CO-HABITATION
Establishing a safe and healthy living environment for human and nature in Dalian
Landscape Architecture Design Thesis Wansu Wang 887170
Design Statement According to a World Health Organization report, 75% of new infectious diseases are zoonotic, which means infected animals could pass virus to humans by direct or indirect contact. However, the natural habitat area in Dalian has been reduced through fragmentation due to urbanization, which leads to the exposure human settlements to specific species. The thesis establishes co-habitation space for human and nature through the careful adaptation of spaces that promote appropriate and healthy interactivity. The local people and tourists can explore the natural environment without impacting fauna living and activities in habitat. The design adapts existing topography to create ‘terraces’ as buffer zone to mitigate boundaries between the deer’s habitat and residential suburbs.
Content Part1: Introduction
1-1 Background 1-2 Site analysis 1-3 Uers analysis 1-4 Natural conditions analysis 1-5 Precedents
Part2: Design Exploration 2-1 Co-habitation system 2-2 Walking trails exploration 2-3 Edges exploration 2-4 Sika deer habitat 2-5 Corridors
Part3: Outcomes 3-1 Masterplan 3-2 Design analysis 3-3 Walking trails 3-4 Sika deer habitat 3-5 Edges
Bibliography
Part1 Introduction 1-1 Background 1-2 Site analysis 1-3 Uers analysis 1-4 Natural conditions analysis 1-5 Precedents
1-1Background
News
01
02
1-2 Site analysis Dalian Population 5.987 million
Basic landform
Hill High in the center with a step-like decrease to the east and west sides Jinzhou
Dalian Airport
Dalian Lushun Mountain area Legend Highway
Residential area
National highway Railway
0
Conservation 0
10 Kilometers 03
Water resource 04
1 Kilometers
1-2 Site analysis Sika deer Increasing population 37 (2004)
70 (2016)
Appearing
200 (2020) Forming Community
Because of urban area, the sika deer cannot move to another habitat area
Legend Park Recreational conservation Zoo Main mountains with high ecological value 0 05
5 kilometers 06
1-2 Site analysis
Baiyun Mountain Park Main road
Residential area Educational area
Tunnel
Hospital
Secondary road
Green space Car parking
Park Library
Selecting the Baiyun Mountain Park as site
Three User groups
Baiyun Mountain Park
•Sika deer •Residents •Tourists
Baiyun Mountain
0
07
200m
08
1-2 Site analysis Arrival time analysis
45 Minutes 1 Hour and 30 Minutes
Dalian North Railway Station 16 Minutes 40 Minutes
Airport
25 Minutes 1 Hour
Dalian Railway station 16 Minutes 40 Minutes 25 Minutes
20 Minutes
1 Hour
40 Minutes
1 Hour
Selected site
2 Hours
Coastline Lushun District Ganjingzi District Shahekou District Xigang District Zhongshan District
0
10 Kilometers 09
Jinzhou District 10
1-3 Users analysis
Habitat area
Sika deer
Corridors
Water resource Educational area
Feeding station
Before Covid-19
The original feeding area After Covid-19
Baiyun Mountain Park Entrance Route
0
100m
Sika deer appearing area
Footprints 11
12
Age distribution
1-3 Users analysis
Activities distribution
Residents
The Elderly
The Middle-aged Children
Accessing into another area
Jogging Walking
Chatting
The young
Accessing into another area
The walking route
Residential area
Residential area
The relationship between mountain area and residential area
Baiyun Mountain Park Entrance
0
100m
The entrance from residential area 13
High frequency route using by residents
14
1-3 Users analysis Tourists
Library
Hill top - Panoramic view Main road
Hill top - Panoramic view
Main road
Sika deer feeding station
Baiyun Mountain Park Entrance Viewing platform
0
100m
Hill top - Panoramic view 15
High frequency route using by tourists
16
1-4 Natural conditions analysis topography
0
The boarder between mountain area and residential area No fence No protection zone A deep slop (more than 1.70 meters high)
300m 17
18
1-4 Natural conditions analysis Seasonal analysis Winter January
February
Autumn
Summer
Spring March
April
May
June
July
August
September
Winter October
November
December
155.4 mm 140.1 mm
83.2 mm 65.1 mm
47 mm Average rainfall
8.9 mm
5.8 mm
12.1 mm
2°C
Average dail 0°C Min Temperature -6 °C
23°C
16°C 14°C
9°C Average daily Max Temperature
24.7 mm
26°C
29°C
29°C
23°C
23°C
25°C
29 mm
19°C
19°C
20 mm
11°C
8°C
9°C
1°C
2°C
Drop old horns Growing new horns Stiff and splendid antlers Mating period
Community
Female Sika deer
2°C -4°C
-5 °C
Male Sika deer
10.6 mm
18°C
Winter hair
Moulting period
Summer hair
Moulting period
Winter hair
Gestation period Birth time Gestation period Mating period
Tourism
The tourist period in Dalian
19
20
1-5 Precedents Nara park
- Public park with temple, museum and deer Nara, Japan
Wild sika deer
Deer calling
Tame sika deer
Phoenix park
- Urban park with Monuments, biodiversity and deer Dublin, Ireland
The deer have been living in the Phoenix Park since the 17th Century when they were introduced to the park for hunting. There are about 600 deer in the Phoenix Park. The Phoenix Park suggests keeping a distance , at least 50 meters, from the deer. The Phoenix Park is a highly important site for biodiversity in Dublin City and is an extremely valuable resource for the people of Dublin and its visitors. Antler - cutting
Site development
Protection and increasing population - because of local folklore. Reducing population - 1200 sika deer in 2008 - culling result from concerns about environmental and crop damage - human intervention balance the population of sika deer. In 2018, Nara city inform tourists by signs that the deer are wild animals and do not tease them during feeding.
Building stable ecosystems Important features of native floristic diversity within the Phoenix Park
Due to the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 and travel restrictions. The amount of tourists feeding the deer decreased significantly, the sika deer started to search food to the outside of the park. It could lead to sika deer being hit by vehicles or dying from eating harmful plastic. 21
22
1-5 Precedents Henderson wave bridge
Otway tree top walk
As the highest pedestrian bridge in Singapore reaching 36m height, Henderson Waves focus on community service and human interactivity, enhancing aesthetic and ecological values of natural environment. Providing shelter and bird-watching point for people (joggers, families, and photographers). Connecting separate existing space. Protecting natural environment, showing the importance of the nature in land use planning.
25-meter-height and 2-kilometer-length walkway Enjoying bird’s eye view of the rainforest Exploring unique aesthetic of the local flora and fauna
- Green infrastructure serving community and natural environment Henderson Road, Singpore
23
- Providing unrivalled scenery of unique local flora and fauna Weeaproinah, Melbourne
24
Part2 Design Exploration 2-1 Co-habitation system 2-2 Walking trails exploration 2-3 Edges exploration 2-4 Sika deer habitat 2-5 Corridors
2-1 Co-habitation system
Human intervention
Feeding (under specialized guidance) Population control and management Educational space
Before Covid-19
•Buffer zone Unattractive plant for sika deer •Terrances Landform changing landscape
Ecosystems
Edge
Natural intervention
Residents
Vegetation community
Sika deer rely on the food providing by residents, especially in the winter period.
Human
Sika deer •Food •Water •Behaviour •Season
Water resource
During/After Covid-19
•Meeting the basic requirements of people •Building common social memory, open space (such as seating platform, camping area)
Other animals
•Walking •Jogging •Basic infrastructure •Community garden
Tourists •Natural scenery •Camping •Feeding ground
Providing various activities Seansonal change Daily change
Few residents leave the food in the original feeding area. The sika deer must find the food in winter period, they could run to the dangerous areas.
A safety and healthy living environment Local vegetation community landscape
25
26
2-2 Walking trails exploration Walking trails analysis
Corridors for Sika deer analysis
1
2
3
4
Potential corridor location
When walking trail construct on the mountain park, the whole mountain area could be divided into four small patches.
Sika deer habits
Spring - deer live in the half shade slope Summer & autumn - deer moved to the shady slope Winter - deer stay on warm sunny slopes Sika deer frequently appear and live on the slope area
27
28
2-2 Walking trails exploration Design strategy
Reducing overlapping using route by deer and human
Ground trails - appearing on the mountain top areas - Quartzite wall as buffer zone preventing deer entering the trails
Bridge
Sika deer movement
- reducing the overlapping using by deer and people - providing a treetop experience on the local vegetation community
Bridge and tunnel location
Tunnel
Sika deer movement
- long distance routes appearing on the slope area
Conctructing bridge and tunnel on the slope area provide a corridor for sika deer moving freely in the whole mountain area. 29
30
2-3 Edges exploration Landscape change replacing the original deep vertical slope Providing activity area for local people and tourists using and enjoying Maintaining a complete area of large ecological habitat for sika deer
Main road
Library Museum
School
Main road
Residential Design strategy Unattractive plant for sika deer + Retaining wall + Camping area + Community garden + activity square
Design strategy Water area + Unattractive plant for sika deer + community garden
Mountain area
Design strategy Unattractive plant for sika deer + Quartzite wall
Residential
0
Residential
100m
Mountain area 31
32
2-3 Edges exploration Quartzite wall
Unattractive plant for sika deer
Senecio cannabifolius
Paeonia obovata
Cirsium amplexifolium var. muraii
Tightly cemented hard quartzite show local geological feature, which is a new type of geological tectonic system. The whole mountain area The formation of the mountain has gone through many orogeny and volcanic earthquakes, and the overall geological morphology of the mountain could be viewed as classic among the relics in Dalian. 33
Berberis thunbergii
Primula japonica
Phytolacca esculenta 34
2-4 Sika deer habitat exploration
Growing various plant community, for example, grassland+tree, Shrub+tree, Woodland, fulfilling the gap between certain plant disapear in a area, in order to providing enough food resource for sika deer. In the winter period, there are two feeding ground supporting by residential growing vegetation in community garden.
Food seasonal change analysis
Spring Grass
0.9m Height Summer
Sika deer are herbivores and their main food changes with the four seasons.
Shrub
Grass
Tree
Shrub
Autumn Grass
Fruit
Winter Grass
Moss
Fruit
Intensive grazing Increasing the population of sika deer.
The consumption certain plants could sharply decrease or even disappear because of intensive grazing 35
Grass
Shrub
Tree
Moss
Fruit 36
Feeding ground
Community garden
2-4 Sika deer habitat exploration
Main food for Sika deer
Plant community Tree
Pinus thunbergii
Quercus acutissima
Quercus dentata
Larix gmelinii
30 meters height Evergreen coniferous tree
25-30 meters height Deciduous tree
20-25 meters height Deciduous tree
20-30 meters height Deciduous coniferous tree
Grass & shrub
Zoysia japonica
Themeda japonica 37
Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng
Lespedeza bicolor Turcz
Corylus mandshurica 38
2-5 Corridors The green space surrounding selected site
Selected site
Connected to the large high ecological value area by habitat area and ecological corridor
0
Mountain area with high ecological value area
500m
39
40
2-5 Corridors Waterflow analysis
Corridor analysis
Choosing low-laying area collect rainfall. Providing water resource for sika deer
Two main corridor for sika deer move to the souther large ecological value area
Water corridor Trail corridor
Waterflow
41
42
Part3 Outcomes 3-1 Masterplan 3-2 Design analysis 3-3 Walking trails 3-4 Sika deer habitat 3-5 Edges
3-1 Masterplan 1 Walking route - bridge 2 Walking route - tunnel 3 Tree-top route 4 Viewing platform 5 Educational tree-top route 6 Walking route - tunnel 7 Walking route - bridge 8 Feeding ground 9 Wetland 10 Walking route - bridge 11 Community garden 12 Viewing platform 13 Camping area 14 Walking route - bridge 15 Quartzite wall 16 Grassland 17 Community garden 18 Camping area 19 Activity square 20 Camping area 21 Community garden
19
Entrance
15
18
7 6
17 14
10
20
Entrance
16
5
8
12
9
1
13
11 2
3
4 21
Entrance 0
43
100m
44
Entrance
3-2 Trails and functional areas analysis
Viewing platform Feeding ground Ground trail buffer zone Main trails
Secondary trails
Community garden Camping Unattractive plant for sika deer Quartzite wall Water body
Main entrance
45
46
3-2 Walking trails experience analysis Educational tree-top trail
Viewing platform
Feeding ground Ground trail buffer zone Potential sika deer habitat Line of sight
47
48
3-3 Walking trails Bridge & tunnel Location
Sika deer habitat
Bridge
Tunnel
49
50
3-3 Walking trails Educational tree-top trails Location
Sika deer habitat
Bridge Ground trails
Quartzite wall
51
52
3-3 Walking trails
Viewing platform Location
Sika deer habitat Seating Viewing platform
Ground trails
Quartzite wall
53
54
3-4 Sika deer habitat
Location
During summer and autumn period, there is lush grassland for sika deer eating.
55
56
3-4 Sika deer habitat Feeding ground
During winter period, feeding ground support and provide extra food from community garden for sika deer.
Location
Ground trails
Quartzite wall
Feeding ground
57
58
Location
3-5 Edges
Section line Render location
Southern edge
Viewing platform
Water body
Community garden
Residential
Unattractive plant for sika deer
0 59
100m 60
3-5 Edges Community garden Community garden
Unattractive plant for sika deer & Quartzite stone
61
Water body
Sika deer habitat
62
Location
3-5 Edges Eastern edge
Section line Render location
Main road
Unattractive plant for sika deer
63
Quartzite wall
Bridge
Sika deer habitat 0
Viewing platform 100m
64
3-5 Edges Quartzite wall
Bridge
Quartzite wall
Unattractive plant for sika deer
65
Sika deer habitat
Sika deer habitat
66
3-5 Edges
Location
Northern edge
Section line Render location
Viewing platform
Unattractive plant for sika deer Camping Community garden
Residential
0 67
100m 68
3-5 Edges Camping
Community garden
69
Camping
Unattractive plant for sika deer
Sika deer habitat
70
Bibliography Dalian Library. (2008). Geography - Land and vegetation. http://124.93.240.184/wenxian/dlbk/content.php?id=65 Great Ocean Road Regional Tourism. (2021). Otway Tree Top Trail. https://www.visitotways.com/otways-adventures/otway-tree-top-walk Mun-Delsalle, Y. (2016). Singapore’s Henderson Waves Bridge Shows How Green Infrastructure Is a City’s Life Support System. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/yjeanmundelsalle/2016/11/19/singapores-henderson-waves-bridge-shows-how-green-infrastructure-is-acitys-life-support-system/?sh=76a211453f81 Naradeer. (2018). Behavior and Ecology. https://naradeer.com/learning/ecology.html Nara Travelers Guide. (2016). Four Facts About the Deer of Nara. https://narashikanko.or.jp/en/feature/deer/ Phoenix Park. (2021). Nature and Biodiversity. https://phoenixpark.ie/nature-and-biodiversity/ Savvides, N. (2013). Living with Dogs: Alternative Animal Practices in Bangkok, Thailand, Animal Studies Journal, 2(2), 28-50. https:// ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol2/iss2/3 Takatsuki & K. Kaji (Eds), Sika Deer: Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations. Springer. Takatsuki, S., & Padmalal, U.K.G.K. (2008). Food Habits of Sika Deer on Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan with Reference to Local Variations, Size Effects, and Comparison with the Main Island. In D.R. McCullough, S. Takatsuki, S., & Y.Ito, T. (2008). Plants and Plant Communities on Kinkazan Island, in Relation to Sika Deer Herbivory. In D.R. McCullough, S. Takatsuki & K. Kaji (Eds), Sika Deer: Biology and Management of Native and Introduced Populations. Springer. Yokoyama, M., Kaji, K., & Suzuki, M. (2000). Food Habits of Sika Deer and Nutritional Value of Sika Deer Diets in Eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Blackwell Publishing, 15(3), p345-355.
CO-HABITATION Establishing a safe and healthy living environment for human and nature in Dalian
Landscape Architecture Design Thesis Wansu Wang 887170