TUESDAY, AUGUST 5, 2014 • THE BULLETIN
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TART TODAY It's Tuesday,August 5, the 217th day of 2014. Thereare 148 days left in the year.
HAPPENINGS Suitcase dedies — A prosecutor expects to file more charges in the case of two women whose bodies were found in suitcases left along a rural Wisconsin highway.B3
• Discoveries, breakthroughs,trends, namesin the news— the things you needto know to start out your day
Comet Siding Spring will sweep past Mars in October, then follow other recent comets around the sun and back into deep space.
HISTORY
Comet Lovejoy 2013 (2013 R1) Made its closest approach to the sun in December.
~ Comet ISON (2012 S1) This sun-grazing comet was widely expected to be spectacular, but it disintegrated ~t e rounding the sun 1ast Thanksgiving.--
Rosetta spacecraft I I I 1 I11
Edola —A second U.S. aid worker infected with Ebola is scheduled to arrive at Atlanta's Emory University Hospital.A6
Comet PanStarrs (official designation: 2011 L4) Passed within 28 million miles of the sun in March 2013, just inside the orbit of Mercury.
Tracking comets
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Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko The European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft has been chasing this irregularly shaped - comet for a decade eod-Is scheduled to rendezvous with it later this wetsk. -
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Venus Sun
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Earthinlate May ' Cotnet 209P/Linear Orbits the sun every five , years. In May, it passed , within 5.2 million miles of ,' Earth, making it the,ninth ' closest comet in history. (The closest was Lexeil's comet in 1770, at 1.4 hjillion miles.) \
Highlight:In1914, what's believed to bethe first electric traffic light system was installed in Cleveland, Ohio, at the intersection of East105th Street and Euclid Avenue. Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary at the start of World War I. In1864, during the Civil War, Union Adm. DavidFarragut led his fleet to victory in the Battle of Mobile Bay,Alabama. In1884, the cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty's pedestal was laid on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor. In1924, the comic strip "Little Orphan Annie" by Harold Gray made its debut. In1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the National Labor Board, which was later replaced with the National Labor Relations Board. In1964,24 boxers becamethe first inductees into the Boxing Hall of Fame, including Henry Armstrong, Gentleman Jim Corbett, Jack Dempsey,Jack Johnson, Joe Louis andJohn L. Sullivan. In1962, actress Marilyn Monroe, 36, was found dead in her Los Angeles home;her death was ruled aprobable suicide from "acute barbiturate poisoning." South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela wasarrested; it was the beginning of 27 years of imprisonment. In1964, U.S. Navy pilot Everett Alvarez Jr. becamethe firstAmerican flier to be shot down and captured by North Vietnam; hewas held prisoner until February1973. In1969,the U.S. space probe Mariner 7 flew by Mars, sending back photographs and scientific data. In1974,the White House released transcripts of subpoenaed tape recordings showing that President Richard Nixon and his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, haddiscussed a plan in June1972 to usethe CIA to thwart the FBI'sWatergate investigation; revelation of the tape sparked Nixon's resignation. In1984, actor Richard Burton died in Geneva,Switzerland, at age 58. Ten years age:NewYork City's director of ferries pleaded not guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter in the wreck of a Staten Island ferry. (Patrick Ryan later pleadedguilty to negligent manslaughter and was sentenced to ayear in prison.) Five years age:Journalists Laura Ling andEunaLee arrivedin Burbank, California, for a tearful reunion with their families after a flight from North Korea, where they'd been held for 4t/~ months until
former President Bill Clinton helped secure their release. One year age:A gunman opened fire at a municipal meeting in Ross Township, Pennsylvania, killing three people before he wastackled and shot with his own gun; authorities say the shooting stemmed from a dispute over living conditions at his ramshackle, trash-filled property. (Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty for Rockne Newell.)
BIRTHDAYS College Football Hall of Famer and former NFLplayer Roman Gabriel is 74. Author David Baldacci is 54. Actress Tawney Kitaen is 53. Basketball Hallof-Famer Patrick Ewing is 52. Retired MLB All-Star John
Olerud is 46. — From wirereports
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Comet Encke (2P/Encke) Discovered in.1786, it orbits the sun every 3."3-years. A New York Times articiein 1885 joked: "If a small comet like Encke's can be run on schedule time there does not seem to be any reason why other comets should not imitate its example, and cometary travel be thus made safe and trustworthy." j
Comet Lovejoy 2011 (2011 W3) Discovered by an amateur astronomer, this sun-grazing comet flew through the sun's atmosphere in December 2011 and unexpectedly survived.
Expectedposition of cometandplanets on Oct. 14, 2014 •
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Mars
Comet Siding Spring (2013A1) The comet is expected to speed within 82,000 miles of Mars on Oct. 19. Dust particles in the comet's tail will be moving about 35 miles a second, so NASA plans to shift its orbiters to the far side of the planet to avoid damage.
Comet Siding Spring'sestimatedclosestapproachto Mars RELATIVE SCALE Mars and orbiting '- -' spacecraft 10,000 MILES
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Comet Loveloy 2011rounding the suu C o met Loveloy 2013
Comet Encke
The nucleus of comet 67P last Friday
Sources: Nasa; Jet propulsion Laboratory; European Space Agency; Minor planet Center; Solar System Scope
DISCOVERY
At this scale, themoonwould beafoot away,andthe closest known comet'sapproachto Earthwould beabout sixfeet away.
Co m et Siding Spring
Images by E.S.A.IRosetta (Comet 67p) and NASA, Jonathan Corum/ New York Times News Service
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125,000 mph (35 miles per second) they would pierce the One day early last year, the skin of any satellite orbiting the Australian comet hunter Rob- planet. "Essentially, they would ert McNaught spotted some- be like bullets out there," said thing unusual from his post at Richard Zurek, the chief scienthe Siding Spring Observatory tist of the Mars program at NAin the foothills of the Warrum- SA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "This is an entirely unprecbungle Mountains. As a member of ateam spon- edented situation," said James sored by NASA that searches Green, director of NASA's planthe skies for potentially dan- etary science division and of its gerousasteroids and comets, Mars program. "We have an opportunity to he generall y focuseson objects that orbit the sun on the same see what happens when a complane as the planets. But com- et comes so close to a planet," ing up from below that plane he continued. "We can follow was a comet that had apparent- the planet as it responds to ly originated in the Oort cloud, the dust and water and shock, a vast, primordial region that and hope to learn more about surrounds the solar system. how it processes it all. ComComet trajectories are noto- ets have played a huge role riously changeable, and more in transforming planets, and recent projections suggest the now we'll see the process as it's comet, named Siding Spring, happening." is highly unlikely to strike the Comet Siding Spring is esplanetor to do much damage pecially interesting because of
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to the two NASA rovers on its surfaceor the five research satellites orbitingit.
during the early days of the solar system, making it a "long
Still, on Oct. 19, the comet is period" comet with an orbit of millions of years. What's more, it is believed to be what comet specialists call a virgin — one thathas never reached the inthe moon, and much doser to ner solar system. Mars than any comet has come As a result, its icy nucleus (the "dirty snowball" at the to Earth in recorded history. The dust, water vapor and core of a comet) has never been other gases spewed by a com- thawed and reshaped, like et can spread for tens of thou- those of comets that pass by sands of miles, so the upper more regularly. showered by Siding Springperhaps briefly, perhaps more extensively. Shock waves may rockthe atmosphere. The dust particles may be tiny, but w hen t raveling at
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its formation in the Oort doud
expected to pass within 82,000 miles of Mars, a stone's throw in astmnomical terms — one-thitd the distance between Earth and
reaches of th e M a r tian atmosphere are expected to be
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"We've studied the nudei
of comets before but never a long-period comet from the Oort doud," Zurek said. "The
comet may well be bringing us primordial material unchanged since the creation of the solar system."
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