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waiting for the water or other missing ingredient to appear or the toxin levels to subside. Unless reclaiming the Sahara and Gobi and Antarctic deserts or urban parking lots, new crops are always going to displace some other species that was there first already taking full advantage of the available sun and soil energy to sequester carbon. 130
1. IPCC, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme [Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Tokyo, Japan, 2007. 2. Searchinger et al. “Fixing a Critical Climate Accounting Error.” Science 326, no. 5952 (October 23, 2009): 527–528. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5952/527. 131
For seven examples of recent studies finding biofuels increase GHG and environmentally damaging emissions, see 1. Jaeger and Egelkraut. “Biofuel Economics in a Setting of Multiple Objectives and Unintended Consequences.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 9 (December 2011): 4320– 4333. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111129123255.htm; 2. Yang et al. “Replacing Gasoline with Corn Ethanol Results in Significant Environmental Problem-Shifting.” Environmental Science & Technology (March 14, 2012): 120314152159007. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es203641p; 3. Smith and Searchinger. “Crop-based Biofuels and Associated Environmental Concerns.” GCB Bioenergy (June 2012). http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120608100548.htm; 4. Thomas Walker et al. Biomass Sustainability and Carbon Policy Study. Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, June 2010. http://www.manomet.org/sites/manomet.org/files/Manomet_Biomass_Report_Full_ LoRez.pdf; 5. Scharlemann et al., "How Green Are Biofuels?," Science 319, no. 5859 (January 4, 2008): 43-44; 6. “Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: E10 Emissions.” Department of Energy, January 28, 2011. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions_e10.html; and 7. Hill et al. 132
Hitz, S. “The Role of Oxygenated Fuel in California Air Quality.” University of California, 1999. https://bren.ucsb.edu/research/1999Group_Projects/airquality/airquality_final.pdf. 133
See 1. Franklin et al. “Clearing the Air: Using Scientific Information to Regulate Reformulated Fuels.” Environmental Science & Technology 34, no. 18 (September 1, 2000): 3857–3863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0010103; 2. Rask, Kevin. “Clean Air Policy and Oxygenated Fuels: Do We Get What We Pay For?” Energy Economics 26, no. 1 (January 2004): 161–177. doi:10.1016/S01409883(03)00040-9; and 3. AQIRP Final Report. Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program, January 1997. http://www.crcao.com/reports/autooil/Default.htm.