Behind the Veil of Conflict

Notes 1. 2002 Census of Agriculture, National Statistics Office.

2. Dy and Adriano 2006.

3. The spatial approach used for the analysis of development issues in Mindanao draws from the World Bank’s World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography (2009b).

4. Collier 2007.

5. Loan Agreement for the Second Land Administration and Management Program, http://www-wds. worldbank.org.

6. Stankovich and Carl 1999, 8.

7. Berndt and others 2008.

8. The Abu Sayyaf is an armed group based in the island of Basilan that used to be part of the MNLF but broke away in the early 1990s. It is linked to high-profile kidnap-for-ransom cases involving journalists, humanitarian aid workers, and teachers and has been declared a terrorist organization by the U.S. State Department. For more information, see http://www.cfr.org/publication/9235.

9. Torres 2007.

10. Balisacan, Hill, and Piza 2009.

11. The government groups its provinces into 15 regions for economic planning and some administrative support for national government programs and services.

12. According to indicators generated by Balisacan, Hill, and Piza (2009).

13. Balisacan, Hill, and Piza 2009.

14. Sandoval 2008.

15. Berndt and others 2008.

16. Collier 2007.

17. Fafchamps and Minten 2001.

18. Burgess and Venables 2003.

19. Burges and Venables 2003.

20. Battersby 2006.

21. Berndt and others 2008.

22. As cited in Bendt and others (2008) and Armed Forces of the Philippines reports online, http://balita. ph.

23. The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples data include Muslim groups as indigenous peoples.

24. The description of Mindanao’s overlapping leadership structures in these paragraphs is based on de Dios (2007).

25. Sultans were the traditional heads of state that governed Mindanao.

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