White House Historical Association The White House Historical Association is a nonprofit organization, chartered on November 3, 1961, to enhance understanding, appreciation, and enjoyment of the historic White House. Income from the sale of the association’s books and guides is returned to the publications program and is used as well to acquire historical furnishings and memorabilia for the White House. For a complete list of books and educational products, and for more information about the association contact: www.whitehousehistory.org
president Neil W. Horstman vice president for publications Marcia Mallet Anderson editorial and production manager Fiona Griffin board of directors chairman Frederick J. Ryan Jr., vice chairman John F. W. Rogers, secretary James I. McDaniel, treasurer John T. Behrendt; Michael R. Beschloss, John H. Dalton, Henry A. Dudley Jr., Alice C. Foultz, Cathy Gorn, Janet A. Howard, Knight Kiplinger, Martha Joynt Kumar, Anita McBride, Mike McCurry, Robert M. McGee, Roger B. Porter, Harry G. Robinson III, Gary J. Walters, Gail Berry West ex officio: James H. Billington, G. Wayne Clough, David S. Ferriero, Earl A. Powell III, Estevan Rael-Gálvez directors emeriti: Robert L. Breeden, Nash Castro, Jeannine S. Clark, George M. Elsey, Nancy M. Folger, Clayton W. Frye Jr., David I. Granger, Elise K. Kirk, Floretta D. McKenzie, Leonard L. Silverstein, Alfred R. Stern liaison member: Jonathan Jarvis honorary members: Bernard R. Meyer, Rex W. Scouten First Ladies of the United States of America 13th Edition
photography Steve Adams, Joseph H. Bailey, Sean Baldwin, J. Bruce Baumann, Victor R. Boswell Jr., David S. Boyer, Sisse Brimberg, Nelson Brown, Larry D. Kinney, Erik Kvalsvik, Bates W. Littlehales, George F. Mobley, Robert S. Oakes, Martin Rogers, James E. Russell, Joseph Scherschel, David Valdez, Volkmar Wentzel, Bruce White White House staff members who assisted in preparing this book: Curator, William G. Allman, Assistant Curator, Lydia S. Tederick Editions one through nine were produced by the National Geographic Society as a public service. Staff for the First Edition: Editorial Director: Mary Ann Harrell; Researchers: Susan C. Burns, Jennifer Urquhart; Picture Editor: Geraldine Linder; Art Director: Ursula Perrin Vosseler
Copyright © 1975, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2001, 2006, 2009, 2013 by the White House Historical Association. All Rights Reserved The views presented by the authors are theirs and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the White House Historical Association. All illustrations contained in this book belong to the White House collection, unless otherwise noted on page 100. Requests for reprint permissions should be addressed to the Rights and Reproductions Manager, White House Historical Association, 740 Jackson Place, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.
ISBN 978-1-931917-23-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008943810 Printed in the U.S.A.