha®h: tL s'6lk6 ug'{, cËeË u®fpg', zf®Ll®s b08 ;hfoF lbg', bfOhf] sf] lgxF'df ® rfl®lqs cf®f]k nufO{ s'6lk6 ug'{ cflbnfO{ zf®Ll®s lx+;fleq ;d]l 6Psf] 5 . dfgl;s lx+;f zf®Ll®s oftgfsf] 8®, b] vfpg] ufnL unf} h ug] {, rfl®lqs cf®f] k nufpg] , ckzAb k|of] u ug] {, pk] Iff hfx] ® ug] { ckzAb af] Ng] , x] nf–lt®: sf® ug] {, efjgfTds ¿kdf b'Jo{jxf® ug] {h: tf sfo{x¿nfO{ dfgl;s lx++;fleq ;d]l 6Psf] 5 . ;|f] t ;fwgsf] jl~rtLs®0f vfg nufpg glbg] , 3®af6 lgsfnf ug]{ , ljjfx btf{, hGd btf{ gug]{ , a] jf: tf ug] { h: tf lx+;fx¿nfO{ o;leq ;d] l6Psf] 5 . wDsL 3®kl®jf® jf >Ldfg\sf] OR5f ljk®Lt sfd u®]d f 8®, wDsL b] vfpg', dfg] {wDsL lbg' cflb o;leq ®flvPsf] 5 . 3®] n' lx+;fsf k|sf®x¿ dlxnfdlfy x'g] 3®] n' lx+;fleq klg dlxnfx¿dfly s: tf s: tf k|sf®sf lx+;fx¿ x'g] !^

dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltsf] lzkmfl/; g+= !(

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg u®] sf 5g\ egL x]b f{ ;a} eGbf a9L zf®Ll®s lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly s'6lk6sf 36gfx¿ w]® } ePsf kfOPsf 5g\ . dlxnfdfly ePsf 3®] n' lx+;fsf 36gfx¿dWo] %* k|ltzt -$$^_ dlxnfx¿dfly zf®Ll®s lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . #& k|ltzt -@*!_ dlxnfx¿dfly dfgl;s lx+;f, @ k|ltzt -!%_ dlxnfx¿dfly wDsLsf] sf®0fn] lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;}u ®L # k|ltzt -@$_ dlxnfx¿nfO{ vfg, nufpg glbg] , a] jf: tf ug]{, 3®lgsfnf u®L ljjfx btf{, hGdbtf{ cflb ;|f] t tyf ;fwgaf6 jl~rtLs®0f eO{ lx+;fdf k®]s f] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ !!_ .

rf6{ g+= !! dlxnfdfly ePsf 3/]n' lx+;fsf k|sf/

%=# 3/]n' lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf/

3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] &* k|ltzt -^)!_ dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} >Ldfg\af6 / @@ k|ltzt -!^%_ dlxnfx¿ cfˆg} 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿af6 lx+;fdf kg{] u/]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ !@_ .

rf6{ g+= !@ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ / kL8ssf] ;DaGw

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

%=$ k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj: yf 3®] n' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] j} jflxs cj: yfsf af®] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ Psn, cljjflxt ® 5'l§P® a;]s f dlxnfx¿eGbf ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ 3®]n ' lx+;fsf] pRr hf] lvddf ®x] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . o; jif{ *( k|ltzt -^*)_ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿ ® $ k|ltzt -##_ cljjflxt, # k|ltzt -@!_ ljjflxt t® ;Fu} ga;]s f] , @ k|ltzt -!(_ Psn, ! k|ltzt -%_ cljjflxt t® ;Fu} a;] sf] ® ! Kf|ltzt -*_ kf®kfr's] u®]s f dlxnfx¿ k|ltzt 3®]n ' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOof]  . -rf6{ g+= !#_ .

rf6{ g+= !# 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf

%=% k|efljtsf] pd] ® ® 3®] n' lx+;f k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ljZn]i f0f ubf{ 3®]n ' lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L !&–@% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . $) k|ltzt -#)*_ !&–@% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿, #! k|ltzt -@#&_ @^–#% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ o; jif{ 3®]n ' lx+;fsf] lzsf® ePsf 5g\ . To;} u®L #^–$% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf !& k|ltzt -!@&_, $^–%% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf $ k|ltzt -#%_, %^ jif{eGbf dflysf pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ # k|ltzt -@)_ ® !^ jif{d'lgsf pd] ® ;d"xsf % k|ltzt -#(_ dlxnfx¿dfly 3®]n ' lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g++ !$_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= !$ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd]/sf cj:yf

%=^ k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] : t® ® 3®]n' lx+;f dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf] lx+;f ® dlxnfsf] z}lIfs cj: yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ lg®If® dlxnfx¿eGbf $ u'0ffeGbf a9L *@ k|ltzt -^@&_ ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly 3®]n' lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= !%_ . o;} u®L ;fIf® dlxnfleq klg ;a}eGbf a9L dfWolds lzIff xfl;n u®]sf #$ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿n] lx+;faf6 a9L k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= !^_ .

42 rf6{ g+= !% 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

rf6{ g+= !^ 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z} lIfs cj:yf / lx+;fsf kl/0ffdx¿

%=& k|efljtsf] hft ® 3®]n' lx+;f o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3®]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿leq klg ;a}eGbf a9L t®fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿ @& k|ltzt -@)*_ lx+;fdf ®x]sf] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg kfOPsf] 5 . To;kl5 If]qL !*Ü-!#$_, kxf8] hghflt !$ k|ltzt -!)(_, t®fO{ blnt !@ k|ltzt -(!_, a|fXd0f !! k|ltzt -*!_, kxf8] blnt ( k|ltzt -^*_ ® t®fO{ u}®blnt ® d'l: nd a®fj®L $–$ k|ltzt -#$,@*_, cflbjf;L )=@^ k|ltzt -@_, klxrfg gv'n]sf ! k|ltzt -!!_ dlxnfx¿ 3®]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt ®x]s]f kfOof] -rf6{ g++ !&_ .

rf6{ g+= !& 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf

%=* k|efljtsf] k]zf ® 3®]n' lx+;f 3®of;L sfddf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ a9L dfqfdf 3®]n' lx+;fsf k|efljt ®x]sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df #( k|ltzt -#)@_ 3®fo;L sfd, #@ k|ltzt -@$%_ s[lif, !) k|ltzt -&&_ dhb"®L, * k|ltzt -^!_ ljBfyL{, #–# k|ltzt -@^, @!_ ;fdfGo Jofkf® ug]{ ® u}®;®sf®L ;+: yfdf hflu® ug]{, @ k|ltzt -!#_ l;nfO a'gfO ug]{, ! k|ltzt -!)_ lzIf0f k]zfdf ®x] sf, $–$ hgf 3®]n' sfdbf® ® ®fhgLltdf ;+nUg, @ hgf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;+nUg ® ! hgf j}b]lzs ®f]huf®Ldf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ lx+;fdf k®]sf 5g\ -rf6{ g++ !*_ .

rf6{ g+= !* 3/]n' lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zf / lx+;fsf] cj:yf k|ltztdf

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

%=( k|efljtnfO{ k®]sf] c;® 3®]n' lx+;fdf klg ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnfx¿ zf®Ll®s ¿kdf lx+;fdf kg{] u®]sfn] dlxnfx¿df a9L dfqfdf zf®Ll®s c;® k®]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk dlxnfdfly s'g} klg k|sf®sf] lx+;f x'Fbf dlxnfsf] hLjgdf km®s km®s lsl;dsf c;®x¿ kg{] ub{5g\ . k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df ljZn]if0f ubf{ 3®]n' lx+;fsf k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf a9L %* k|ltzt -$$^_ dlxnfx¿dfly zf®Ll®s c;® k®]sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] ## k|ltzt -@%%_ dfgl;s c;®, * k|ltzt -$^_ cfly{s c;®, @ k|ltzt -!(_ df ;fdflhs c;® ® -rf6{ g+=!(_ . ;a} k|sf®sf lx+;fdf dfgl;s c;® kb{5 . To;}n] ;a} k|sf®sf lx+;f k|efljtx¿nfO{ dfgl;s c;® k®]sf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= !( 3/]n' lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/x¿ k|ltztdf

36gf g+ != d] ®f] gfd kljtf -gfd kl®jt{g_ xf]   . d] ®f] 3® ef] hk'® lhNnfdf k5{  . d] ®f] 3® kl®jf® lzlIft x'FbfxF'b} klg 5f] ®LnfO{ cfkm\gf] lhDd] af®Laf6 kG5fpg] dfgl;stfsf sf®0f d !@ sIffdf k9\bf k9\b} pbok'®sf] s] 6f;+u d] ®f] ljjfx eof]   . s] 6fsf] 3®kl®jf® ®fd} | lyof] t® >Ldfg eg] nfu" cf} ifw ;] jg ubf{ ®x] 5g\  . ljjfxkl5 >Ldfgn] lbglbg} nfu"cf} ifw ;] jg u®] ® cfpg] s'6\g] , kL6\g] hj®h: tL of} g;Dks{ ®fVg vf] Hg] ug{ yfn]   . w] ®} ;do t cfkm"dfly ePsf] lx+;fnfO{ ;x] ®} a;] F t® vlkg;Sg' ePkl5 dfOtLdf uP® eg] +  . t® dfOtLn] klg 5f] ®Ln] cfkm\gf] 3®kl®jf®df h] ePklg ;x] ®} dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg a: g'k5{, h;®L klg 3® u®]® vfg'k5{ ® dfOtLsf] OHht hf]ufpg' k5{ eGg'eof]  . To;kl5 hfg] 7fpF sxLF gePkl5 >Ldfg ;'lw|xfN5g\ ls eGg] ;f]Fr] ® ;x] ® 3®df g} a: g yfn] F  . o;} aLrdf d] ®f] Pp6f aRrf klg eof]   . t® lbgxF' cfkm"dfly s] 36gf 36\5 eg] ® ql;t eP® a: g' kYof] {  . p;n] lbPsf] of} goftgf ® s'6lk6 ;xg g;s] ® cfTdfxTof ug{ ;d] t ;f]Fr] Ft® dg{ Tolt ;lhnf] sxfF 5 ® < To;kl5 klxnf cf] ®] sdf sfd ug] { Pshgf lbbLn] dnfO{ cf] ®] s hfg] ;Nnfx lbg'eof]   . d ToxfF uP® cfkm\gf s'®f ®fv] FTo;kl5 d} n] k|x®Ldf ph'®L lbPF . k|x®Ln] >LdfgnfO{ af] nfP® @ k6s;Dd 5nkmn u®] ® ldnfkq u®] ® ldn] ® j: g k7fof]   . To;kl5 klg >Ldfgn] dnfO{ af®Daf® oftgf lbP  . d} n] oftgf ;xg g;s] ® ;DaGwlaR5] b u®L xfn cGo lhNnfdf a: b} cfPsf] 5'' . d cfTdlge{® eP®, cfkm\gf] Joj;fo u®L : jtGqtfsf ;fy afFlr®x] sL 5'  . t® d] ®f] aRrf >Ldfgsf] kl®jf®;+u 5 dnfO{ e] 6\g klg lbOFb} g ® af®Daf® km®skm®s gDa®af6 kmf]g u®]® tFnfO{ df5'{, sf6\5' eGg] wDsL kL8s kIfaf6 cfO®xG5 . 36gf g+=@ d xL®f -gfd kl®jt{g_  . ;fdfGo kl®jf®df d] ®f] hGd ePsf] xf]   . d] ®f] ljjfx lj=; @)%^ ;fndf pnf{af®Ldf ePsf] lyof]   . ®fd|} ;Fu kl®jf® rln®x] sf] lyof]   . # hgf 5f] ®f5f] ®L 5g\  . afnaRrf ;fg} x'Fbf lj=; @)^( ;fndf >Ldfgsf] d[To" eof]   . afnaRrf ;fg} ePsf] ® >Ldfgsf] klg d[To" ePsf] n] afnaRrf x'sf{pg Hofb} ufx|f] eof]   . d] ®f] gful®stf ® ljjfx btf{ klg 5} g  . >Ldfgsf] c+lus[t gful®stf ePsf] n] d] ®f] gful®stf klg aGg ;s] sf] 5} g  . dfOtLdf klg cfdfa'jf gePsf] bfh' efph"sf] klg c+lus[t gful®stf ePsf] n] d] ®f] ;gfvtdf a: g] sf] xL klg gePsf] n] gful®stf kfpg ;fx|} ufx|f] eO®x] sf] 5  . 3®kl®jf®df ;f;';;'®f ® b] j®x¿n] klg jf: tf ub} {gg\  . clxn] 7] nfdf r6k6] Jofkf® u®] ® hLljsf rnfPsL 5'  . gful®stf gePsf] n] ;®sf®n] lbg] Psn dlxnf eQfklg kfpg ;s] sL 5} g  . ufpFsf s] xL JoflQmn] ;h{dLg ul®lbP d] ®f] gful®stf aGg cln ;xh x'GYof] t® t® s;} n] ;xof] u ul®lb+b} gg\  . clxn] d] ®f] 5f] ®f] !$ aif{sf] eof]   . p;n] klg klqsf a] Rg] sfd u®] sf] n] 3® rnfpg s] xL ;xof] u ePsf] 5  . gfltn] sdfPsf] b] v] ® pgsf xh'® a'jfn] slxn] sfxL+ pN6} p;Fu} vr{ dfU5g\  . xfdLn] s;®L Jojxf® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg wflg®x] sf 5fF} eg] ® ;xof] u ug'{k5{ eGg] t pgdf 5} g  . xfdL pgsf a'xf®L gflt gfltgfn] vfg kfpg] u®L c+zaG8f klg ul®lbPsf 5} gg\  . clxn] gful®stfsf] ;d: of ;dfwfgsf] nflu cf] ®] s df] ®Ën] dnfO{ ;xof] u ul®®x] sf] 5  .

36gf g+ # d] ®f] j'jfn] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf ef®t hfFbf ef®tLo dlxnf;+u ljjfx ug'{ePsf] lyof]   . d] ®f] hGd klg ef®tdf g} ePsf] xf]   . clxn] d] ®f] cfdfsf] d[To" eO;s] sf] 5  . a'jfn] csf] { ljjfx ug'{ePsf] 5  . d} n] ufpFs} Pshgf s] 6f;+u cGt®hftLo k|] d ljjfx u®] sf] xf]   . ljjfx ePsf] * aif{;Dd xfd|f] ;DaGw ®fd|} lyof]   . cGt®hftLo ljjfx ePsf] sf®0fn] dfOtL;+u cfpg] hfg] lyPg  . ToxL axfgf agfP® … t] ®f] dfOtLn] cf7 aif{ ;Dd klg gx] g] { s] xL klg glbg] Ú eg] ® >Ldfg ® ;f;'n] dfgl;s tgfj lbg yfn]  . olb dfOtL;+u dfu]® !%, @) nfv ¿k} Fof dfOtL;+u eP 3®df a; geP oxfF a: gk' b} {g of] 3®df t] ®f] s'g} clwsf® 5} g egL s'6kL6 ug{ yfn]   . t® d} n] tkfOF;+u k|d] ljjfx u®]sL xF' clxn] cfP® s;®L dfOtL;+u k};f dfUg hfpF eGbf dnfO{ s'6kL6 u®] ® … tnfO{ k|] ddf km;fP® ljjfx ug'{sf] p2] Zo t] ®f] dfOtLsf] ;DklQ kfpgsf] nflu xf] Ú eg] ® >Ldfgn] eg]   . To;kl5 dnfO{ vfg, nfpg klg glbO Pslbg 3®sf ;a} kl®jf® ldn] ® s'6kL6 u®L gfafns 5f] ®fnfO{ vf] ;L dnfO{ 3®af6 lgsfn]  . To;kl5 d dxfgu®Lo k|x®L a[Q uf}zfnf sf7dfG8f}df cfjZos sf®jfxL u®L kfpF egL 7f8f] lgj] bg lbO{ gofF afg] Zj® sf7dfG8f} df 8] ®f lnO{ a;] F  . d] ®f] lgj] bgsf] s'g} ;'gj' fO{ gePsf] n] afWo eO{ d d] ®f] dfO{tL bfËdf uO{ dfOtLn] ef8fdf lbPsf] 3® ef8fdf lng] JolQm;+u cg'®f]w u®L ToxLF a: b} cfPsL 5' . dfOtLdf k|z: t ;DklQ ePklg dnfO{ dfOtLn] ;d] t x] ®] g  . clxn] 3®kl®jf®nfO{ 5f] ®L e] 6\gsf] nlu kmf] g ubf{ e] 6\g klg lb+b} gg\  . Pp6f aRRffn] cfdf e] 6\g gkfpg' ® cfdfn] aRRff e] 6\g gkfpg' sxfF ;Ddsf] kL8f xf]   . ;xof] u ug] { sf] xL gePkl5 d ;8sdf cfpg] cj: yfdf cfO{ ;s] sf] lyPF  . 3f] ®fxLdf ®x] s] f Psåf® ;+s6 Joj: yfkg s] Gb|df cfkmgf] ;d: of lnP® uPkl5 dnfO{ cf] ®] s bfËdf k7fpg'eof]   . oxfF cfPkl5 dnfO{ w] ®} ;xof] u ldn] sf] 5  . dnfO{ s] xL ug'{k5{ EfGg] cfTdfan a9] ® cfPsf] 5  . d'2f rln®x] sf] 5  . d'4fsf] k|lqmof w] ®} nfdf] ePsf] ® ljkIfL kxFr' jfnf ePsf] n] Ps aif{ x'Fbf klg d'4fsf] km} ;nf g'xFbf s] x'g] xf] eGg] z+sf nfUg yfn] sf] 5  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b ^

^=! dlxnf ® ;fdflhs lx+;f ;dfhsf ;b: ox¿af6 ;fdflhs ®Lltl: ylt ® Jojxf®sf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ;fdflhs lx+;f egL a'lemG5 . ;fdflhs lx+;fleq dlxnfx¿nfO{ zf®Ll®s ® dfgl;s ¿kdf ;dfhsf] ®Lltl: yltnfO{ cfwf® agfO{ cdfgjLo 9+un] k|tfl8t ul®Psf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍdf kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L cfkmGtaf6 ® cfkm" h'g ;dfhdf ®x]s f 5g\ ToxL ;dfhsf ;b: ox¿af6 dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L kLl8t x'g] u®] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;f, cGwlaZjf; ® ;dfhdf cfwfl®t s'®Lltx¿sf] kl®0ffd xf]  . lkt[;Qf, ;fdGtL lrGtg, wfld{s h8;"qjfbL cfr®0fx¿sf sf®0f xfd|f] ;dfhdf gsf®fTds xflgsf®s k®Dk®fut cEof;x¿ sfod} 5g\  . gful®sx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ® ;f+: s[lts clwsf® ;'lglZrt gePsf] l: ylt tyf dlxnfnfO{ lbPsf] bf] ;|f] bhf{sf] : yfgn] o: tf cGwljZjf; ® ck®fwx¿nfO{ dn hn ub{5g\  . o: tf ck®fw ;Daf] wg ug{sf nflu cGwljZjf; cGTo ug]{ cleofg ;~+rfngsf ;fy} , cGwljZjf;df cfwfl®t lx+;f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ alnof] sfg"gL bfo®fdf Nofpg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;+®rgfut kl®jt{g ug{ ;®sf® tof® x'g'kb{5 . g] kfndf xflgsf®s k®Dk®fut cEof;x¿ lj?4sf] 5ftf gLltsf] cefjdf wd{, ;+: s[lt ® ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfsf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fnfO{ ck®fwsf] ¿kdf ;d] t lnOPsf] kfOFb} g ® o: tf ck®fwdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿nfO{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg s8f sfaf{xL x'g ;Sg] jftfj®0f lgdf{0f x'g ;s] sf] 5} g . dlxnflj?4 e] befj pGd"ng ;ldlt (CEDAW Committee) n] ;g\ @)!! df g] kfndf dlxnf xs ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;®sf®n] ug{'kg]{ sfo{x¿ egL : ki6 ¿kn] lgDg ;'dmfax¿ lbPsf 5g\, tLdWo] s] xL ;'emfjx¿ lgDgcg';f® 5g\M— s_ dxf;lGwsf] wf®f @ -Pkm_ ® % -P_ cg'¿k lkt[;QfTds ;f]+ r tyf dlxnflj?4 x'g] e] befjsf] k|rng pGd"ng ug{ 7f] ; nIo tyf ;do tflnsf;lxt Jofks ®0fgLlt lagfl9nfOsf ;fy cjnDag u®, v_ gful®s ;dfhsf ;fy} ;d'bfo ® wfld{s g]t fx¿nfO{ ;fd] n u®L dlxnf ® k'?if b'j} nlIft u®L xflgsf®s k®Dk®f cGTo ug{ ;+rf® dfWodx¿l;t ;xsfo{ u®L dlxnfx¿sf] ;sf®fTds, k®Dk®futeGbf leGg ® e] befj®lxt lrq0f ug{ ® hgr]t gf clej[l4 tyf z}l Ifs k|of; ;'b[9Ls®0fdf hf]8 lbg tyf u_ xflgsf®s ;fdflhs cEof; ;DaGwL d: of} bf sfg"gnfO{ t'?Gt nfu" u® ® o;df ;a} k|sf®sf xflgsf®s k|rng ;dfj]z ePsf] ;'lglZrt u® tyf lagfl9nfO o; sfg"gsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy} o;sf] k|efjsf®L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cg'udg u® .

;+o'Qm ®fi6««;ª\3Lo cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s [lts clwsf® ;DaGwL cGt®fli6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ g] kfnsf] t] ;|f] cfjlws k|ltj] bgsf] lgisiff{Tds l6Kk0fL h8 ¿l9jfbL k|j[lQ ® lkt[;QfTds ;f] Frsf sf®0fn] ;dfhdf dlxnf tyf aflnsflj?4 lje]b sfod} ®x] sf] df ;ldlt ;®f] sf® JoQm ub{5 . dlxnf ® aflnsf h;df ljz]i f u®L blnt ;d'bfosf dlxnf ® aflnsf, hah{:t L tyf afn ljjfx, af]S ;Lsf] cf®f]k , b] psL, em'df, sdn®L, 5fpk8L ® afbLh: tf k®Dk®fut xflgsf®s k|yfx¿af6 kLl8t x'g' kl®®x]s f] df ;ldlt ;®f] sf® JoQm ub{5 . -wf®f #, !)_

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ;ldlt kIf ®fi6«nfO{ lgDglnlvt cg'®f]w ub{5 M s= xflgsf®s k|yfx¿nfO{ lgd"{n kfg{] pkfox¿ k|efjsf®L 9ª\un] sfof{Gjog u®fpg . o: tf ljs[ltx¿ JofKt ®x]s f lhNnf tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf JolQmx¿df hgr] tgf km}n fpg] cleofg nfu" ug{]  . v= dfgjclwsf® xgg ePdf nfdf] ;do;Dd gsf®fTds c;® k®L ® xg ;S5 eg] ® ;j{;fwf®0f ljif] ztM o: tf ljs[ltx¿ JofKt ®x] sf lhNnf tyf ;fdflhs ;d"xsf JolQmx¿df hgr]t gf km} nfpg] cleofg nfu" ug{, u= 3®]n ' lx+;f P]g , @)^^ nfu" ug{, xflgsf®s k|yfx¿;DaGwL 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ® kL8snfO{ ;hfoF lbg, 3= kLl8tnfO{ ;+®If0f ® k'g: yf{kgfsf] Joj: yf ug{, ª= ®fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u n] tof® kf®]s f] ;a} k|sf®sf xflgsf®s k|yfnfO{ cfk®fwLs®0f ug{] ljw] os u|x0f ug{ ® ;fy} afnljjfx cGTo ug{] ®fli6«o ®0fgLlt nfu" ug{ . To;} u®L ljZjJofkL cfjlws ;dLIff;DaGwL g] kfnsf] k|ltj]b gdf ;d] t ljleGg ®fi6«x¿n] ;fdflhs lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]w g ug{sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ k] z u®] sf 5g\  .!& dlxnfdfly eO®x] s] f o: tf] k|sf®sf] uDeL® ck®fwsf] ;Daf] wgsf nflu k|efjsf®L sfg"gsf] cefj, dlxnfx¿sf nflu t'?Gt} Gofo k|fKt ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj: yf gx'g', k|efljtx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, clwsf® ;'lglZrttf ug] {k|efjsf®L Joj: yf gx'g', k|efljtx¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, clwsf® ;'lglZrttf ug] {;®sf®sf] s'g} lglb{i6 sfo{of] hgfsf] cefjsf sf®0f dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf x'g] o: tf ck®fwx¿ cem} ;dfhdf JofKt 5g\ . o: tf lx+;faf6 kLl8t ;a} dlxnfx¿df uDeL® ¿kn] dfgl;s k|efj kf®] sf] !&

;'emfjx¿ M ;jf{lws hf] lvddf ®x] sf ;fdflhs ;d'bfox¿df Wofg s] lGb|t u®L pgLx¿sf] dfgj clwsf®sf] k"0f{ pkef] u, ljz] ifu®L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs clwsf® ;'lglZrt ug{ lzIffdfkm{t\, dfgj clwsf®af®] sf] r] tgf tyf 1fgsf] : t® a9fpg] -leotgfd_ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf blntnufotsf lj?4 x'g] lje]b sf] cGTo ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL tyf gLltut pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{] -g] b®Nof08_ 5'jf5"t nufot bL3{sfnLg lje]b x¿nfO{ k|efjsf®L ¿df ;Daf]w g tyf pGd"ng ug{ sfg"gL pkfox¿ z'¿ ug{] -cl: 6«of_

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg 5 . k|efljtsf] kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿ vf; u®L 5f] ®f5f] ®Lx¿nfO{ o: tf lx+;fx¿n] uDeL® ¿kn] k|efljt kf®]s f] 5 . o: tf] c;® w] ®} ;do;Dd kg{] l: ylt 5 .

^=@ ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kl®0ffdx¿ ® ljZn] if0f dlxnfdfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf ePsf lx+;fsf : j¿kx¿ dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs ¿kdf ePsf lx+;fx¿df klg a9L dfqfdf zf®Ll®s lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;dfhsf dlxnfO{ bfOhf] gNofPsf] lgx'Fdf ha®h: tL s'6kL6 ug'{, cËeË u®fpg', af]S ;Lsf] cf®f] k nufO{ zf®Ll®s b08 ;hfoF lbg', s'6kL6 ug'{ cflbnfO{ zf®Ll®s lx+;fleq ;d]l 6Psf] 5 . %) k|ltzt -(*_ dlxnfx¿dfly zf®Ll®s lx+;f, $) k|ltzt -&*_ dlxnfx¿dfly dfgl;s lx+;f, # k|ltzt -%_ dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg vfn] wDsLsf sf®0f ® & k|ltzt -!$_ dlxnfx¿sf] afnljjfx ePsf] 36gfx¿ kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g++=@)_ . dlxnfx¿dfly bfO{hf] sf®0fn] , af] lS;sf] cf®f] k nufO{, 5f]® L 5f] ®L hGdfPsf] lg'x'Fdf lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+=@) dlxnfdfly x'g] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|sf/x¿ k|ltztdf

^=# ;fdflhs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf®x¿ ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿ ® kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGwsf af®]d f ljZn] if0f ubf{ dlxnfdfly ;a}e Gbf a9L l5d]s Laf6 lx+;f ePsf] kfO{of]  . dlxnfx¿dfly ePsf s"n ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] %( k|ltzt -!!%_ lx+;f l5d] sLaf6 ePsf] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg kfOof]  . To;} u®L s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf] JolQmx¿af6 !* k|ltzt -#$_, glhssf] ;fyLaf6 !# k|ltzt -@^_, kl®jf®sf ;b: oaf6 ( k|ltzt -!*_, lzIfsaf6 ! k|ltzt -@_ dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= @!_ .

rf6{ g+= @! ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw k|ltztdf

^=$ k|efljtsf] j} jflxs cj: yf ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] j} jflxs cj: yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ljjflxt dlxnfx¿dfly a9L &# k|ltzt -!$#_ ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;} u®L ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] !* k|ltzt -#%_ cljjflxt, $ k|ltzt -*_ Psn, ljjflxt t® ;+u} ga;] sf] # -%_ k|ltzt, cljjflxt t® ;Fu} a;] sf @ k|ltzt -#_ ® ! hgf kf®kfr's] u®] sf] dlxnf ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= @@_ . ljjflxt dlxnfdf lx+;f a9L b] lvg'sf] sf®0fdf ljjfxkZrft\ dlxnfx¿dfly bfOhf]s f sf®0fn] x'g] lx+;f a9L x'g' klg xf]  . ljjflxt dlxnfdfly vf;u®L rfl®lqs cfIf] kx¿ nufpg] 36gfx¿ ;dfhdf x'g] u®s]f kfOof]  .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= @@ ;fdflhs lx+;fsf k|efljtx¿sf] j}jflxs cj:yf

^=% k|efljtsf] pd] ® ® ;fdflhs lx+;f

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿df ;a}e Gbf a9L !&–@% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ ®x]s f 5g\  . !&–@% pd]® ;d"xsf @& k|ltzt -%#_ dlxnfx¿ ;a} eGbf a9L ;fdflhs lx+;fdf k®] sf 5g\ . o;}u ®L bf] ;|f] lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ @^– #% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf @% k|ltzt -$(_ ;d"xsf ®x]s f 5g\ eg] o;}u ®L #^–$% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf @# k|ltzt -$$_, $^–%% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf * k|ltzt -!^_, ® %^ jif{eGbf dfly pd] ® ;d"xsf ( k|ltzt -!&_ ® !^ aif{EfGbf sd pd] ® ePsf * k|ltzt -!^_ hgf dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] lzsf® ePsf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @#_ .

rf6{ g+= @# pd]/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

^=^ k|efljtsf] lzIffsf] : t® ® ;fdflhs lx+;f ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] z} lIfs : t®sf] af®] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ &@ k|ltzt -!$)_ ;fIf® dlxnfx¿ @* k|ltzt -%%_ lg®If® dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= @$_ . ;fIf® dlxnfx¿df klg ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ hfGg] dlxnfx¿dfly k|fylds, dfWolds, pRr dfWolds ® ;f] eGbf a9L cWoog u®] sf dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @%_ . o;n] s] b] vfpF5 eg] a'em]s f jf ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ ;Sg] dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] nlIft ju{ x'g] u®] sf 5g\ .

rf6{ g+=@$ z}lIfs cj:yfsf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;f

rf6{ g+=@% lzIffsf] :t/sf cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

^=& lx+;fk|efljtsf] hft ® ;fdflhs lx+;f ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L t®fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿ ®x] sf] kfOof]   . To;} u®L bf] ;|f] ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljtdf !#–!# k|ltzt -@^, @^, @%_ qmdzM kxf8] hghftL, t®fO{ blnt ® t®fO{ u}®blnt a®fa® ®x]] sf] kfOof]  . To;kl5 !) k|ltZft -!(_ If] qL, a|fXd0f & k|ltzt -!#_, d'l: nd $ k|ltzt -&_, @ k|ltzt -%_ kxf8] blnt, cflbjf;L ! k|ltzt -@_ kl®ro gv'n] sf @ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ ;fdflhs lx+;fdf k®]sf] kfOof]  . -rf6{ g+=@^_ .

rf6{ g+=@^ hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

^=* k|efljtsf] k] zf ® ;fdflhs lx+;f

;fdflhs lx+;faf6 klg 3®of;L sfddf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ a9L k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljt #@ k|ltzt -^#_ dlxnfx¿ 3®of;L sfddf ;+nUg 5g\ . To;} u®L @& k|ltzt -%@_ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg, !$ k|ltzt ljBfyL{ -@*_, !) k|ltzt -@!_ dhb"®L u®] ® hLjgofkg ul®®x] sf dlxnfx¿ ® & k|ltzt -!!_ ;fgf Jofkf®df ;+nUg, u}® ;®sf®L ;+3;+: yfdf sfo{®t # k|ltzt -*_, @=%) k|ltzt -%_ ;®sf®L ;] jfdf sfo{®t, @ k|ltzt -#_ lzIf0f k] zfdf ;+nUg, ! k|ltzt -@_ l;nfOa'gfO ug], { )=%) k|ltzt -!, !_ a®fa®L 3®] n' sfdbf® ® cGo -;fdflhs ;] jf tyf cgf} krfl®s If] qdf ;+nUg_ dlxnfx¿dfly ;fdflhs lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . o;®L tYofÍnfO{ x] bf{ h'g dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s cj: yf sdhf] ® x'G5 tL dlxnfx¿dfly g} ;fdflhs lx+;f a9L x'g ] u®] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= @&_ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+ @& ;fdflhs lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] k]zfut cj:yf

^=( ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf®0f k|efljtdf k®] sf] c;® ;fdflhs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿df ;a}e Gbf a9L zf®Ll®s c;® k®sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;a} eGbf a9L $^ k|ltZft -()_ dlxnfx¿df zf®Ll®s c;®, To;kl5 $# k|ltZft -*#_ dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;®, !! k|ltZft -@@_ dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs c;® k®] sf] tYofÍn] b] vfpF5 . -rf6{ g+= @*_ . dlxnfx¿df kg{] c;®sf] k|ltztdf s]x L leGgtf ePtf klg ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf®0f dlxnfsf] k|ToIf hLjgdf ;a} k|sf®sf c;®x¿ kg{] u®]s f] cWoogsf qmddf kfOPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+=@* ;fdflhs lx+;fsf sf/0f k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x¿

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

36gf g+= $ Df] ®f] 3® df] ®Ë lhNnfdf k5{ . kl®jf®df >Ldfg ^ hgf 5f]® L ® ! 5f]® f 5g\ . xfdLn] Hofnf dhb'®L ® v]t LkftL u®] ® cfkm\gf] hLjg lgjf{x ul®®x]s f lyofF}  . 5®l5d] sL;+u klg d] ®f] ®fd|} ;DaGw lyof]   . d] ®f] ghLs} sf] l5d] sLsf] @) jlif{of 5f] ®L a] nfa] nfdf Hj®f] cfP® lj®fdL kl®®xlGyg\ . Pslbg d 3®df vfgf agfpFb} lyPF . olts}d f tLg rf®hgf l5d] sLx¿ D] f®f] 3®leq k;] ® … tF af] S;L xf] ;\Ú eGb} ufnLunf}h ub} {skfn ;dft]® l3;f®] ® dnfO{ 3®af6 aflx® lgsfn]  . To;kl5 ;a} hgf ufpFn] hDdf eP . ToxLF ;a} ufpFn] n] … tF af] S;L xf] ;\ gfFu} gfrÚ eGb} nufPsf] ;f8L ;d] t v] fn]® s'6kL6 u®L … t] ®f] 3®df klg cfuf] nufO{lbG5fF} Ú eGg yfn]  . ToxLa] nf d] ®L 5f] ®L cfP® ;f8L NofP® nufO{ lbO{g . ufpFdf emf®km's ug] { Pshgf ;®bf®n] o;df p;sf] s] xL b] fif 5} g eGbfklg ;a} hgf ldn]® dnfO{ zf®Ll®s tyf dfgl;s oftgf lbP . ToxL ;dodf k|x®L rf} sLn] vj® kfP® 36gf: yndf cfP® dnfO{ ToxfFaf6 ;'®lIft : yfgdf nu]® pkrf®sf] nflu : jfYo rf} sLdf nluof]  . k|x®L cfPsf] yfxf kfpgf;fy kL8sx¿ ToxfFaf6 efu]  . d] ®f] kl®jf®n] sfg'gL pkrf®sf] nflu k|x®Ldf lgj] bg lbPsf] !@ lbg kl5 ! hgf kL8snfO{ ks|fp u®L O{nfsf k|x®L sfof{no nluof]  . c¿ kL8sx¿ km®f® 5g\ . ToxfFsf] ®fhg} lts bnx¿n] 36gf ufpd} ldnfkq u®fpg bjfj lbg yfn]k l5 sfg'gL ;xof]u ® k®fdz{sf] nflu cf®] s g] kfndf uPsf uPsf lyof}F  . xfn of] d'4f lhNnf cbfntdf rln®x]s f] 5 . kL8sn] pRr cbfntjf6 !& gDj® u®L kL8sx¿ 5'6] sf 5g\ ® pgLx¿n] cem} klg wDSofpg] ], ufnLunf} h ug] {® dfgl;s oftgf lbg] ub{5g\ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b &

&=! jnfTsf/ jnfTsf/ Pp6f dfgjLo ;Eotfsf] nflu snÍsf] ¿kdf ®x]s f] 5 . lkt[ ;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+®rgfdf jnfTsf/ dlxnfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug] {Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ xltof®sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] a] Un} dfgjLo cl: tTjnfO{ g: jLsf®L pgLx¿nfO{ pkef] Uo j: t'sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] sf®0f dlxnfx¿ lbgk|ltlbg jnfTsf/sf] lzsf® ePsf 5g\  . jnfTsf/ Ps ck®fw xf]   . t® ;dfhdf cem klg k|efljt dlxnfx¿ g} ;fdflhs lje] b ® ljleGg nf~5gfx¿sf] lzsf® x'g afWo 5g\ . dlxnfsf] z®L®nfO{ k|of]u u®L z®L®sf] cv08tfnfO{ vl08t ug{] zlQm ® ;f]Frsf] k|bz{g ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] jnfTsf/ x'g] u®] s] f 5 . k'?ifjfbL ;f]Fr ® lkt[;Qfn] dlxnfsf] z®L®sf] k|of] u k'?ifn] h;®L u®]k lg x'G5 eGg] dfGotf : yflkt ePsf] ;dfhdf dlxnfdfly jnfTsf/sf w] ®} 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . dlxnfsf] z®L®, of} lgstfnfO{ kl®jf®sf] OHht;Fu hf] 8\g', dlxnfsf] klxrfgnfO{ pgsf] of} lgstf;Fu hf] 8\g', kl®jf® jf dlxnf;Fu abnf lng dlxnfsf] z®L®df lgoGq0f ug{] kl®kf6Ln] ;fdflhs dfGotf k|fKt ug'{ h: tf tTTjx¿ ;dfhdf ljBdfg ®xg' a9\bf] jnfTsf/sf nflu lhDd]j f® b] lvG5g\ . jnfTsf/k|lt ;dfhdf ®x] sf] b[li6sf] 0f, anfTs[t ePsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf ul®g] Jojxf®sf sf®0f jnfTsf/sf w]® } 36gfx¿ aflx® cfpFb} gg\ . tyflk o; dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg jif{ cf®] s g] kfndf ^* j6f jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿, !* j6f jnfTsf/sf k|of;sf 36gfx¿ btf{ ePsf 5g\ eg] o;jif{ !#@ j6f jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿ ljleGg ;~rf® dfWoddf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ .

rf6{ g+= @( jnfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

&=@ jnfTsf/sf kL8ssf k|sf®

dlxnfx¿ h'g ;dfhdf a;f]a f; u5{g\ ToxL ;dfhsf JolQmx¿af6 ® kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6} a9L jnfTsf/ ePsf] kfOof]  . ;a} eGbf a9L %! k|ltzt -#%_ dlxnfx¿ l5d]s Laf6, @! k|ltzt -!$_ kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6, (k|ltzt -^_ s'g} klg ;DaGw gePsf JolQmx¿af6, & k|ltzt -%_ dlxnfsf] k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmaf6, ^ k|ltzt -$_ ;fyLaf6 ® ^ k|ltzt -$ _ cfˆg} lzIfsx¿af6 anfTs[t ePsf] tYofÍ k|fKt ePsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ @(_ .

rf6{ g+= #) jnfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd] ®sf cfwf®df lx+;fsf kl®0ffdx¿

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

&=# jnfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] pd] ® dlxnfx¿ hlt sd pd] ® ;d"xsf x'G5g\ Tolt g} pgLx¿ jnfTsf/sf] hf] lvddf ®xg] ;Defjgf a9L ®x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 . x'gt ;a} pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/sf] 36gf ePsf] kfOG5 . t® klg !^ jif{d'lgsf %) k|ltzt -#$_ afnaflnsfx¿ a9L jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . !&-@% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf @( k|ltzt -@)_, @^-#% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf $ k|ltzt -#_, #^-$% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf !@ k|ltzt -*_ $^-%% jif{ pd] ® ;d"sf # k|ltzt -@_ %^ jif{eGbf dflysf pd] ® ;d"xsf @ k|tzt -!_ dlxnfx¿ jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= #)_ .

rf6{ g+= #! anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] rf6{ g+= #@ anfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf z}lIfs cj:yf

&=$ jnfTsf/af6 k|efljtsf] z}l Ifs cj: yf jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z} lIfs : t®sf af®] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ lg®If® dlxnfx¿sf] t'ngfdf ;fIf® dlxnfx¿ g} jnfTsf/af6 a9L k|efljt x'g] u®]s f] kfOPsf] 5 . o; jif{ k|fKt tYofÍsf cfwf®df !( k|ltzt lg®If® -!#_ ® *! k|ltzt -%%_ ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+ #!_ . o;}u ®L dlxnfsf] z}l Ifs cj: yfnfO{ x]b f{ $$ k|ltzt -@$_ k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u®] sf, @( k|ltzt -!^_ ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ hfGg] , @) k|ltzt -!!_ dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®]s f, & k|ltzt -$_ pRr dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®] sf, dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/ ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g++= #@_ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

&=% k|efljtsf] hflt jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L #$ k|ltzt -@#_ t®fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿ ®x]s f 5g\ . o: f} u®L !( k|ltzt -@#_ t®fO{ hghflt, !% k|ltzt -!#_ kxf8] hghflt, &–& k|ltzt -%,%_ IfqL ® kxf8] blnt, ^–^ k|ltzt -$,$_ a|fXd0f ® t®fO{ u} ®blnt, @ k|ltzt -#_ d'l: nd, kl®ro gv'n] sf] ! hgf dlxnfx¿ jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt ®x]s f] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= ##_ .

rf6{ g+= ## hfltut cfwf/df dlxnfdfly ePsf] ;fdflhs lx+;fsf] cj:yf

&=^ k|efljtsf] k] zf jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt ePsf dlxnfx¿ dWo] a9L !^ jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsf ® k9\b} u®]s f pd] ® ;d"xsf ®x]s fn] k|efljtsf] k] zfsf cfwf®df ljZn] if0f ubf{ s'g} klg sfo{df ;+nUg g®x]s f cyf{t\ k9\b} u®] sf dlxnfx¿df jnfTsf/sf 36gf a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+=@#_ . To;} u®L @@ k|ltzt -!%_ 3®fo;L sfddf ;+nUg ®x] sf, s[lif k]z fdf ;+nUg ®x] sf !( k|ltzt -!#_, ^ k|ltzt -$_ dhb"®L u®L hLljsf] kfh{g ul®®x] sf, @ k|ltzt -!_ 3®]n ' sfdbf®sf ¿kdf ®x] sf ® ! k|ltzt -!_ j} b] lzs ®f] huf®df ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly jnfTsf/sf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= #$_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= #$ k|efljtsf] k]zf / anfTsf/sf 36gfx¿sf] cj:yf

&=& jnfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k®] sf] c;® jnfTsf/af6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dfly uDeL® k|sf®sf c;®x¿ kg{] u®] s] f kfOof]   . t® o;nfO{ dfkg ug{ cK7\of®f] 5 . jnfTsf/n] dlxnfsf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd ljleGg k|sf®sf c;®x¿ kfg{] u®]s ] f kfOof]  . jnfTsf/ k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] a9L dlxnfx¿ ^( k|ltzt -$&_ df dfgl;s c;® kg{] u®] sf] 5 . o: t} u®L !@ k|ltzt -*_ dlxnfx¿df zf®Ll®s, !( k|ltzt -!#_ dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs c;®x¿ k®]s ] f kfOof] -rf6{ g+= #%_ .

rf6{ g+= #% anfTsf/af6 k|efljtdf k/]sf c;/x¿

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

36gf g+ % kl®jf®sf] h] 7f] ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdf s} nfnL lhNnfdf d] ®f] hGd ePsf] xf]  . cfdf a'jf b'j} sfdsf] nflu OlG8ofdf hfg'x'GYof]  . 3®sf] ;Dk'0f{ lhDd]a f®L d] ®f] sfFwdf lyof]   . cfdf a'jf gx'Fbf cfG6L, afh] ® aHo} n] xfd|f] x] ®ljrf® ® ;xof] u ug'{x'GYof]   . Psb'O dlxgfdf Psk6s cfdf a'jfn] k7fpg] vr{af6 d ® alxgL ljBfno klg hfGYof}F  . d ^ sIffdf k9\y]F  . kmfu'gsf] dlxgf lbp;f] ! ah]l t® d cfG6L lj®fdL ePsf] n] : s'naf6 l56} 3® cfpFb} lyPF  . d] ®} ufpFsf] l5d] sL bfOx¿n] ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x agfP® a;] sf ®x] 5g\ . pgLx¿dWo] Pshgfn] alxgL otf cfp ltd|f] ;fyLx¿ otf 5g\ eg] ® af]n fO{ cln cuf8L nu] , To;kl5 Ps hgfn] d'v 5f] kL, @ hgfn] v'§f ;dft] , ! hgfn] 6fpsf] ;dftL kfn}k fnf] # hgfn] jnfTsf/ u®]  . d ®f]P F, lrRofPF, s®fPF t® s;}N f] ;'g] g . Psl5gkl5 ufpFsf s]6 fs] 6Lx¿n] lbbLnfO{ $, % hgf s]6 fx¿n] tfg]® h+un lt® nu]s f 5g\ eg] kl5 d] ®f] cfG6L ® ufpFsf c¿ bf} l8+b} cfP® tL s] 6fx¿nfO{ ;dft] ® d] l8sn r] scksf] nfuL k|x®L sfof{no l6sfk'®df n} hfg'eof]  . k|x®Ln] ;a} nfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] nflu y'g'jfdf ®fVof]   . cf®f] lktdWo] pd] ® gk'u] sf] n] @ hgfnfO{ k|x®Ln] 5fl8lbof]   . tLg hgfnfO{ sf®fuf® rnfg u®L sf®afxLsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fof]  . z'?df d''2f p7fg u®L d] l8sn r] sck eO;Sbf ;d] t cf®f] lktx¿n] k} ;fdf ldNg bafj lbFb} cfPsf lyP . t® k}; fdf ldNg gdfg] kl5 kL8ssf] kl®jf®n] d] ®f] 3®df g} cfP® d] ®f] 5f]® fx¿nfO{ kmF;fPsf] eGb} dfg]{ ;d] t wDsL lbPsf] n] c;'®lIft dx;'; u®L s] xL ;dosf] nflu cf]® ] ssf] ;'®Iff cfjf;df a;]F ® kL8ssf] km} ;nf eO{ kL8s? h] n rnfg ePkl5 xfn d cfkm\g} 3®df a: b} cfPsL 5' . 36gf g+ ^ Af'jf, cfdf, Ps alxgL ® d u®L $ hgfsf] kl®jf®df d h]7 L 5f]® L x'F . d ® alxgL a'jf cfdfnfO{ 3®sf] sfd ;3fP® : s'n hfg] u5f] {F . a'jfcfdf v] tLls;fgL ug'{x'G5 . b'v} u®] ® ePklg a'jf cfdfn] xfdLnfO{ k9fpg'eof]  . o;} qmddf d}n ] P;=Pn=;L lbPF . k|yd >] 0fLdf pQL0f{ ePF . oxL v';L kl®jf®;u+ ;f6\b} lyPF Tof] v';L w] ®} ;do l6Sg klg kfPg . Pslbg 3®ghLs} l5d] sLsxfF b'w k'¥ofP® kms{Fb} dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg lyPF . af6f] ghLs} 7'nf] Xo'dkfOk lyof]  . ToxLF glhs} cfOk'Ubf PSsf;L lrg]s } l5d]s L JolQmn] d] ®f] d'vdf 5f]k L af6f] 5] psf] gfnf glhs} nlu n8fO n5f® k5f® ub}{ ws] Nb} d] ®f] d'v 5f] kL Xo'dkfOk leq nlu hj®h: tL ug{ vfHof]  . d cfkm\gf] cl: tTj arfpgsf] nflu xf® u'xf® dfUb} lrRofpg vf] Hbf p;n] cem a] : s®L d] ®f] d'v y'Gof]   . To;kl5 d} n] p;sf] xftsf] cfF} nf 6f] sL p;sf] xft x6fO s®fP® u'xf® dfUg yfn] kl5 36gf: yndf sf]x L cfpF5g\ ls eGg] 8®n] kL8s km®f® eof]  . o;®L d} n] lg8®sf ;fy k|ltsf® guPsf] eP p;n] dnfO{ hj®h: tL uYof]{  . To;kl5 p;sf] lj?4df cbfntdf ph'®L ug{ uPF ® kL8saf6 d c;'®lIft x'g] ePsf]n ] k'ln;sf] l®km®df cfjh g]k fnsf] ;'®Iff cfj;df j;L cf] ®] ssf] sfg'gL ;xof]u lnO{ d'4f n8]k l5 kL8snfO{ ^ aif{sf] s} b eof]  . xfn kl®jf®;+u g} a;L ®x] sf] 5' . kL8sklg cfkm\gf] ;hfFo sf6] ® 3® kmls{;s] sf] 5 t® dnfO{ clxn] klg lxF88'n ug{ 8® nfUg] km] ®L klg To: t} 36gf bf] xf] l®G5 ls dfgl;s qf; eg] eO®xG5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b *

*=! of} lgs lx+;f dlxnflj?¢sf ;a} k|sf®sf lx;f+ cTo ug]{ ®fi6«;3+ Lo dxf;lGw cGt{utsf] l;8 ;ldltn] (CEDAW Committee) of} g b'Jo{jxf®nfO{ dlxnfsf] OR5f ljk®Lt of} g ;DaGw ®fVg] , z®L® 5'g ,] lh: Sofpg] , ckzAb af] n ®] ;'gfpg] , of} ghGo lrqx¿ b] vfpg] , Ozf®f ug], { cfFvf lemDSofpg] , kl®aGbdf kf®L of} g ;DaGw ®fVg] jf of} g sfo{df nfUg afWo kfg] { h: tf cjf~5gLo sfo{x¿nfO{ of} g lx+;fsf] kl®efiffleq ;d] 6 s ] f] 5  .

g] kfnsf] sfg"gn] of} lgs lx+;fnfO{ -of} g b'Jo{jxf®nfO{_ sfg"gL ck®fwsf] ¿kdf : jLsf® u®L o;®L kl®eflift u®] sf] 5 M æs;} n] s'g} dlxnfsf] d~h'®Llagf lghsf] ;+j] bgzLn cË 5f] Pdf jf 5'g] k|of; u®] df, lghsf] leqL kf] zfs vf] n] df jf vf] Ng] k|of; u®] df, lghnfO{ c: jfefljs ¿kdf s'g} PsfGt 7fpFdf nu] df, cfˆgf] of} g ;DaGwL cË lghnfO{ 5'g÷;dfpg nufPdf jf lghnfO{ cZnLn jf cGo To: t} k|sf®sf] zAb, ;+s] t k|of] u u®] df jf lrq, t: aL® b] vfPdf, of} gsf cfzon] lh: sfPdf jf x} ®fgL lbPdf jf lgh;Fu} To: t} of} g b'Jo{jxf® u®] sf] dflgG5 ® To: tf] s;'® ug{] JolQmnfO{ Ps jif{;Dd s} b ® bz xhf® ¿k} ofF;Dd hl®jfgf x'g] 5 . o: tf] sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmnfO{ s;"®bf®af6 dfgl;a dflkmssf] Ifltk"lt{ ;d] t e®fOlbg' kg{] 5 .Æ!* -d'n'sL P] gsf] dxn !#_ !*

d'n'sL P]g sf] dxn !# -afx|f} ;+;f]wg @)^$÷*÷!%_

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg dlxnfdfly x'g] of} lgs lx+;f ;a} ;dfhsf nflu Pp6f r'gf} tLk"0f{ ljifo ®x] s] f 5  . of} lgs lx+;fsf sf®0f dlxnfsf] zf®Ll®s, dfgl;s, dgf] ;fdflhs : jf: Yodf gsf®fTds c;® kb{5 . x®]s $ hgf dlxnfx¿df ! hgf of} g b'Jo{jxf®af6 k|efljt x'g ] ub{5g\, oBlk o: tf 36gfx¿ ph'®Ldf jf k|sfzdf sd} dfqfdf cfpg] ub{5g\  .!( dlxnfx¿dfly ljz] ifu®L lrghfgsf ® cfk"mn] ljZjf; u®] sf JolQmx¿af6 g} of} g b'Jo{jxf®sf 36gfx¿ x'g] ub{5g\  .@) o;} tYonfO{ o; jif{ k|fKt of}lgs lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt clen] vLs®0f ePsf 36gfx¿n] klg b] vfPsf 5g\ .

*=@ k|efljtsf] pd] ® ® of} lgs lx+;f o; jif{ hDdf $% hgf dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf 36gfx¿ clen] vLs®0f ePsf 5g\, h;dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L !&–@% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf ## k|ltzt -!%_dlxnfx¿ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . o;}u®L #!–#! k|ltzt -!$,!$_ @^–#% ® #^–$% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df of} lgs lx+;f ePsf 36gfx¿ o; jif{ clen]vLs®0f ePsf 5g\ . To;}u®L $^ jif{eGbf dflysf % k|ltzt -@_ dlxnfx¿df of} lgs lx+;f;Fu ;DalGwt 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+=#^_ .

rf6{ g+= #^ pd] ®sf cfwf®df dlxnfdfly ePsf] of} lgs lx+;fsf] cj: yf 19

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Adverse Childhood Experiences Study: Data and Statistics. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. (2007). Child

Maltreatment 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

*=# of} lgs lx+;fsf kL8ssf k|sf® k|] d ;DaGw ePsf JolQmx¿af6 a9L dfqfdf dlxnfx¿ of} lgs lx+;fdf kg{] u®] s] f o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5  . $@ k|ltzt -!(_ dlxnfx¿ k|] dLaf6, !#–!# k|ltzt -^,^_ lzIfs ® l5d] sLaf6, !* k|ltzt -*_ cghfg JolQmaf6 -;DaGw gePsf_, &–& k|ltzt -#–#_ ;fyL ® kl®jf®sf ;b: ox¿af6 dlxnfdfly of} lgs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+=#&_ .

rf6{ g+= #& of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

*=$ k|efljtsf] z} lIfs of] Uotf of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] z} lIfs cj: yfsf] af®] df ljZn] if0f ubf{ (! k|ltzt ;fIf® ® ( k|ltzt lg®If® dlxnfx¿dfly of}l gs lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g++= #*_ . @) k|ltzt ;fdfGo n] vk9 ug{ hfGg] dlxnfx¿dfly, !$ k|ltzt -^_ k|fylds tx;Dd cWoog u®]s f dlxnfx¿dfly, $$ k|ltzt -!*_ dfWolds tx;Dd cWoog u®]sf dlxnfx¿dfly, @) k|ltzt pRr dfWolds, ! hgf pRr dfWolds txeGbf dfly cWoog u®]sf] dlxnfdfly klg of}lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= #(_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g++=#* k|efljtx¿ sf] ;fIf®tfsf] cj: yf

67 rf6{ g++= #( of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿sf] z} lIfs cj: yf

*=% k|efljtsf] hflt of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L $) k|ltzt -!*_ t®fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ®x] sf] o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= #)_ . !# k|ltzt -^_ t®fO{ blnt dlxnfx¿, !! k|ltzt -%_ kxf8] hghflt, (–( k|ltzt -$–$ hgf_ a|fXd0f, IfqL ® kxf8] blnt dlxnfx¿, % k|ltzt -@_ d'l: nd, !–! hgf t®fO{ u} ®blnt ® cflbjf;L dlxnfx¿dfly of} g lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOPsf] 5  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= $) k|efljtsf] hflt ® of} lgs lx+;fsf kl®0ffx¿

*=^ k|efljtsf] k] zf of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljt ®x] sf dlxnfx¿sf] k] zfsf cfwf®df $& k|ltzt -@!_ ljBfnodf k9\b} u®] sf dlxnf ljBfyL{x¿ k|efljt ePsf 5g\ eg] !*–!* k|ltzt -*–*_ 3®fo;L sfd ® dhb"®Lsf] sfd ug]{ dlxnfx¿, !# k|ltzt -^_ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg, $ k|ltzt -@_ Jofkf® Joj;fodf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿dfly of} lgs lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= $!_ .

68 rf6{ g+= $! k|efljtsf] k] zf ® of}l gs lx+;fsf kl®0ffdx¿

*=& k|efljtnfO{ k®] sf c;®x¿ of} lgs lx+;faf6 k|efljtx¿df ;a} eGbf a9L dfgl;s c;® k®] sf] kfOPsf] 5  . ;a} eGbf a9L %^ k|ltzt -@%_ dlxnfx¿df dfgl;s c;®, @( k|ltzt -!#_ dlxnfx¿df ;fdflhs c;®, !% k|ltzt -&_ dlxnfx¿df zf®Ll®s c;® u®]s ] f o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 =-rf6{ g+= $@_  . dlxnfx¿df kg{] c;®sf] k|ltztdf s]xL km®s ePtf klg of} lgs lx+;fsf sf®0f dlxnfsf] hLjgdf nfdf] ;do;Dd dfgl;s c;® kg{] u®]s f] cWoogsf qmddf kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= $@ of}l gs lx+;faf6 k|efljtnfO{ k®]s f c;®x¿

36gf g+ & D] f®f] gfd cg' -gfd kl®jt{g_ xf]   . k9\g] n] Vg] !@ aif{sf] pd] ®df cfdfafj'n] ljjfx u®] ® k7fOlbPkl5 d]® f] hLjg b'vsf] e'd®Ldf km: of]  . ljjfx zAbsf] cy{ g} yfxf gx'g] pd] ®df ljjfx ug'{k®] sf] n] >Ldfgsf] 3® uPnuQ} d} n] of} g zf] if0fsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of]  . ljjfx ePsf] ! dlxgfdf g} >Ldfg sfdsf] nflu ef®tdf hfg'eof]  . To;kl5 d} n] emg a9L b'v kfPF . >Ldfg sfdsf] nflu uPkl5 dnfO{ ;f;'n] c¿ nf] Ug] dfG5] af] nfP® pgLx¿;+u ;'Tg nufpFlyg\ ® To;afkt pgL k} ;f lnlGyg\ . ;f;'n] eg] sf] gdfGbf vl6ofdf v'6\6f afFw]® , z®L®df ;'O nufP® cfkm'eGbf pd] ®n] bf] Aj®, t] Aj® ®x] sf nf] Ug] dfG5] af6 k6sk6s anfTs[t x'g' k®] sf] d] ®f] kL8f cToGt} sxfnLnfUbf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ slxn] sfxL+ lrRofpFbf, s®fpFbf ufpFsf dlg;x¿ s] eof] eg] ® cfpFbf pN6} ;f;'n] o;n] c¿ JolQm NofP® of} g;Dks{ u®] sf] d} n] b] v]® lrRofPsL xf] eg] ® em'7f] cf®f] k nufpFbf dnfO{ emg kL8f x'g yfNof]  . k6sk6s o; 36gfaf®] >LdfgnfO{ eGbfklg pgn] j] jf: tf u®] kl5 d} n] k'ln;df uP® d] ®f] ;f;'n] dnfO{ o: tf] sfddf nufpFl5g\ eGbf pN6} ;f;'sf] s'®f ;'g] ® k'ln;n] klg dnfO{ xKsfP® k7fpFYof]  . o;®L 3®kl®jf®af6 of}g zf] if0f ePsf] s'®f d} n] p7fPkl5 dnfO{ dfOtLn] klg ;xof] u ug{ 5f] 8]  . clxn] s'g} hfg] ® a: g] 7fpF gePkl5 cf] ®] ssf] ;'®Iff cfjf;df a: b} cfPsL 5' . cem} klg dnfO{ ToxL 36gfn] t;f{O®xG5 . cf]® ] sn] Gofosf] nflu kxn ug] {® xfdL ltldnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xof] u u5f}{ F eg] klg k'ln;n] u®] sf] Jojxf®sf sf®0f d} n] Gofo kfpF5' h: tf] klg nfu] sf] 5} g  . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b (

(=! xTof

xTofsf] cj: yf dlxnfdfly x'g] ljleGg lsl;dsf lx+;fx¿dWo] xTof a9\bf] cj: yfdf ®x] sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿dfly ljleGg lsl;dsf] lx+;f u®L pQm 36gfx¿ dlxnfn] aflx® Nofpg] k|of; u®]d f jf pQm 36gfsf af®]d f s;} n] yfxf kfPdf dlxnfsf] xTof ug{] ul®Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . o; jif{ $ hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] 5 eg] * hgf dlxnfx¿dfly xTofsf] k|of; ePsf] 36gf cf] ®] s g] kfnn] clen] vLs®0f u®] sf] 5 . cf] ®] s g] kfnsf] clen] vLs®0f ® ;~rf®dfWodsf cg';f® o; jif{ ^( hgf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] tYofÍ kfOPsf] 5 . dlxnfsf] xTof x'gs ' f] k|dv ' sf®0f bfOhf] ®x] sf] 5 . af] S;Lsf] cf®f] kdf ® jnfTsf/kl5 dlxnfx¿sf] xTofsf] k|of; ePsf 36gfx¿ o; jif{ clen] vLs®0f ePsf 5g\ . xTof h'g;'s} sf®0f jf k|of] hgsf nflu x'g] u®]s f] ePtf klg of] uDeL® ck®fw xf]  . o: tf] ck®fwsf sf®0f dlxnfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf®sf] xgg ePsf] 5 . ;dfhdf xfaL ®x] s] f k'?ifjfbL ;f]Frn] dlxnfx¿sf] xTof x'g] u®] sf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $#_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= $# dlxnfdfly ePsf xTof / o;sf] k|of;sf] cj:yf

(=@ k|efljtsf] pd] ® ® xTof lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf] pd] ®sf cfwf®df ljZn]i f0f ubf{ !& jif{ pd]® b]l v #% jif{ pd]® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿sf] xTof a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . !& b]l v @% jif{ ® @^ b]l v #% pd]® u®L b'O{ pd] ® ;d"xdf ljZn]i f0f u®L x]b f{ b'j } pd]® ;d"xdf a®fa® k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 .

rf6{ g+= $$ xTof ePsf dlxnfsf] pd]/ ;d"x

(=# xTof ® kL8ssf] k|sf® dlxnfsf] xTofdf ;+nUg kL8sx¿df ljz] ifu®L >Ldfg\sf] ;+nUgtf g} a9L ®x] sf] kfOG5 . &% k|ltzt dlxnfx¿sf] xTof >Ldfg\af6 ePsf] 5 eg] @% k|ltzt dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg dlxnfx¿sf] xTof kl®jf®sf] ;b: ox¿af6 xTof ePsf] tYofÍ o; jif{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $%_

rf6{ g+= $% dlxnfdfly ePsf xTof / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

(=$ k|efljtsf] z} lIfs : t® ® xTof dlxnfdfly x'g ] ;a} k|sf®sf lx+;f lg®If® dlxnfx¿eGbf a9L ;fIf® dlxnfx¿dfly g} ePsf] kfOG5 . xTofdf ;fIf® dlxnfx¿df klg dfWolds lzIff xfl;n u®]s f dlxnfx¿sf] xTof ePsf] b] vfPsf] 5 . o; jif{ xTof ul®Psf dlxnfx¿df %) k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ dfWolds lzIff ® k|fylds ® pRr dfWolds lzIff xfl;n u®]s f dlxnfx¿sf] ;dfg k|ltztdf xTof ePsf] tYofÍn] b] vfPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= $^_ .

rf6{ g+= $^ xTof ul/Psf dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf

(=% k|efljtsf] hflt ® xTof o; jif{sf] tYofÍn] ;a}e Gbf a9L xTof x'gd ] f kxf8] hghflt dlxnfx¿ ®x]s f] b] vfPsf] 5 . s'n xTof ;+VofdWo] %) k|ltzt kxf8] hghflt dlxnfx¿ xTof ePsf] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg kfOPsf] 5 . To: t u} ®L @%–@% k|ltzt t®fO{ u}® blnt ® t®fO{ hghflt dlxnfx¿sf]] o; jif{ xTof ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+= $&_ .

rf6{ g+= $& xTof ul/Psf dlxnfx¿sf] hfltut cj:yf 36gf g+ *

l;®xf lhNnf eujgfk'® 3® ePsL !* aifL{o l®dfsf] afNosfn ;fdfGo cj: yfdf laTof]  . kl®jf®df cfdfa'af ® @ efO{ u®L % hgf lyP . !& aif{sf] pd]® df pgsf] ljjfx eof]   . ljjfx kl5 Ps xKtf;Dd ®fd|} ;DaGw ®Xof]   . To;kl5 pgnfO{ kl®jf®n] ljleGg nf~5gfx¿ nufpFb} zf®Ll®s tyf dfgl;s oftgf lbg yfNof]   . >Ldfgsf] klg efph";+u klxn] b] lv g} ;DaGw ®x] sf] n] >Ldfgn] pgnfO{ j] jf: tf ug] {, b} lgs ¿kdf s'6kL6 ug] {ug{ yfn]  . pgL ;xg g;] s] ®® slxn] sfxL+ dfOtL uP® a: g] uly{g\ . k~rfotL a;] ® ca o: tf] x'Fb}g eg] ® 3®kl®jf®n] eg] kl5 km]® L pgL 3®df g} uP® al: yg\ . To;kZrft klg pgLdfly oftgf x'g 5f8\y] g . o;} qmddf @)&$ ebf} $ ut]s f lbg laleGg nfN5gf nufpFb} s'6lk6 ubf{ub} { df®] ® kl5 kf;f] nufO{ lbPsf] 36gfsf] af®] df dfOtL kIfn] yfxf kfPkl5 ljutdf klg bf] xf] l®Fb} cfPsf o: tf 36gfsf] af®] df b;f{pFb} k|x®Ldf st{{Ao Hofg d'4f lnP® hfFbf d'4f btf{ gePsf]n ] pgLx¿ d] l8sn l®kf] 6{nfO{ kv] {® a;]  . clxn] kf] : 6df6{d l®kf]6 {df pgL em'lG8P® gd®] sf] k'li6 eO;s] sf] 5 ® 36gf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf g} ®x]s f] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b !)

!)=! a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f®

dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® Ps ljZjJofkL ;d: ofsf] ¿kdf ®x] sf] 5 eg] g] kfn klg of] ;d: ofaf6 c5'tf] ®xg ;s] sf] 5} g  . dfgj a] rlavg Ps ulDe® ck®fwsf ;fy} dfgj clwsf® pNn+3gsf] ;a} eGbf lgs[i6 ® nHhf: kb pbfx®0f xf]  . of] ck®fw cfw'lgs bf;Tjsf] ¿kdf dlxnf, k'?if ® afnaflnsf hf] sf] lxnfO{ ljleGg p2] Zon] ljz] ifu®L >d tyf of} gzf] if0fsf nflu x'g] u®s] f kfO{G5  . dfgj a] rlavg ljZjd} t] ;|f] 7"nf] ;+ul7t ck®fwsf] ¿kdf ®xb} cfPsf] 5 . ljZj Oltxf;df ljleGg sfnv08df bf;Tj, afWofTds >d, a+w'jf >d, c;'®lIft, cfk|jf;g, Jofj;flos of}g zf] if0f, of} g bf;Tj afWofTds ljjfx, afn ljjfx, afn >d, afn bf;Tj, wd{k'qwd{k'qLsf ¿kdf zf] if0f, dfgj cË k|Tof®f] k0f cflbsf nflu dlxnf, afnaflnsf ® k'?ifx¿sf] ;d] t a] rlavg x'g] u®] s] f ® ;dosf] cGt®fn;Fu} of] ;d: ofsf] : j¿k ® cfofddf kl®jt{g x'g] u®] sf] kfO{G5 . g] kfn ;®sf®n] dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lj?4 ljleGg sfo{x¿ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)%@ c;f]hdf dlxnf, afnaflnsf, tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] : yfkgf kl5 tTsfn} r] nLa] 6L ® afnaflnsf a] rlavg tyf b] xJofkf® lj?4 gLlt tof® eof]   . To;kl5 @)^% ;fndf æof}g tyf >d zf]i f0fsf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg nflu dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a] rlavg lj?4sf] ®fli6«o sfo{of] hgfÆ th'{df u®L sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] ® s] lGb|o : t®b] lv : yfgLo : t®;Dd ljleGg ;+®rgfx¿ lgdf{0f eP . s] Gb|df dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] ;lrjsf] ;+of] hsTjdf ;®f] sf®jfnf lgsfo tyf ;+3;+: yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ ;lDdlnt ®fli6«o : t®sf sfo{bn ;d]t u7g eof]  . abln+b} uPsf] dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f®sf] ;d: of ® cfofdx¿nfO{ lj=;+= @)$# df tof® ePsf] r] nLa] 6L a] rlavg lgoGq0f P] gn] ;Daf] wg ug{ ;s] g . o;y{ dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf];f®k;f® -lgoGq0f_ P]g @)^$ ® dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® -lgoGq0f_ lgodfjnL @)^% hf®L eof]   . ;f] P] g tyf lgodfjnLdf ®fli6«o, lhNnf tyf : yfgLo : t®df dfgj a]rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lgoGq0fsf nflu : yfoL ¿kd} ;ldltx¿ u7g ug{] Joj: yf ul®of]   . ;f] xL cg'¿k clxn] s] Gb|df dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lj?4 ®fli6«o tyf cf];f;k;f® ;ldlt (NCCHT) ® &% j6} lhNnfx¿df dfgj a]rlavg lj?4 lhNnf ;ldlt (DCCHT) u7g ePsf 5g\ . o: t} u®L la=;+= @)^* df dfgj a] rlavg ljz] ifu®L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f® k;f® lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ®fli6«o sfo{of]hgf th'{df eof]  . ;fy} la=;+= @)&! df dfgj a] rlavg ljz] ifu®L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ®fli6«o sfo{of] hgf, @)^* sf] k|efjsf®L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfof{Gjog of]hgf tof® kf®L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5  .

!)=@ dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f®sf] kl®efiff g] kfnsf] dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® -lgoGq0f_ P] g, @)^$ sf] bkmf $ -!_ cg';f® s'g} klg p2] Zon] dflg; a] Rg] , jf lsGg] , s'g} k|sf®sf] kmfObf lnO{ jf glnO{ j] Zofj[lQdf nufpg] , k|rlnt sfg"gadf] lhd afx] s dflg;sf] cË lemSg] ® dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg j] Zofudg ug{] sfo{nfO{ dfgj a] rlavg egL kl®eflift u®] sf] 5  . eg] ;f] xL P] gsf] bkmf $ -@_ cg';f® lsGg] jf a] Rg] p2] Zon] dflg;nfO{ ljb] zdf n} hfg] , j] Zofj[lQdf nufpg] jf zf] if0f ug{] p2] Zon] s'g} k|sf®sf] nnfO{, kmsfO{, k|nf]egdf kf®L, em'SofO{, hfn;fhL u®L k|k~r ldnfO{, hah{: tL u®L, s®sfkdf kf®L, ckx®0f u®L, z®L® aGws ®fvL, gfh's l: yltsf] kmfObf lnO{, a] xf] ; kf®L, kb jf zlQmsf] b'¿kof] u u®L, cleefjs jf ;+®IfsnfO{ k|nf]egdf kf®L, 8®, qf;, wDsL lbO{ jf s®sfkdf kf®L s;} nfO{ al;®x] sf] 3®, : yfg jf JolQmaf6 5'6fO{ nUg] jf cfkm";Fu ®fVg] jf cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] jf s'g} : yfgdf ®fVg] jf g] kfnleqsf] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf jf ljb] zdf n} hfg] jf c¿ s;} nfO{ lbg] sfo{nfO{ dfgj cf] ;f®k;f® u®] sf] dflgg] egL pNn] v u®] sf] 5  . dfgj a] rlavg ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm ®fi6« ;+3Lo ;lGw ® o;sf] Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children

sf cg';f® s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ wfs wDsL lbP®, an k|of]u u®]®, k|efjdf kf®]®, ckx®0f u®] ® k} ;f jf s'g} k|sf;sf] n] gb] g u®] ® sfddf nufpg', cf] ;f®k;f® ug'{] , j] Zofj[lQ jf cGo of}ghGo sfo{df nufpg', jf dfgj cË lgsfNg pkof]u ug'{ dfgj a] rlavg (Trafficking in Person) xf] egL kl®eflift ul®Psf] 5 .

!)=#dfgj a] rlavgsf] jt{dfg cj: yf dfgj a]rlavgnfO{ cfw'lgs o'usf] bf;tf klg eGg] ul®G5 . cGt{®fli6«o >d ahf®df ;: tf] >dsf] dfu lbglbg} a9\bf] 5  . cGt{®fli6«o >d ;+u7gn] ljZjel® @=! s®f] 8 dflg;x¿ bf;Tjsf] ¿kdf ®x] sf] cg'dfg u®] sf] 5 eg] Walk Free Foundation åf®f k|sflzt Global Slavery Report sf cg';f® ljZjel® cg'dflgt $ s®f] 8 %* nfv dflg;x¿ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf cfw'lgs o'usf] bf;tfdf afFRg k®s] f tYofÍ ;fj{hlgs u®] sf] 5  .@! dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noåf®f k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj] bg cg';f® @$ k|ltzt k|efljtx¿ !^ jif{ d'lgsf, $! k|ltzt 21

Global Slavery Index, 2016

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg k|efljtx¿ ^–!* jif{ d'lgsf, @$ k|ltzt k|efljtx¿ !* jif{dflysf ®x] sf 5g\  . ®fli6«o dfgj clwsf® cfof] un] k|sfzg u®] sf] dfgj a] rlavg ;DaGwL (Trafficking in Person) ®fli6«o k|ltj] bg cg';f® cfly{s jif{ !#÷!$ ® !$÷!% df ()))–(%)) dfgj a] rlavgsf] k|of;df ® *)))–*%)) dfgj a] rlavgdf k®] sf] tYofs+ ;fj{hlgs u®] sf] 5  . ;fy} e'sDk kZrft\ a] rlavgsf] hf] lvd !% k|ltztn] a9] sf] 5  . dfgj a] rlavgsf nflu g] kfn ;|f] t (source), ofqf (Transit) ® uGtJo (Destination) b] zsf] ¿kdf ®x] sf] 5  . dfgj a] rlavgsf tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lj?4sf] gLlt, sfg"g tyf sfo{of] hgfx¿ gLltut Joj: yf r] nLa] 6L ® afnaflnsf a] rlavg tyf b] xJofkf® lj?4sf] ®fli6«o gLlt, @)%@ g] kfn ;®sf®n] lj ;+= @)%@ ;fndf dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno u7g u®] kl5 dfga a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lgoGq0fsf nflu ;Dj] bgzLn eO{ ljz] if k|of;x¿sf] yfngL u®] sf] kfOG5  . kmn: j¿k r] nLa] 6L ® afnaflnsf a] rlavg tyf b] xJofkf®lj?4sf] ®fli6«o gLlt th'{df ePsf] lyof]   . ;f] gLltcGtu{t r] nLa] 6L a] rlavg tyf b] xJofkf®lj?4 hgr] tgf clej[l4 ug] { cleofg ;~rfng ug{, sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f u®L k|efljtsf] Gofodf kx'Fr clea[l4 ug{ tyf k|efljtx¿sf] Jofjzflos ;Lk ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm jftfj®0f l;h{gf u®L pgLx¿nfO{ cfTdlge{® agfpg ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{df hf] 8 lbPsf] lyof]   . j} b] lzs ®f] hfuf® gLlt, @)^* g] kfn ;®sf®n] j} b] lzs ®f] huf®nfO{ dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® ® dfgj t: s®L h: tf ck®fwx¿af6 d'Qm agfO{ ;'®lIft, Jojl: yt, dof{lbt ® e®kbf{] agfpg j} b] lzs ®f] huf® gLlt, @)^* sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] xf]   . pQm gLltdf dxTjk"0f{ ¿kdf j} b] lzs ®f] huf®sf ;du| r®0f tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{ ;®n, kf®bzL{, e®kbf{] , Jojl: yt ® ;'®lIft agfpgaf®] pNn] v ul®of]   . ;f] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf]

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg nflu j} b] lzs ®f] huf®sf] qmddf x'g ;Sg] dfgj t: s®L ® a] rlavgsf] lgoGq0f ul®g] tyf g] kfnL sfdbf®x¿sf] xs, clwsf®sf] ;'®Iff ® ;+®If0f ug{] ®0fgLlt cjnDag u®] sf] kfOG5  . afnaflnsf ;DaGwL ®fli6«o gLlt, @)^( lj=;+= @)^( j} zfvdf g] kfn ;®sf®n] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf zf®Ll®s jf dfgl;s lx+;f, Iflt jf b'Jo{jxf®, kl®Tofu, pk]Iff, zf] if0f, jf of} g b'Jo{jxf®af6 ;+®If0f ug{], pgLx¿ hGdg'cl3 ® hGd]k l5 cfjZos : ofxf®, kf] if0f ® lzIff k|bfg u®L pgLx¿sf] zf®Ll®s, dfgl;s ® z} lIfs ljsf; ug{] , pgLx¿;Fu ;Da4 ljifox¿df cfˆgf ljrf®x¿ cleJoQm ug{] cj;® lbO{ afn ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{] , afnaflnsf lj?4sf] lje]b cGTo ug{] ® afn Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{] p2] Zon] afnaflnsf;DaGwL ®fli6«o gLlt : jLs[t u®L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5  .

sfg"gL Joj: yf g] kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ d'n'ssf] d"n sfg"gsf] ¿kdf ®x] s] f ;+ljwfgdf afnaflnsf ® dlxnfsf ljz] if clwsf®x¿ k|Tofe"t ul®Psf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf®f @( df zf]i f0flj?4sf] xs, wf®f #* df dlxnfsf] xs ® wf®f #( df afnaflnsfsf] xssf] Joj: yf ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg cg';f® s'g} klg dlxnf, k'?if ® afnaflnsfnfO{ a] rlavg ug{] , bf; jf aFw'jf agfpg ® OR5fljk®Lt sfddf nufpg gkfOg] Joj: yfsf] ;fy} lx+;f, zf] if0f tyf cg'lrt k|of] u ug{ gkfOg] Joj: yf ul®Psf] 5  . d'n'sL P] g, @)@) d'n'sL P] gsf] efu $ hLp df: g] –a] Rg] sf] dxn !! df s;} n] s'g} dflg;nfO{ laqmL ug{] p2] Zon] nnfOkmsfO g]kfn ;®xb aflx® n} hfg jf nuL laqmL ug{ Annual report prepared by Office of the Attorney General, Jestha 2071. Trafficking in Person, National Report 2013-2015, NHRC-Nepal 24 Trafficking in Person (TIP) Report 2016, US Department of State 22 23

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg gx'g] , s;} n] ;f] x| jif{ gk'u] sf] gfafnsnfO{ jf s'g} pd] ®sf] ePklg duh lau|] sf] dflg;nfO{ sfg"gL ;+®Ifssf] d~h'®L a]u® p;sf] ;+®IfsTjaf6 5'6fpg jf 5'6fpgsf lgldQ nnfpgkmsfpg gx'g] ® s;} n] s;} nfO{ sdf®fsdf®L agfpg, bf; t'Nofpg jf afFwf agfpg gx'g] egL pNn] v ul®Psf] 5  . ;fy} To: tf] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] dflg;nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf h] n ;hfoF tyf b08 hl®jfgf x'g] s'®fx¿ klg pNn] v ul®Psf] 5 . dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf]; f®k;f® -lgoGq0f_ P] g, @)^$ tyf lgodfjnL, @)^% g] kfn ;®sf®n] la+ ;+= @)^$ >fj0fdf @)$# ;fnsf] lhp df: g] a] Rg] sfo{ -lgoGq0f_ P] g vf®] h u®L dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® -lgoGq0f_ P] g, @)^% cg';f® dfgj a]r lavg tyf cf]; f®k;f® -lgoGq0f_ lgodfjnL : jLs[t u®s] f xf]   . pQm P] g tyf lgodfjnLdf dflg; a] Rg] ® lsGg] b'a} nfO{ plQs} bf] ifL dfgL b08 ;hfoF x'g] , alx®If] qLo clwsf®sf] Joj: yf cg'¿k g] kfnleq ® aflx® ul®Psf ck®fwx¿sf] nflu ;dfh ;hfoF x'g] , a] rlavg ;DaGwL ;"rgf hf] sf] xLn] glhssf] k|x®L sfof{nodf lbg] ;Sg] ® cleof] u nfu] kl5 k|df0fsf] ef® k'¥ofpg] bfloTj ;DalGwt cleo'Qmdfly g} ®xg] nufotsf k|fjwfgx¿ pNn] v ePsf 5g\  . Pg] tyf lgodfjnLn] aGb Ohnfzsf] Joj: yf ug'{sf ;fy} kLl8tsf] aofg btf{ eO{ Ps k6s cbfntaf6 k|dfl0ft e} ;s] sf] cj: yfdf k'gM bf] xf] ¥ofP® lbg' gkg{] , k'g: yf{kgf ;DaGwL ljz] if Joj: yfx¿, k'g: yf{kgf s] Gb|x¿sf] ;~rfng, kLl8t÷k|efljt, ;fIff tyf ;"rgfbftfsf] ;+®If0f ® Ifltk"lt{sf] ;d] t Joj: yf u®] sf] 5  . cGo sfg"gx¿ $=#=! afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g , @)$* $=#=@ afn >d -lgif] w ® lgoldt ug{]_ P] g, @)%^ $=#=# sd} of >d -lgif] w ug{] ;DaGwL_ P] g, @)%* $=#=$ n} lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{] s] xL g] kfn P] g ;+zf] wg ug{ ag] sf] P] g, @)^#

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg $=#=% j} b] lzs ®f] huf® ;DaGwL P] g ® lgodfjnL, @)^$ $=#=^ n} lËs ;dfgtf sfod ug{] tyf n} lu+s lx+;f cGTo ug{ s] xL g] kfn P] g ;+zf] wg ug{ ag] sf] P] g, @)&@ ®fli6«o sfo{of] hgf dfgj a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lgoGq0f ;DaGwL ®fli6«o sfo{of] hgf dfgj a] rlavg ljz] if u®L dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfx¿sf] a] rlavg tyf cf] ;f®k;f® lj?4sf] ®fli6«o sfo{of] hgf, @)^* sf] sfof{Gjog of] hgf, @)&! a] rlavgsf] cj: yf o; jif{sf] dlxnf lx+;fsf] s'n tYofÍ !!%) sf] @=^ k|ltzt -#!_ dlxnf tyf aflnsf a]rlavg ® o;sf] k|of;af6 k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . a] rlavg tyf o;sf] k|of;df k®] sf dlxnf tyf aflnsfsf] s'n ;+VofdWo] && k|ltzt -@$_ a] rlavgdf k®] sf 5g\ eg] @# k|ltzt -&_ dlxnf tyf aflnsfdf a] rlavgsf] k|of; ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . h;sf] ljj®0f lgDg rf6{df k|:t' t ul®Psf] 5 -rf6{ g+=$*_ .

a] rlavg ® pd] ® a] rlavgdf k®] sf dlxnf tyf aflnsfx¿sf] pd] ®nfO{ x] bf{ $ pd] ® ;d"x ®x] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . !&–@% jif{sf] pd] ® ;d"xsf dlxnfx¿ clws dfqfdf a] rlavg x'g] u®] ]sf] kfOof] h"g s'n a] rlavg ;+Vofsf] #& k|ltzt -(_ ®x] sf] 5 eg] @( k|ltzt -&_ !^ jif{ pd] ®eGbf sd pd] ®sf aflnsfx¿sf] a] rlavg ePsf] 5  . To;} u®L @^–#% ® #^–$% pd] ®sf !&–!& k|ltzt -$–$_ dlxnfx¿ ®x] sf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+=$(_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

rf6{ g+= $* a]rlavg / o;sf] k|of;sf] cj:yf

a] rlavg ® kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw a]rlavgdf ;+nUg kLl8t ® a]rlavg ug{] JolQm tyf ;d"x;Fusf] ;DaGw tyf gftfsf] cj: yfnfO{ ljZn] if0f ubf{ ;dfg ¿kdf kl®jf®sf ;b: o ® l5d] sLaf6 ;a} eGbf w] ®} dlxnf tyf aflnsf a] rlavg x'g] ul®Psf] kfOPsf] 5  . o: t} s] xL klg ;DaGw gePsf] JolQm tyf ;d"xaf6 @% k|ltzt -^_ a] rlavg ePsf] 5 eg] !# k|ltzt -#_ ;fyLdfkm{t ® $ k|ltzt -!_ >Ldfg\dfkm{t g} a] rlavg ePsf] kfOof] -rf6{ g+=%)_  .

rf6{ g+= %) a]rlavg k|efljt / kL8s;Fusf] ;DaGw

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

36gf g+ ( d @! aifL{o ;'l®rf -gfd kl®jt{g_ vf]6 fË lhNnfdf lgDgjuL{o kl®jf®df d] ]®f] hGd ePsf] xf]   . kl®jf®sf] cfly{s cj: yf Hofb} gfh's lyof]   . lbbLsf] klg ljjfx ePsf] ® a'jfsf] klg b'3{6gf eO{ v'6\6fdf rf] 6 nfu] ® ux|fF} sfd ug{ x'Gy] g . lbbLn] clkm;df sfd ug]{ ® 3®sf] sfddf ;3fpg eg]® d lbbLsf] 3® lj®f6gu® uPsL lyPF . oxL qmddf ;'g;®Ldf a: b} cfpg' ePsf] d] ®f] ;fgLdfn] ;'g;®L Og?jf 3® ePsf] Pp6f JolQmn] pbok'®sf] Pp6f xf] 6ndf sfd nufOlbG5 eGg'eof]  . nfxfg;Dd ;fgLdfn] g} k'¥ofpg'eof] ® To;kl5 h'g xf] 6ndf sfd ug]{ eg] sf] ToxL xf] 6nsf] dflnsnfO{ lhDdf nufP® 5f] 8\g'eof]  . dlxgfsf] gf} xhf® ¿k} Fof lbg] egL xf] 6n sfpG6®df sfd ug{ yfn] F . Ps lbg d sf] 7fdf ;'lt®x]s f] ;dodf ®ftL !! ah]l t® ToxL xf]6 n dflnsn] sf] 7fdf cfO{ hj®h: tL u®L dnfO{ oftgf lbPkl5 d xf]6 naf6 efu] ® lg: s] F . kL8s d] ®f] lk5f ub} {nxfg;Dd cfOk'Uof] ® 36gfaf®] s;} nfO{ elg;\ eg] tnfO{ dfl®lbG5' eg] ® wDSofof]  . t®klg d ;fgLdfsf] 3®df uP® ;a} eg] +t® ;flgdfn] s'g} k|ltlqmof b] vfpg'ePg . To;kl5 d ufO{3f6 cfP® 36gfjf®] ;dfh ® dlxnf clwsf®sdL{x¿nfO{ eg] kl5 ;a} a;L 5nkmn ubf{ kL8s;+Uf k} ;f lnP® ldNg] km} ;nf eof]  . k} ;f lngsf] nflu kL8snfO{ lbPsf] Dofbdf k} ;f lng hfFbf t]® f] ;fgLdfnfO{ d} n] klxn] g} k} ;f lbO;s] sf] 5' t] ®f] ;fgLdfn] tnfO{ k} ;fdf klxn] g} a] lr;s] sf] xf] eg] kl5 kL8s ® ;fgLdfnfO{ dfgj j] ]rljvg ® hj®h: tL s®0fL;DjGwL d'4f xfn] ® d'4f k|lqmof cl3 al9®x] sf] 5 . d clxn] ;'®Iffsf] nfuL lh=k|=sf= pbok'®sf] sf] l;kmfl®;df cf] ®] ssf] ;'®Iffjf;df a;L ®fhfjf; cf] ®] sdf e] 6] ®Lg®Lsf] # dlxg] sf] if{ ul®®x] sf] 5'  .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b !!

!!=! kL8ssf] k[i7e"ld o; jif{ clen]v Ls®0f ul®Psf hDdf !!%) j6f 36gfx¿dWo] k|efljtn] k|bfg u®]s f] ;"rgfsf cfwf®df k|fKt kL8sx¿sf] k[i7e"ldnfO{ ljZn] if0f u®L o; cWofodf ;dfj] z ul®Psf] 5 . dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] n} lËs ljj®0f dlxnfdfly ul®g] lx+;f lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs Joj: yf ® cfd dflg;df h®f u®L a;]s f] o; lsl;dsf] ;f] +r ® d"No dfGotfx¿sf] sf®0f dlxnfx¿ w} ®] lx+;fdf kg{] u®] sf 5g\ . dlxnf lx+;f clwsf® tyf dlxnf lx+;fsf s'®fx¿ p7\g] lalQs} dlxnfx¿n] g} dlxnfnfO{ lx+;f a9L ug{] ub{5g\ eGg] lagfts{ lbOg] hjfkm tyf w]® } dflg;sf] ;f]Fr ® wf®0ffnfO{ o; tYofÍn] unt ;flat u®] sf] 5 . o; jif{sf] tYofÍcg';f® s'n ;+Vof !!%) sf] (@ k|ltzt lx+;f ug{]d f k'?ifx¿sf] ;+nUgtf ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;®L g} & k|ltzt lx+;f ug{]d f dlxnfx¿ 5g\ eg] ! k|ltzt lx+;f s;n] u®] sf] xf] eGg] kL8ssf] klxrfg gv'n] sf] b] lvPsf] 5 -Rff6{ g+ %#_ . h;sf] ljj®0f lgDg adf]l hd rf6{df k|:t 't ul®Psf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

Rff6{ g+ %# dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] n} +lus ljj®0f

!!=@ dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] pd] ® ;d"x dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] pd] ®nfO{ o; jif{sf] tYofÍcg';f® d'Vo u®L ^ pd] ® ;d"xdf juL{s®0f ul®Psf] 5 eg] s] xL kL8sx¿sf] pd] ® gv'n] sf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+ %$_ .

oxfF kL8ssf] pd] ® ;d"xsf] cj: yfsf] ljj®0f lgDgadf] lhd rf6{df k|: t't ul®Psf] 5 .

Rff6{ g+ %$ dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] pd] ® ;d"x

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg dflysf] rf6{df pNn]v eP adf]l hd kL8ssf] pd] ®nfO{ x] bf{ @^ b] lv #% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf kL8sx¿n] dlxnfx¿dfly a9L #^ k|ltzt -$!%_ lx+;f u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;} u®L @# k|ltzt -@^%_ kL8sx¿ #^ b]l v $% pd] ® ;d"x ® ;f] xL k|ltztdf !& b]l v @% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf ®x] sf 5g\ . o;} u®L !! k|ltzt -!@*_ $^ b] lv %% jif{ pd] ® ;d"xsf ®x] sf 5g . %^ aif{eGbf dflysf kL8sx¿ $ k|ltzt -$#_ ®x] sf] kfOof] eg] !^ aif{ d'lgsf kL8sx¿ ! k|ltzt -(_ ®x]s f] kfOof]  . @ k|ltzt -#)_ kL8sx¿sf] pd]® klxrfg gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

!!=# dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] z} lIfs cj: yf dlxnfx¿dfly ;a} eGbf a9L &% k|ltzt ;fIf® JolQmx¿af6} lx+;f x'g] u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] !$ k|ltzt lg®If® JolQmx¿n] dlxnfdfly lx+;f u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fIf® JolQmx¿dWo] klg ;a}e Gbf a9L #$ Kf|ltzt -#%%_ k|f}9 lzIff k9] sfx¿n] lx+;f u®]s f] kfOPsf] 5 eg] @! k|ltzt -@!#_ dlxnfdfly dfWolds lzIff xfl;n u®]s f JolQmx¿af6 lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . To;} u®L !^ k|ltzt -!^@_ pRr dfWoflds ® ;f]x L k|ltztdf -!^$_ lx+;f slt pd]® ;d"xaf6 ePsf] eGg] s'®f gv'n] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o: t} ( k|ltzt -(#_ k|fylds lzIff tyf $ k|ltzt -$#_ pRr dfWoldseGbf dfly lzIff xfl;n u®] sf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;f ePsf] kfOof]  . rf6{ g %% dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] z} lIfs cj: yf Rff6{ g+ %^ dlxnf lx+;f ® ;fIf®tfsf] cj: yf

Rff6{ g %% dlxnf lx+;f / kL8ssf] z}lIfs cj:yf

Rff6{ g+ %^ dlxnf lx+;f / ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

!!=$ dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] j} jflxs cj: yf kL8ssf] j} jflxs cj: yfsf] ljZn] if0f ug] {xf] eg] dlxnfdfly ;a} eGbf a9L *@ k|ltzt -(^$_ ljjflxt JolQmx¿n] lx+;f u®] sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;} u®L cljjflxt JolQmx¿af6 ( k|ltzt -!)%_ , # k|ltzt -#(_ lx+;f ug{] JolQmx¿sf] klxrfg v'Ng ;lsPsf] 5} g . To: t} @ k|ltzt -@#_ ljjflxt t® ;Fu} ga;] s] f JolQm ! k|ltzt -&_ cljjflxt t® ;Fu} a;] sf] JolQm ® ;f] xL k|ltzt Psn -(_ JolQmaf6 lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] # hgf kf®kr's] u®] sf] JolQmx¿af6 lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -Rff6{ g+ %&_ .

Rff6{ g+ %& dlxnf lx+;f ® a}j flxs cj: yf

!!=% dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] k]z f dlxnfdfly x'g ] lx+;f ® kL8ssf] k] zfsf af®]d f ljZn] if0f ubf{ s[lif k] zfdf ;+nUg ePsf JolQmx¿af6 dlxnfdfly a9L lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . s[lifdf ;+nUg #& k|ltzt -$@@_ kL8sx¿af6 dlxnfdfly lx+;f ePsf] 5 . To;} u®L !# k|ltzt -!$^_ kL8sx¿ Hofnf dhb"®Ldf ;+nUg ®x] sf 5g\ eg] !) k|ltzt -!!*_ kL8sx¿ j} bl ] zs ®f]h uf®df ;+nUg ®x]s f 5g\ . ( k|ltzt -!)%_ Jofkf®Lx¿ klg dlxnf lx+;f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy} 8«fOe®, cfdL{, k'ln;, lzIfs, ®fhgLltsdL{, ;dfh;]j L h: tf k] zfsf k'¿ifx¿af6 klg dlxnfx¿ k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -Rff6{ g+ %*_ . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

Rff6{ %* dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] k] zfut cj: yf

dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] hfltut ljj®0f dlxnf lx+;f kL8ssf] hfltut cj: yfnfO{ klxrfg ug{] p2] Zon] o; jif{sf] 36gfnfO{ cWoog ® ljZn] if0f ubf{ ( k|sf®sf] hfltut cj: yf kfOPsf] 5 h;nfO{ lgDgadf] lhd JofVof ul®Psf] 5 -Rff6{ g+ %(_ .

Rff6{ %( dlxnf lx+;f ® kL8ssf] hfltut ljj®0f

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg dflysf] rf6{cg';f® ;a}e Gbf a9L dfqfdf t®fO{ hghflt kL8s ®x]s f] b] lvG5, h;nfO{ ;+VofTds ¿kdf x]b f{ @* k|ltzt -#@)_ ®x] sf] 5 eg] !% k|ltzt -!&$_ IfqL, !@ k|ltzt -!#&_ kxf8] hghflt, !! k|ltzt -!@%_ t®fO{ blnt ® ( k|ltzt -!)#_ a|fXd0f kL8s ®x]s f] kfOPsf] 5 . To;} u®L, kxf8] blnt & k|ltzt -*^_ ® ;f] xL k|ltzt -&*_ kL8sx¿sf] hflt kxrfg v'Ng ;s] sf] 5} g eg] t/fO{ u}/blnt , d'l:nd %–% k|ltzt / cflbjf;L ! k|ltzt -(_ /x]sf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b !@ !@=! ;~rf/ cg'udg kqklqsfdf k|sfzg ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] dfl;s ljj/0f cf]/]sn] /fli6«o :t/sf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udg u/L dfl;s k|ltj]bgsf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ ;~rf/ dfWoddf cfPsf dlxnf lx+;fsf slt 36gf s'g dlxgfdf / s:tf] k|s[ltsf /x] eGg] ljifodf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f cg';f/ d+l;/df ;a}eGbf w]/} 36gfx¿ aflx/ cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd 36gf r}t dlxgfdf l/kf]l6{Ë ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -rf6{ g+= %!_ . o; jif{ kqklqsfdf cfPsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] dfl;s ljj/0f o;k|sf/sf] /x]sf] 5 —

rf6{ g+= %! kqklqsfdf cfPsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] dfl;s ljj/0f

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

!@=@ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfsf k|sf/x¿ /fhwfgLaf6 k|sflzt x'g] ljleGg /fli6«o b}lgs kqklqsfx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg, ;+sng / Joj:yfkg u/L o; jif{ pNn]lvt ;~rf/ dfWoddf k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfsf k|sf/x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|fKt kl/0ffd cg';f/ ;a}eGbf w]/} anfTsf/ 36gf /x]sf] 5 . s'n #)% j6f 36gfx¿dWo] #^ k|ltzt !)( anfTsf/sf 36gf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . To;}u/L @! Kf|ltzt ^% xTof, !@ k|ltzt #& zf/Ll/s lx+;f / & k|ltzt @# ;fd"lxs anfTsf/sf 36gf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ;fy} cGo k|sf/sf lx+;fx¿ h:t} anfTsf/ sf] k|of;, of}g b'Jo{xf/ ckx/0f, a]kQf h:tf 36gfx¿ klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . lgDg rf6{ -rf6{ g+= %@_ df ltgLx¿sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 —

90 rf6{ g+= %@ kqklqsfdf k|sflzt dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfsf k|sf/x¿

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b !#

!#=! cf] ®] såf®f k|efljtnfO{ ul®Psf] ;xof]u sf] ljj®0f k|efljtnfO{ ul®Psf] ;xof] usf] ljj®0f o; jif{ ;+: yfn] clen] vLs®0f u®]s f 36gfx¿ sf k|efljt dlxnfx¿dWo] #($ hgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;'®lIft cfjf;sf] ;] jf k|bfg u®]s f] 5 . o: t} u®L #($ hgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ g} dgf] ljdz{ ;] jf, !&# j6f kl®jf®df kfl®jfl®s dgf] ljdz{ ;]j f, !%) hgf dlxnfx¿ nfO{ sfg"gL ;xof] u, !(% hgfnfO{ sfg"gL k®fdz{, !!^ hgf dlxnfx¿sf] : jf: Yo pkrf®sf nflu ;xof] u, $@ hgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljleGg ;Lkd"ns tflndx¿sf] Joj: yf u®L hLljsf]k fh{gdf ;xof]u u®] sf] 5 . o: t} @)^ lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|sf®sf ;xof] u h: t} k9fOn] vfOdf ;xof] u, nQfsk8f ;xof]u , ljleGg ljifodf cled'vLs®0f u®fO{ ;xof] uL ;+oGqsf af®] df hfgsf®L, s] xL lbg;Ddsf nflu vfgf tyf oftfoftdf ;xof] u k|bfg ul®Psf] 5 . ;fy} ;'®lIft af;df cfPsf #($ dWo] @%@ hgfsf] cj: yfnfO{ a'emL cg'udg u®L k'g{:y fkgf ul®Psf] 5 eg] !( lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿nfO{ cj: yf x] ®L cfjZos ;xof] usf nflu ®] km® ul®Psf] 5, h;sf] ljj®0f lgDg rf6{df k|:t 't ul®Psf] 5 -Rff6{ g+= ^)_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

Rff6{ g+ ^) cf]/]s g]kfnåf/f lx+;f k|efljtnfO{ k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]usf] ljj/0f

Rff6{ g+ ^) cf]® ] s g] kfnåf®f lx+;f k|efljtnfO{ k'¥ofPsf] ;xof] usf] ljj®0f lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿ sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;xof] uL ;+oGq -;'®lIft cfjf;, sfg"gL ;] jf, dgf]l jdz{ ;] jf, cf}i flw pkrf®_ k|bfg ug{] k|d'v lhDd] jf®L ®fHosf] xf]  . s'g} klg dlxnfdfly lx+;f x'Fbf p;sf] clwsf® ;+®If0fsf nflu k|efljtnfO{ Gofo lbnfpgsf nflu cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug'{ ®fHosf] bfloTjleq kb{5 .

!#=@ cf]® ] ssf] x6nfOg ;] jf dfkm{t ;Dks{df cfPsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ o; jif{ cf]® ] ssf ^ j6f sfof{nodf x6nfOg ;]j fdfkm{t ##@ j6f dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ ;Dks{df cfPsf 5g\, h;sf] ljj®0f lgDgfg';f® pNn]v ul®Psf] 5 -Rff6{ g+ ^!_ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

Rff6{ g+ ^! cf] ®] ssf] x6nfOg;]j f dfkm{t ;Dks{df cfPsf dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gfx¿

dfly lbOPsf] rf6{cg';f® s"n x6nfOgdf cfPsf] 36gf ;+VofdWo] ;a} eGbf a9L *( 36gf wg'iff lhNnfdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] &# 36gf bfª sfof{nodf, pbok'® sfof{nodf &!, df] ®ª sfof{nodf #(, s} nfnL sfof{nodf #% ® sf7df8f} s]l Gb|o sfof{nodf @% dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf x6nfOg ;]j fdfkm{t ;+sng ul®Psf] 5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

kl/R5]b !$ !$=! lgisif{ / ;'emfjx¿ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f dfgj clwsf/sf] uDeL/ xggxf] . t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df dfq geP/ ljZjdf g} Ps hl6n ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿ cfwf/ e"t dfgj clwsf/x¿ afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/, oftgfd'Qm eO{ hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, :jtGq / ;'/lIft ¿kdf hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;d]taf6 jl~rt agfOPsf 5g\ .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTolagf dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ ;'lglZrttf x'g ;Qm}g . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f ;dfhsf x/]s ;+/rgfdf h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf] lkt[;QfTds d"NodfGotf / ;f]rsf] kl/0ffd xf] . To;sf] kmn:j¿k jif]{lg xhf/f}+ g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf lx+;f vKg afWo agfOPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfgtf, b] zsf] lbuf] ljsf; / zflGtsf nflu dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo cfjZos 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;f Go"gLs/0fsf nflu xfn /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/af6 ;d] t ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . oBlk xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x¿ ;Lldt dfqfdf sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\, h;n] ubf{ dlxnfsf] hLjgdf ck]Iffs[t kl/jt{gx¿ cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ / dlxnfx¿n] lx+;fd'Qm eP/ hLjgofkgug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . dlxnfx¿dfly lx+;fsf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ;d'bfo:t/ b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd g} ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gx¿ clt cfjZos /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnfx¿sf] Gofo k|fKt dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu kof{Kt ;xof]uL ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf;, dlxnfd'vL sfg"gL Joj:yf, ePsf gLltlgodx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, ;]jfk|bfosx¿df n}lËs ;+j]bgzLntfsf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTo ;Dk"0f{ dlxnf clwsf/ tyf dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf lqmofzLn JolQm, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx¿, /fhgLltsdL{x¿, ;+3;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;d"x ;a}sf] ;xsfo{af6 dfq} ;Dej 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf ha;Dd aflx/ cfpFb}g ta;Dd o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klxNofpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o;y{ b]zdf jif{e/df ePsf dlxnf lx+;fsf] 36gfx¿sf] cWoognfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] dlxnf lx+;flj¿4sf] jif{ k':tssf] ¿kdf cGj]ifL k|sfzg dlxnfdfly x'g] u/]sf 36gfx¿nfO{ aflx/ Nofpg] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o; jif{ ul/Psf] dlxnfdfly ePsf] lx+;fsf 36gfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f kZrft\ dlxnfdlfy x'g] lx+;fk|lt ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ hjfkmb]xL, pQ/bfoL aGg / dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu xfdL lgDg ;'emfjx¿ k]z ub{5f}+ M ;'emfjx¿ • dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf w]/} 36gfx¿ xfn;Dd klg l/kf]6{ x'g ;s]sf] 5} gg\ . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0fx¿ kQf nufpg yk cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg x'g' cfjZos 5 . 36gfx¿ l/kf]6{ gx'g'sf sf/0fx¿ dWo] k|efljt / ;fIfLsf] ;'/ Iff ;+oGq lkmtnf] x'g' klg Ps xf] . o;y{ k|efljtsf nflu l/kf]6{ ug{] ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu k|efljt / ;fIfLsf] ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]06L /fHoaf6 x'g'kb{5 . • dlxnf ePs} sf/0f x'g] lje]bsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fn] lg/Gt/ tf kfPsf] 5 . dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] cGTox'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{sf nflu ;+/rgfTds c;dfgtfaf6 l;lh{t e]befjsf] cGt/lglxt sf/0fx¿sf];Daf] wg cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . o;sfnflu /fHoaf6 dlxnfn] cfkm\gf] :j klxrfgsf dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

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96 •

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;fy hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kb{5 . b]zdf /fhg}lts ¿kfGt/0f ePklg dlxnfx¿ lbglbg} ¿l9jfbL xflgsf/s k/Dk/fsf] lzsf/ eO{ ljleGgvfn] lx+;faf6 kLl8t eO/x]sf oyfy{tf xfd|f ;fd' 5 . o;y{ ;a} k|sf/sf xflgsf/s k/Dk/f cGTo ug{ ;Dej x'g] 5ftf sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f tyf ePsf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjo ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/ g'kb{5 . lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sf nflu l/kf]6{ ug{ ;Sg] ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu b]zsf & j6} k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnfx¿df, lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfsf] kx'Frdf x'g] u/L ;xof]uL ;+oGqx¿sf] ljsf; x'g' ckl/xfo{ /x]s]f 5 .o;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tjdf tTsfn PsLs[t ;xof]u ;+oGq -;'/lIft cfjf;, sfg"gL k/fdz{, dgf]ljdz{ ;]jf, lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;]jf / 36gf ljz]ifhGo cfjZos ;]jfx¿_ sf] ljsf; ul/g'kb{5 . lx+;f k|efljt tyf pgLx¿af6 hlGdPsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] hGdbtf{, gful/ stf k|fKt ug{] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g g;Sbf pgLx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf ;d] t 7]; k'u]sf] 5 . o;y{ pgLx¿ of] b]zsf gful/s x'g\ eGg] klxrfg :yflkt ug{sf nflu /fHoaf6 lx+;f k|efljt tyf pgLx¿sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xh tl/sfn] sfg"gL klxrfg -hGdbtf{, gful/stf_ k|bfg ul/g'kb{5 . lx+;f k|efljtx¿ tyf pgLx¿sf] afnaflnsfsf] pRr lzIff / :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fHoaf6} cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;xof]u ug{] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . emGem6Lnf], nfdf] sfg"gL k|lqmof / k|efljtx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]06L gx'bf w]/} lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿n] aLrdf g} d'2f 5f8\g / grfxFbf grfxFb} klg ;Demf}tf ug{ afWo 5g\ .km};nf ePsf d'2fx¿df ;d]t kL8s kIfaf6 cfpg] wDsLsf sf/0f km};nf cg';f/sf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u k|efljtn] ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . o;y{ k|efljtnfO{ Gofosf] cg'e"lt x'g] u/L l56f] / 5l/tf] Gofo, cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx¿ lgaf{w ¿kdf ;'/lIft eP/ ef]urng ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 . xfnsf] gLltut Joj:yfdf /fHon] kL8skIfaf6 g} kLl8t kIfnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg e/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ kLl8t kIfn] af/Daf/ ljleGg lsl;dsf] wDsL tyf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'kg]{, cbfntn] kLl8ts} kIfdf km};nf u/] tf klg ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;DklQ lngsf nflu em'6f] cf/f]k nufPsf] eGg] h:tf nfN5gf kLl8tn] v]Kg' kg{] / sltko cj:yfdf kL8s;Fu s]xL klg ;DklQ gePsf] v08df kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ gkfpg] cj:yf;Dd /x]sf] x'Fbf, / fHon] kL8saf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] / kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn /fHon] g} Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg] Joj:yfsf] z'¿jft ul/g'kb{5 . • b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt / ck/fwLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ x'g] /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf] cGToug{ kL8snfO{ ;+/If0f ug{] jfp;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{], JolQmnfO{ ;d]t sfg"gL s73/df Nofpg] / sfg"gL sfaf{xL ug{] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . • k|efljtx¿sf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ k"0f{ ?kdf sfodub{}, pgLx¿sf] Gofodf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ ;fIfL ;'/Iff tyf kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iffsf] ;d]t Uof/]06L ul/g'kb{5 . • /fHoåf/f lx+;f k|efljtdlxnfx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsfnflu :yfkgful/Psf] n}lËs lx+;flgjf/0f sf]if k|efljtsf];xhkx'Frdfk'Ug;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g'kb{5 . • dlxnfdfly a9\bf] lx+;fsfsf/0f pTkGg ePsf] dfgl;s ;d:ofn] ubf{ cfTdxTofsf] b/ a9\bf] 5, o;nfO{ sd ug{ cfTdxTof x'g'sf] sf/0fsf] ulx/f] cg';Gwfg u/L cfTdxTof ug{ k|]l/t ug{] JolQm pk/ s8feGbf s8f sfaf{xL x'g] gLltut Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . • xfn /fHon] lx+;f k|efljtx¿sf] Gofo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Joj:yf u/] sf ljleGg ;]jfx¿ -;'/Iffaf;, sfg"gL ;xof]u,Psåf/ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, n}lËs lx+;f lgjf/0f sf]if_sf] Joj:yf :jfut of]Uo / k|z+;gLo 5g\ . t/ pQm ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ k|s[of, ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿df /x]sf JolQmsf] ;f]r / ;]jfx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lotf gePsf sf/0fn] pQm ;]jfx¿df k|efljtsf] kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] tTsfn ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;~rfn gePsf o:tf ;+/rgfx¿af6 k|efljtx¿n] u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf ;xof]u k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] b|'tk|s[of lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 . • xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|efljtsf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu u/]sf Joj:yfx¿n] dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg k|efljtsf] nflu Tolt k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5}g . o;y{ cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy afFRgsf nflu lgjf{xd'vL hLljsf]kfh{gsf sfo{qmdeGbf Jofjzflos tyf cfw'lgs lsl;dsf cj;/x¿sf] ;[hgf u/L :jledfgsf ;fy afFRg ;Sg] cfwf/x¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kb{5 . • lx+;f k|efljt dlxnfx¿sfnflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug{] elgPsf ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfsf] cg'udg tyf kmnf]ck u/L k|efljtsf] cfjZostf / dfucg'¿k ;f] ;]jfx¿ j[l4 ul/g'kb{5 . • lhNnf txsf] cbfntdflgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ePsf]n] lx+;f k|efljtx¿n] sfg"gL Gofo k|flKtdf dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5, o; lsl;dsf] sfg"gL ;xof]unfO{ pRr cbfntaf6 klg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . – ;d'bfo :t/df dlxnf clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu :jod;]jL efjgfn] lqmofzLn dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿n] ljleGg lsl;dsf r'gf} tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{] l:yltn] b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿dfly x'g] lx+;fsf] hf]lvd sd ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ /Ifsx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] gLltut Joj:yf cljnDa ul/g' kb{5 .

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

cg';"rLx¿ cf] cf]//]s g]g]kkfnfn dlxnf lx+;fsf 36gf ;Íng kmf/fd -of] 36gf ;+sng k|lqmofsf] cGTodf kLl8t tyf clwsf/sdL{x¿n] oyfy{ ;"rgf, 36gf ljj/0f, lx+;fsf k|sf/, ;xof]u ;+oGq tyf cg'udg ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{5g\ ._

!= kLl8t !=)! gfd M !=)@ !=)# !=)$ !=)% !=)^ !=)& !=)* !=)( !=!)

!=!! !=!@ !=!#

hGd ldlt M

pd]/ M

lnË M != dlxnf  @= t];|f] lnËL  /fli6«otf M 7]ufgf M != lhNnf M @= uflj;÷gkf M #= jf8{ M $= 6f]n M hflt M wd{ M z}lIfs cj:yf M kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f M != Psn kl/jf/  @= ;+o"Qm kl/jf/  #= lj:tfl/t kl/jf/  kl/jf/sf ;b:o ;+Vof M ! dlxnf =========== @= k'?if =========== #= hDdf =========== j}jflxs l:ylt M != cljjflxt  @= ljjflxt  #= ljjflxt t/ ;Fu} ga;]sf]  &= cGo -v'nfpg]_ ================ $= ;Fu} a;]sf]  %= kf/kfr's] u/]sf]  ^= Psn  ljjfx ubf{sf] pd]/ M k]zf M cleefjssf] k]zf M != afa' ======================== @= cfdf ======================== #= klt======================== $= ;;"/f ======================== %=;f;" ==========================

@=36gf @=)! @=)@ @=)# @=)$ @=)% @=)^ @=)&

36gf 36]sf] ldlt M ;do M 36gfsf] lsl;d M 36gf 36]sf] :yfg M != lhNnf M @= uflj;÷gkf M #=j8f M $=6f]n M 36gf:ynsf] lsl;d M kL8s ;+VofM != dlxnf ========== @= k'?if ========== kLl8tn] kL8snfO{ lrg]sf] 5 < != 5  @= 5}g  #= b]v]kl5 lrGg]  kL8ssf] rl/q emNsfpg] vfnsf] kl/ro M !========================================================================================================================================= @========================================================================================================================================= #=========================================================================================================================================

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

@=)* kLl8tsf] kL8s;“usf] ;DaGw M != klt  @= kfl/jfl/s ;b:o  %= ;fyL  ^= lzIfs  @=)( 36gf x'g'sf] sf/0f M

#= k|]dL  $= l5d]sL  &= ljBfyL{  *= cGo -v'nfpg]_ ==============

#= kL8s÷ dltof/ #=)! kL8s÷dltof/sf] lsl;d -k]zf_ M @= ;/sf/L sd{rf/L  #= u}/;/sf/L sd{rf/L  $= lghL ;+:yfsf sd{rf/L  != s[ifs  %= /fhgLltssdL{  ^= ;]gf÷k|x/L  &= Joj;foL  *= jlsn  (= kqsf/  !)= lzIfs  !!= k|fWofks  !@= ;fdfGo JolQm  !#= cGo -v'nfpg]_==================================== #=)@ #=)# #=)$ #=)% #=)^ #=)& #=)* #=)(

gfd M hGd ldlt÷ pd]/ M @=k'?if  #= t];|f] lnËL  lnË M != dlxnf  /fli6«otf M 7]ufgf M != lhNnf @= uflj;÷gkf #= jf8{ $= 6f]n hflt M wd{ M z}lIfs cj:yf M kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f M != Psn kl/jf/  @= ;+o"Qm kl/jf/  #= lj:tfl/t kl/jf/  #=!) kl/jf/sf ;b:o ;+Vof M ! dlxnf ========= @= k'?if ========= #= hDdf ========= #=!! j}jflxs l:ylt M != cljjflxt  @= ljjflxt  #= ljjflxt t/ ;“u} ga;]sf]  $= ;“u;“u} a;]sf]  %= kf/kfr's] u/]sf]  ^= Psn  &= cGo -v'nfpg]_ =============== #=!@ ljjfx u/]sf] pd]/ -ljjfx x'Fbfsf] pd]/_ M #=!# k]zf M #=!$ cleefjssf] k]zf M != afa' =================== @= cfdf =================== #= klt =================== $= ;;"/f =================== %=;f;" =================== -kL8s ;+Vof PshgfeGbf a9L ePdf ;fbf sfuh yk u/L dflys} cg';f/ eg'{xf]nf ._

100

$= 36gfsf] sfg'gL kIf $=)! 36gfsf] af/]df s;}nfO{ ph'/L÷;"rgf u/]sf] 5 < != 5  @= 5}g  $=)@ 5 eg] s;nfO{ < != k|x/L÷k|zf;g÷cbfnt  @=;fyL÷Oi6ldq  #= ufFpn]÷l5d]sL  $= kl/jf/  %= cfkm" sfd ug{] :yfg  ^= kL8ssf] kl/jf/  &= kL8ssf gft]bf/÷;fyL  (= u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf  !)= cGo -v'nfpg]_ ========================= *= kL8ssf l5d]sL 

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

$=)# $=)$ $=)% $=)^ $=)&

36gf :ynsf] lg/LIf0f u/]sf] 5 < != 5  @= 5}g -v'nfpg]_ ========================= 5 eg] s;n] < 36gf;“u ;DalGwtx¿sf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/]sf] 5 < != 5  @= 5}g  #= yfxf 5}g -v'nfpg]_=========== 36gf;“u ;DalGwt kmf]6f] lvr]sf] 5 < != 5  @= 5}g  #= yfxf 5}g -v'nfpg]_====================== cGo b;L k|df0f eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f M !=================================================================================================================== ======================= @============================================================================================================================================ #=============================================================================================================================================

%=)!= kLl8tnfO{ k/]sf] c;/ ================================================================================================================

%=)@= kLl8tsf] kl/jf/nfO{ k/]sf] c;/ ==================================================================================================

^= ;"rgf lbg]sf] ljj/0f M ^=)! JolQmsf] gfd M ^=)@ lnË M != dlxnf  @= k'?if  #= t];|f] lnËL  ^=)# ;Dks{ 7]ufgf M kmf]g g+= ^=)$ k]zf M ^=)% != cfj4 ;+:yf M @= kb M ^=)^ z}lIfs of]Uotf M ^=)& ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf] ldlt M ^=)* 36gfsf] ph'/L÷;"rgf u/]sf] :yfg M @= ufp“ #= zx/÷kfos kg{] glhssf] xf6ahf/  != ;b/d'sfd  $= ;ª\3÷;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿  %= k|x/L  ^= uf=lj=;= sfof{no 

&= ;fIfL÷k|ToIfbzL{ gfdM egfO{M

lnËM

;Dks{ 7]ufgfM

36gfsf kIfx¿;“usf] ;DaGwM

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

101

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

*= 36gf ;+sns *=)! *=)@ *=)# *=)$ *=)%

gfd M kmf]g g+= M cfj4 ;+:yf 7]ufgf M ;Dks{ 7]ufgf M 36gf ;+sng u/]sf] ldlt M 36gf ;+sng u/]sf] :yfg M != 36gf :yn 

x:tfIf/ M

@= ;b/d'sfd 

#= cGoq 

(= 36gfsf ;DaGwdf tTsfn ;"rgf ug'{kg{] cGo s]xL eP M

!)=)! 36gf k"j{sf] ljj/0f M

!)=)@ 36gf ljj/0f M

!)=)# 36gfkl5sf] ljj/0f M

102 cf]/]s g]kfn kf]=a=g= !#@##, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= -(&&_ –)!–%))^#&#, -(&&_–)!–%))^#&$, ˆofS; M -(&&_ –)!–%))^@&!, Od]n M ics@worecnepal.org, database@worecnepal.org, vaw.worec@worecnepal.org

x6nfOg M

!^^)–)!–&*(!) j]j;fO6 M www.worecnepal.org

dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf

103

æcGj]ifLÆ dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cWoog k|ltj]bg

104

cf] ®] s g] kfn kf] =a=g+= !#@##, sf7df8f} +, g] kfn 6] lnkmf] g M -(&&_– )!–%!*^#&$, )!–%!*^)&# x6nfO{g M !^^)–)!–&*(!) dlxnfdfly x'g] lx+;fsf] oyfy{tf Email : ics@worecnepal.org

ISBN 993788223-0

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