Bibliography
Jerusalem remained under the control of Fa#t@imids, Turkoma#ns and Salju#ks for 969-1099 AD. The crusaders [laid siege on June 6, and] took Jerusalem in A.D. 1099, July 15th, and it remained in Christian possession 88 years, [until] Saladin retook it in 1187.524
Encyclopaedia of Islam has recorded:
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
The massacre of the Muslims and the Jews in the town was perpetrated out of military and religious considerations alike. (….). There was a gruesome bloodbath, no doubt. (…). Jerusalem became a Christian city, where no Muslim or Jewish cult was permitted and no non-Christian could take residence permanently. The mosques were turned into churches or used as secular buildings. The newly-founded kingdom was appropriately called the kingdom of Jerusalem, since the conversion of the Holy City into a Christian sanctuary had been the purpose of its erection. (…). Jerusalem remained closed to Muslims and Jews, but, in the course of time, they were permitted to come there for business and prayer. (…). After the decisive victory of H@at@t@i#n (July 1187), Saladin advanced towards Jerusalem and laid siege on the city. After prolonged negotiations, in which the defenders threatened to kill the Muslim prisoners and all non-combatants, to burn all the valuables and to destroy the buildings on the H@aram alShari#f, an agreement was reached in November 1187, which permitted the inhabitants to ransom themselves after surrender. Only the Eastern Christians remained, and Jerusalem soon assumed the character of a predominantly Muslim city. (….). The influx of Learned Jews from France attested for the period ca. 1210-15 in both literary texts and Geniza letters proves that Ayyu#bid rule at that time must have had a reputation of an orderly government able to guarantee the safety of foreigners. (…). The Khwarazmians over-ran Syria and Palestine, took Jerusalem in August 1244
524
Fausset’s Bible Dic., 2 (G-M):438.
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