Please note that this thesis project is still in development.
OUR GATEWAY THE FUTURE OF THE AMERICAN AIRPORT TERMINAL by WESLEY TAFOYA
abstract: VISION: airport terminals need to be outstanding, satisfying and memorable buildings which benefit all users.
INTENT: identify, develop and implement design strategies for the airport terminals of the future that enhance spatial and organizational clarity, operational flexibility and extandability, integrate interior and exterior spaces for social exchange, tranquility and activity, and identify vistas, glimpses and artifacts of city culture and place.
THESIS: establish universal airport terminal design strategies that become essential for the future growth of the airline industry; the strategies improve the overall experience of the traveller, developing airport terminals that are focused on a traveller-centric understanding.
table of contents: STAGE 1:
THE BIRTH OF THE AIRPORT TERMINAL THROUGH THE AGES GROWTH OF PASSENGER TRAVEL A NEW STAKEHOLDER THE EVOLUTION OF A SECURE TERMINAL THEN AND NOW
STAGE 2:
A DAY IN THE LIFE ...OF THE AIRPORT ...OF THE PASSENGER THE EXPERIENCE CURVE PASSENGER TYPES AND NEEDS STRESS, CONFUSION AND CONGESTION CASE STUDIES
STAGE 3:
THE TERMINAL OF TOMORROW A NEW OPTIMISM TERMINAL DESIGN STRATEGIES THE MEMORABLE GATEWAY BECOME A DESTINATION PROMOTE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROVIDE COMFORT AND ACTIVITY SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION OPERATIONAL FEXIBILITY AND EXPANDABILITY MAKING CONNECTIONS CASE STUDY APPLICATION THE EXPERIENCE CURVE THE TERMINAL OF THE FUTURE THE EXPERIENCE CURVE CONCLUSION
STAGE 1: THE BIRTH OF THE AIRPORT TERMINAL
STAGE 1: THE BIRTH OF THE AIRPORT TERMINAL
THE HEROIC AGE
THE GOLDEN AGE
- Human Flight
- Expansion towards the tourist class (fewer amenities at a lower
- Public Entertainment
cost)
- Takeoff and Landing Space developed
- New innovative aircraft (increased capacity)
- Aerodrome - Place for viewing
- personalized service
- Military advances in technology and capacity. - Initial passenger airports from ground to air - dining areas - Observation areas - Transportation Hub - Separation of baggage and passenger - Large eaves to cover passenger and plane - Fascination and Fixation of airports and flight (through film) - Logo/Uniform Design Futuristic
- Airport terminal designs advance in their architectural impact and identity
THE DEMOCRATIC AGE
A NEW OPTIMISM
-Plane capacity increased
- Delaminate the barriers between air and landside
- Plane speed increased
- Focus on context
- Airline Deregulation Act
- Place for social and cultural exchange
- Terminal iconographic designs
- Woven into the heart of the city
- domestic and international terrorism
- Efficient models for time-circulation and programmatic integration
- Separation of sterile and non-sterile
- Romanticism through technological innovation
- Divisions of open spaces
- Ignite a sense of adventure and pleasure
- retrofitted to keep everything to code
- aerotropolis - an urban strategy
- cavernous and officious designs
- innovations in meeting, interacting and reshaping
- Retail and international chain stores expanded to the terminal - 2.5 times more likely to buy something in an airport than a mall
PASSENGER GROWTH DATA
THE NEW STAKEHOLDER - PASSENGER
THE SECURE AIRPORT TERMINAL
THEN AND NOW?
STAGE 2: DAY IN THE LIFE
LIFE of the AIRPORT
LIFE of the PASSENGER
Airport Functions
Terminal Functions
Departing Passengers
Freight and Warehouse Kiosk
Farewell Lounge Baggage Handling Services
Change of Transport
Desk Check-in
Aircraft Maintenance
Air Traffic Control
Baggage Separation Organize and Group Passengers
Passenger Terminals
Arriving Passengers
Baggage Claim
Airport / Airline / Customs Offices Runways and Taxiing
Change of Transport
Greeting Lounge
g
TSA Security
Recomposure Area
Shopping and Retail
Restaurants and Bars
Lan dsi de Air sid e
l
Needs and Services
Departures / Arrivals / Connections Lounge
Social and Cultural Exchange
Wayfinding
What’s missing?
Sense of Place
Activity and Adventure
Safety and Comfort
TODAY
PASSENGER STRESS LEVELS
PASSENGER TYPES
Frontiers of Flight Museum
Highland Park Village
Katy Trail
Dragon Park
Morton H. Myerson Symphony Klyde Warren Park 6th Floor Museum Pioneer Plaza Reunion Tower
Bishop Arts District
Dallas Zoo
DALLAS
1.25 Million
CASE STUDY AND IMPLEMENTATION
S S E
R G
IN
DFW
O R P
165,580 passengers daily 60,436,739 passengers 2013 56% Connecting 44% Local
Camelback Mountain
Phoenix Art Museum Deck Park
Desert Botanical Gardens
Roosevelt Row Children’s Museum of Phoenix
Orpheum Theater Chase Field
PHOENIX
Pueblo Grande Museum
Phoenix Zoo
CASE STUDY AND IMPLEMENTATION
S S E
R G
IN
PHX
O R P
23,138,778 passengers 2013
LOS ANGELES
CASE STUDY AND IMPLEMENTATION
S S E
R G
IN
LAX
O R P
STAGE 3: THE TERMINAL OF TOMORROW
TERMINAL DESIGN STRATEGIES - LISTED
DESIGN STRATEGIES
1
THE MEMORABLE GATEWAY GUIDELINES: Design feature(s) that promote both welcoming and farewell Celebrate the social, cultural or geographical specificity of the city, state or province Make the design inclusive and appealing to all users The “gateway� will not interrupt but support and the functions of the terminal
“In order to increase revenue, airports of the future need to look for opportunities to create memorable experiences and forge positive relationships between airport and passenger.�
Heydar Aliyev International Airport, Azerbaijan, Autoban
THE MEMORABLE GATEWAY: RESEARCH
743 million passengers travelled through the United States airports in 2013
4.1%
wayfinding has become an essential priority in airports, guided by simple intution does not provide passengers with the resources they need to independently find their gates
growth in annual passenger traffic for the next 20 years.
“Airports are monumental portals gateways to countries, regions, and new adventures...this brings a responsibility to the design process: to honor the culture, geography and spirit of the people.�
THE MEMORABLE GATEWAY: DESIGN ELEMENTS 1
The ‘first impression’ is iconic, memorable and establishes its location
2 Large and concentrated or dispersed and expansive
3 Designed as a wayfinding element
4 Becomes a space for refuge, gathering and social interaction 5 Placed either as a centralized or gradual construction around areas of arrival and departure 6 Provides travellers with a sense of place, geographical and historical reference but is a non-specific form.
Form, space, program fosters interactions, activities and marvel beginning or ending a journey
THE MEMORABLE GATEWAY: CASE STUDY
SACRAMENTO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
LEAP
CORGAN ARCHITECTS & FENTRESS ARCHITECTS
TERMINAL B
Panoramic and open views allow for easier wayfinding and directional orientation towards the memorable central node of the airport.
“Leap” the airport’s red rabbit has been the voted one of the most iconic and memorable pieces of public art in Sacramento.
2 3
1
6 5 4
“The architects captured the area’s rich history and culture to create a unique sense of place that represents Sacramento”
THE MEMORABLE GATEWAY: CASE STUDY
MADRID-BARAJAS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
ROGERS + PARTNERS
TERMINAL B
The memorable gateway elements create supporting light-filled ‘canyons’ that divide sections of passenger processing The airports iconic and dispersed structural system features a clear progression of spaces for departing and arriving travelers.
The airports iconic and dispersed structural system features a clear progression of spaces for departing and arriving travelers.
2
1
3
6
4
5
35 million passengers are able to travel through the airport annually
DESIGN STRATEGIES
2
PART OF THE DESTINATION GUIDELINES: “the traveller will plan to have dinner in SEA then fly to LAX to catch a show...� The terminal is capable of fostering a variety of programs, events and services beyond retail or dining The airport terminal is an iconic destination for both visitors and locals A cultural, social and active hub for the city to provide an introduction to place.
“...understanding the passenger experience is critical to maintaining and improving the competitiveness of both an airport, and of a country itself.� - UK Department of Transport (2007)
PART OF THE DESTINATION: RESEARCH
1 51 hr
64%
airports are beginning to look towards the best practices of other industries to improve the traveller experience
min
L
average time passengers spent at the airport ranging from 44mins to 5hr 2mins (surveyed from 100 passengers in 4 airports)
H
G
HOTEL
$ provide a differentiator to set them apart from their competitors
1
CINEMA
2
SLEEP PODS
3
LIBRARY
4
OUTDOOR PARK
5
VANITY AREA
GAMING
AIRPORTS STRIVE FOR GOOD CUSTOMER EXPERIENCES TO:
win and maintain customer loyalty in a competitive environment
AIRPORT FEATURES data taken from a skyscanner survey which asked 10,000 international travellers what features they would most like to see at the airport.
of a passenger’s time is spent in undertaking discretionary activities as part of their “dwell time” within the airport
LOGISTICS
MOST WANTED
increase profits and provide greater shareholder value
PART OF THE DESTINATION: DESIGN ELEMENTS The airport becomes part of the destination for the traveller by providing activities, opportunities and meetings that create convenient, pleasurable and meaningful experiences. The design elements for creating spaces are highly dependent on the location of the airport, the culture and history of the area. In order to become part of the destination the airport must celebrate the region’s strengths. For example LAX would provide visitors the opportunity to see a show at the airport, placing the many talents of the city on display. A stage and seating area could be placed in a centralized location, providing an opportunity to travellers to sit listen and enjoy a show.
LOCATION:
The airport would be designed to centralize ma jor activities, smaller activities would be centralized around gates and lounges.
adjacent to the terminal gates and along corridor
along the main corridor or adjacent to the central core
either centralized or off of the central core
the “gate anxiety” passenger all passenger types
all passenger types
DURATION:
10 - 30mins
30 - 90 mins
90 mins +
traditional activities, craft, interactive art
library, chapel, game show, museum, live performance, interactive technology
fresh air park, golf course, movie theater, auditorium, conference center, hotel
flexible, non-permanent, simple and clear information, open-air, naturally lit
open air, comfortable seating, fine material finishes, naturally lit, dedicated open space
part of the bigger system, clear and prominate entry, distinguished materials
PEOPLE ATTRIBUTES:
CONTEXT
ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY
interest
environment “designing for experience is fundamentally about people, their activities and the context of those activities” Airport’s provide the wanderer, explorer and traveller with a place for respite, wonder and adventure.
MEANINGFUL
PASSENGER TYPE:
ACTIVITY:
ACTIVITY
desire
PLEASURABLE
the local visitor, arriving, delayed or layover passenger, all passenger types
the traveller arriving, departing or in transition to their destination
CONVENIENT
PART OF THE DESTINATION: CASE STUDY
HONG KONG INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
SKY CITY NINE EAGLES GOLF COURSE
ADJACENT TO TERMINAL 2
located adjacent to the Hong Kong International Airport and providing shuttles, club rentals and securing your belongings the course allows travellers to easily get in a few rounds of golf before their next flight.
undulating greens, fresh and convenience the professional course can be seen from the air upon arrival, making the airport hotel and golf course part of the destination.
the golf courses adjacency to the airport provides leisure, meetings and activity for the travelling professional and allowing them to quickly jump on their next flight after 9-holes of golf.
PART OF THE DESTINATION: CASE STUDY
SCHIPHOL AMSTERDAM AIRPORT
RIJKS MUSEUM AMSTERDAM
SCHIPHOL TERMINAL
an exhibit of the original classic paintings is a result of the collaboration of the two institutions involved that display the works for free to the visiting traveller.
masterpieces are presented which are exchanged throughout the year.
the travelling passenger is able to arrive to the airport museum and view the works on display and become engaged in the activities before their flight.
DESIGN STRATEGIES
3
PROMOTE SOCIAL & CULTURAL EXCHANGE GUIDELINES: Cultivate spaces that promote interaction, cross-cultural exchange and conversation Beyond taking the passenger from point A to B the terminal allows for the rare opportunity to meet and share with other travellers Bring the human element into the airport Spaces for exchange, learning and colaboration are provided within the terminal
“As the world has become smaller through technological, political economic and social changes, passenger terminals have become civic buildings.�
Spanish Steps, Rome, Italy
PROMOTE SOCIAL &CULTURAL EXCHANGE: RESEARCH PLACES FOR INTERACTION INCLUDE FOUR BASIC CHARACTERISTICS:
“Social interactions are very important to how passengers remember their time throughout the airport experience. In particular, if a social interaction occurred... the passenger remembered this and discussed it in positive terms.” reason to go
reason to stay
safe & comfortable
accessible
AVERAGE DAILY NUMBER OF VISITORS:
27,500
66,000
158,000
330,000
PIKE’S PLACE SEATTLE
NATIONAL MALL
DALLAS/FT WORTH AIRPORT
TIMES SQUARE
51,000 DISNEYLAND MAGIC KINGDOM
112,000
169,500
420,000
PHOENIX SKY HARBOR
LOS ANGELES AIRPORT
LAS VEGAS STRIP
PROMOTE SOCIAL &CULTURAL EXCHANGE: DESIGN ELEMENTS 1
a central plaza or square provides a gethering place for travellers. A place where exchanging greetings, stoping to talk or meting with others to eat or drink
2
the airport widened corridors act as pedestrian streets lined with a variety of programs including shops, cafes, performances and other features that encourage interaction
3
quality dining experiences allow for oportunities to build an airport culture. Including traditional meals and local restaurants provide a space for mixing with others and conversation.
Good places for interaction are places where people often from many parts of the world and with diverse backgrounds - meet naturally and interact comfortably and often pleasurably because of the nature or attraction of the space and/or the activities associated with it.
4
5
6
indoor markets, pushcarts, temporary booths all display a variety of local goods, fresh food and clothing. Creating an atmosphere and opportunities for interaction among locals and visitors.
displays for short videos or movies, thought-provoking billboards and advertising, interactive games all promote interaction and invite people to linger rather than rush out on arrival.
outdoor or indoor pocket parks are either tucked into an intersection between programs or centralized; providing a quiet green spot amid the hard interior; these small interior parks can serve as the focus of the airport terminal, bringing the outside in. Planting local plants, gardens and bringing togetheradults and children.
PROMOTE SOCIAL &CULTURAL EXCHANGE: CASE STUDY
INCHEON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
FENTRESS ARCHITECTS
PROMOTE SOCIAL &CULTURAL EXCHANGE: CASE STUDY
ZURICH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
RICHARD ROGERS AND PARTNERS, GRIMSHAW ARCHITECTS
DESIGN STRATEGIES
4
PROVIDE COMFORT & ACTIVITY GUIDELINES: Designs will appeal to the differing passenger types, providing spaces for rest and comfort while also providing for activity and movement The space provided for the traveller will not interrupt the overall movement throughout the terminal but rather between these functional spaces Integrated biophilia, natural lighting, pools and acoustics contribute to the design solutions The design promotes play, activity and movement
Turkish Airlines CIP Lounge, Istabul, Noe Duchaufour-Lawrence
PROVIDE COMFORT & ACTIVITY: RESEARCH
exercise improves mood for up to
15
12 hours afterwards
mins
of quiet time can significantly reduce stress levels and provide relaxation
TOP 5 STRESSES OF AIR TRAVEL:
1 in 10 travellers avoid flying altogether to save themselves the stress and costs of the airport
1
LOST OR DELAYED LUGGAGE
37 billion hours
2
POOR OR NO INTERNET CONNECTION
dominant cost of waiting:
3
LIMITED SPACE & CONGESTION
- stress - boredom - nagging sensation that one’s life is slipping away
4
FLIGHT DELAYS
5
ARRIVAL & DEPARTURE TIMES
americans spend waiting in lines each year
PROVIDE COMFORT & ACTIVITY: DESIGN ELEMENTS SIMPLE OVERALL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
PUBLIC LOUNGES PROVIDE COMFORT
INTRODUCE BEAUTY IN MATERIALS, NATURAL LIGHT AND NATURE
COMPLETE
COMFORT AND ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
MUNICH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ADJACENT TO TERMINAL 1
AIRPORT VISITORS PARK
COMFORT AND ACTIVITY: CASE STUDY
SINGAPORE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ADJACENT TO TERMINAL 1
BUTTERFLY GARDEN THE SLIDE
DESIGN STRATEGIES
5
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION GUIDELINES: Virtual design provides passengers with an uniterrupted travelling experience Advances in security technology provide visitors advances in the accessibility of the airport while maintaining a safe and secure environment Technology enhances the users experiences within the airport, promoting interaction, productivity and play The airport pioneers and allows for the application of advances in technology. Test technology
Gatwick Airport Self-service security entrance
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: RESEARCH
a survey through Amadeus asked travellers, what developments would you most like to see in your journey through the airport over the next five years? (select all that apply) use of mobile phone to check-in and navigate me through the airport
63%
use of frequent flyer card as a permanent boarding pass a survey through Amadeus asked travellers, which of the following security and border control/immigration solutions would you most like to see? (select all that apply) improving security whilst lessening it impact on travellers
69%
59%
permanent electronic bag tags for frequent flyers
57%
remote check-in and bag collection from wherever you are
56%
preferred / safe / secure passenger options (pre-screening)
59%
Automated ‘self service’ immigration/passport control
Use of biometrics (fingerprint, iris or facial recognition)
59%
Automated ‘self boarding’ gates
48%
45%
self-service bag drop
48%
44%
notification when your luggage has been loaded on the plane
47%
self-check in kiosks at the airport
46%
fully automated border control
passenger identification before security lane to enable screening based on passenger risk profile unobtrusive/ambient security (no physical screening point)
40%
risk based screening, assess risk while in the plane prior to arrival genetic profiling
36% 9%
54%
mobile check-in staff with a tablet who can come to you retail and food purchases delivered to your departure gate
38% 21%
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: DESIGN ELEMENTS The traveller, their family, friends and coworkers will all be able to enter the airport terminal, within a secure area beginning at the airport entry The division between landside and airside has been designed to begin at the entry to the airport Advances in technology will allow for uninterrupted entry into the airport for all users All visitors must be notified before entry into the terminal that their person will be scanned for security Information regarding each users identity, articles and posessions will be gathered through non-invasive technological advances Embrace procedural practices
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: CASE STUDY
SELF-SERVICE EVOLUTION
GATWICK, INCHEON & AMSTERDAM SCHIPHOL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: CASE STUDY
DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION AVIATION SECURITY
DESIGN STRATEGIES
6
THE BLURRED THRESHOLD GUIDELINES: The traveller, their family, friends and coworkers will all be able to enter the airport terminal, within a secure area beginning at the airport entry The division between landside and airside has been designed to begin at the entry to the airport Advances in technology will allow for uninterrupted entry into the airport for all users All visitors must be notified before entry into the terminal that their person will be scanned for security Information regarding each users identity, articles and posessions will be gathered through non-invasive technological advances Embrace procedural practices
THE BLURRED THRESHOLD: RESEARCH
THE BLURRED THRESHOLD: DESIGN ELEMENTS
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: CASE STUDY
SELF-SERVICE EVOLUTION
GATWICK, INCHEON & AMSTERDAM SCHIPHOL INTERNATIONAL AIRPORTS
SEAMLESS TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION: CASE STUDY
DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION AVIATION SECURITY
DESIGN STRATEGIES
7
OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY & EXPANDABILITY GUIDELINES: Specific terminal programs and constructs are capable of expanding and contracting according to the needs The communal spaces are multifunctional and non-specific allowing for growth or openness as needed Construction will plan and prepare for future expansions for further growth and development Passengers are provided with options that best suit their preferred strategy of travel
OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY &EXPANDABILITY: RESEARCH
“Airports behave like the cities they serve. They expand gradually and systematically, but are finally constrained by space and environmental factors.�
the following facilities are often altered at fairly regular intervals:
3-5 YEARS
10-15 YEARS
30-50 YEARS
-
ticket counters at gate lounges check-in desks security systems signs and advertising shops, bars and restaurants
- baggage handling systems - building services - bathrooms and kitchens
- building structure - building envelope - stairs, lifts travellators and escalators
OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY &EXPANDABILITY: DESIGN ELEMENTS
OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY & EXPANDABILITY: CASE STUDY
DALLAS/FT WORTH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AIRTROPLIS
OBATA & KASSEBAUM
OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY & EXPANDABILITY: CASE STUDY
DISNEY STORE HEADQUARTERS FLEXIBLE WORKSPACE
CLIVE WILKINSON
DESIGN STRATEGIES
8
MAKING CONNECTIONS GUIDELINES: Connections with transportation facilities and hubs throughout the city are seamlessly connected to the airport Transports are located along the approach to the airport terminal and transports bring them in Problems related to drop off and pick up can easily be alleviated and the airport will be easily accessible
SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY OMA + LMN
MAKING CONNECTIONS: RESEARCH
MAKING CONNECTIONS: DESIGN ELEMENTS
MAKING CONNECTIONS: CASE STUDY
DENVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT JEPPESEN TERMINAL
WESTIN HOTEL AND PUBLIC TRANSIT CENTER GENSLER
MAKING CONNECTIONS: CASE STUDY
GOOGLE GREENHOUSE CAMPUS SILICON VALLEY
BIG & HEATHERWICK
2055
PASSENGER STRESS LEVELS