Abstract ID: 249114
Depositional Signatures Associated with Late-Stage Transgression and the Mid-Holocene Sea-Level Highstand in Brazil Christopher J. Hein (hein@vims.edu), Duncan M. FitzGerald , J. Thadeu Menezes , Antonio H.d.F. Klein , Marcio B. Albernaz , William J. Cleary 1
2
3
4
5
6
Department of Physical Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA; 2Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA USA; 3 4 5 Laboratory of Geological Oceanography, UNIVALI - CTTMAR, Itajaí, SC, BRAZIL; Department of Geosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, BRAZIL; Tetra Tech, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 6 Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA 1
B
4
0 5 6 Age (ka B.P.)
Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul
2 0
MA PI
PE
TO
3 4 Age (ka B.P.)
2
1
0
RN PB
BA
ES
MS SP
RJ
PR
0
SC RS
Paraíba Coast (Dominguez et al., 1990)
0
o
5o
Elevation (m MSL)
Type C
Type D
Fig. 4. Locations of Holocene highstand deposits along Brazilian coast. Parentheses: reported ages associated with highstand deposits & elevations of highstand deposits. List of references used in compilation given in handout. Highstand deposit types refer to Fig. 5.
City of Navegantes
D
4
4 2 0
6
7
5
4 3 Age (ka B.P.)
2
0
1
Additional Considerations: Deposits fall along continuum → deposits can contain aspects of multiple types Highstand deposit records reflect degree of preservation and depth / breadth of scientific study
2 0 7
6
5
4 3 Age (ka B.P.)
2
1
Cananéia / Iguape, São Paulo (Suguio et al., 1985)
0
Paranguá, Paraná (Angulo & Lessa,1997) Itajaí / Laguna, Santa Catarina (Suguio et al., 1985)
Angra dos Reis / Parati, Rio de Janeiro (Suguio et al., 1985)
Itajaí / Laguna, Santa Catarina (Angulo et al., 1999)
Itacaré / Ilhéus, Bahia (Suguio et al., 1985)
Salvador, Bahia (Suguio et al., 1985) Caeté, Maranhão (Cohen et al., 2005) 10o
Santos, São Paulo (Suguio et al., 1985) Paranguá, Paraná (Suguio et al., 1985)
15o Latitude (deg South)
20o
Itapoá, Santa Catarina (Souza et al., 2001) 25
o
Highstand Deposits Classified By: Sediment Supply - fluvial, shelf sources; reworking of previous sediments; coastal processes Upland Migration Potential (ability of transgressive deposits to migrate landward) - slope of upland, erodibility (bedrock vs. unconsolidated)
30o
Fig. 3. Compilation of the elevation of the mid-Holocene highstand along the Brazilian coast, by latitude (modified & updated from Angulo et al., 2006).
Fig. 5. Classification scheme for mid-Holocene highstand deposits preserved & identified along Brazilian coast. Drawings represent morphologies of coastal systems ~100 years after mid- Holocene highstand, following initiation of RSL fall, forced regression, & shoreline progradation. Four site categories are defined: A) lack depositional evidence of mid-Holocene highstand. B) contain backbarrier paleolagoon and paleo-estuarine deposits. C) contain transgressive ridges or bars. D) contain welded transgressive-regressive barriers with backbarrier deposits and/or complete highstand barrier complexes.
Type C: Transgressive Barrier Ridge / Bar highstand barrier bar / ridge
Type D: Barrier-Island Complex
relict tidal creek washover / lagoon deposits highstand marsh barrier island
Pleistocene upland deposits progradational strandplain
Type A: Exposed Bedrock Coast waves crash along bedrock shore
48o W
low-profile ridge (landward-most regressive strandplain beach ridge) progradational strandplain
Pleistocene upland deposits
horizontally-bedded reworked shoreface deposits
100 m
Lowland (paleolagoon?)
E
NVA5
Pleistocene Upland
50 m
25
NVA6
NVV6
NVV12
Digital Terrain Model Vertical Scale 2.8
Modern Elevation (m)
5.2
r rrie
m
Ba
Pleistocene Upland m 0 8 ge d i R
ive s s re lain g e R ndp Stra
Ridge Gap (paleo-inlet?)
Explanation Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profile
Auger core
Vibracore
Wash boring core
Fig. 6. A) Overview map of Navegantes, showing location of Sites 1-3 (B, C, & D, respectively) studied for evidence of highstand features. E) Digital terrain model of barrier-ridge topography at Site #3. Topographic data derived from interpolation of ~8200 RTK-GPS data points.
3 types of highstand features found at Navegantes: Site #1: no highstand deposits (Type A); waves crashing along exposed bedrock at highstand Site #2: barrier ridge (TYPE C) pinned to bedrock platform at highstand; resistant bedrock prevented upland migration Site #3: Pleistocene upland eroded by waves during transgression; segmented highstand barrier island (TYPE D) with washover unit overlies thin transgressive lagoon (dated: 6.7 ka)
NVA13
4 2
Strandplain
msl -2
Bedrock 0
30 Landward (West)
90 Distance (m)
60
120
150 Seaward (East)
C
B Site #2: Highstand Type C (Transgressive Barrier Bar) 6
4 2
-2
0
100 Landward (West)
200 Distance (m)
6 4 2
4 2
0
?
100 Landward (West)
silt
fine sand medium sand
6 4
?
?
200 Distance (m)
coarse sand shell-rich sand
organics heavy-mineralrich sand
bedrock modern MSL
radargram reflection traces
100 Distance (m)
50
Modern Soil
NVV07
2 Pleistocene Upland
45200 ± 1200 uncal yr BP
Barrier Ridge
Transgressive Lagoon: 6756 ± 41 cal yr BP
150 Seaward (South) NVV09
Landward (North)
50
100 Distance (m)
Holocene Evolution of Brazilian Coast Controlled by RSL Change: Early Holocene (> 7 ka): transgression erodes Pleistocene uplands & ancient (~120 ka) regressive shorelines Mid-Holocene (7–5 ka): SL highstand & deposition of transgressive lagoons & backbarrier deposits, transgressive bars, & barrier complexes Late Holocene (5–1 ka): coast largely smoothed by deposition of broad strandplains during forced regression Brazilian Holocene Highstand Deposits: Three end members of deposits: Backbarrier Deposits, Transgressive Barrier Ridge / Bar, & Barrier Island Complexes Deposits nonexistent: Exposed Bedrock Coast at highstand Many sites contain >1 type; features often possess characteristics of >1 type Highstand features reflect relative sediment supply (fluvial, offshore, in situ reworking) and UMP (controlled by antecedent topography, wave energy) at given site during mid Holocene Implications for Coastal Response to Accelerated SL Rise & Transgression: SLR acceleration to up to 16 mm/yr by 2100 (Church et al., 2013) Coastal response will be non-linear: Threshold SLR rate for barrier stability at mid-Holocene in Brazil: 2.0 mm/yr Barriers rapidly migrate during early Holocene when SLR at 2–2.5 mm/yr Barriers only stabilize once SLR decelerates to <1.5–2.0 mm/yr (5–6 ka) Coastal response will be non-uniform: Site specificity of conditions associated with the formation of each highstand deposit type in Brazil Great diversity (three highstand deposit types) identified even within a single small embayment (Navegantes)
Strandplain NVV08
45500 ± 870 uncal yr BP
-2 0
300 Seaward (East)
Landward (North)
NVA08
msl
Bedrock 0
-2
300 Seaward (East)
Upland Aeolian Sand Highstand Ridge Strandplain NVV14 NVV13 NVV15 NVA11 NVV11 NVV10 Modern Soil NVA12 NVV12
6
-2
Site #3: Highstand Type D (Barrier Island Complex)
msl
clay
Low Slope
GPR Transect (Fig. 7c)
N
Developed Property
Explanation
NOT TO SCALE
N
GPR Transect (Fig. 7b)
NVV8
Modern Soil / Road Fill
NVV16
transgressive peat / lagoonal deposits
Upland Migration Potential (UMP)
NVA7
Site #1: Highstand Type A (Exposed Bedrock Coast)
A
msl
bedrock
High Slope
Santa Catarina Island
NVA12
Results: 3 Types of Highstand Deposits at Navegantes
transgressive peat / progradational lagoonal deposits strandplain
Type B: Backbarrier Deposits
NVA13
NVV9
msl
bedrock / Pleistocene upland deposits
NVA11
100 m
Topographic NVV7 Ridge
27 S
Florianopolis
GPR Transect (Fig. 7a)
NVA8
o
4. Classification of Highstand Deposits
C
RTK GPS Region (Fig. 6d)
Area of Detail (Navegantes)
Bedrock
N
NVV15 NVV14
Site #2
D
São Francisco do Sul River
Bedrock Headlands
N
100 m
26o S
Itajaí River
River / Anthropogenic Modified City of Itajaí 26o 55’ S
NVV16
20 km
Santa Catarina State
C
NVV11 NVV13 NVV10
3 km
lines
Site #3
NVA14
Bedrock Headland
Sediment cores Paraná State Strand
48 40’ W
6 5
0
Tramandaí (5.4-7.4 ka; ~4 m)
Type B
Navegantes Holocene Strandplain
Extent of exposed bedrock
Elevation (m MSL)
MG
4 3 Marajó, Pará (Mörner, 1999) 2 1
Curumin (3.3-7.2 ka)
Type A
Site 2
B
N GPR Profiles
o
Paranguá, Paraná (Angulo & Suguio,1995)
This presentation is associated with the published manuscript: Hein, C.J., FitzGerald, D.M., Cleary, W.J., Klein, A.H.F., de Menezes, J.T., Albernaz, M.B., 2014. Coastal response to late-stage transgression and sea-level highstand. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 126, no. 3/4, p. 459-480.
Southern Santa Catarina Coastal Plain (5-7 ka; >2 m)
Central Rio Grande do Sul Coastal Plain (4-5 m)
Fig. 2. Holocene sea-level curves. Modified from: (A) Cohen et al., 2005; SouzaFilho et al., 2006, 2009; (B) Caldas et al., 2006; (C) & (D) Angulo et al., 2006.
Associated Manuscript
Explanation: Highstand Deposit Types
Pinheira Strandplain (>5.6 ka; >3 m)
Site 1
SE
GO
Rio Grande do Norte Coast (Bezerra et al., 2003)
Navegantes Strandplain (6.6-6.9 ka; 3.5-4.5 m) Tijucas Strandplain (5.9-6.1 ka; 4.5-5.0 m)
Cidreira (7.3 ka; >2 m)
500 km
Fig. 1. Caravelas Strandplain, Bahia, Brazil (image: NASA Visible Earth)
Cabo São Tomé (5.0-6.0 ka; 5.5 m) Itaipuaçu / Maricá Strandplain (6.5-7.2 ka) Jacarepaguá Coastal Plain (5.7-6.2 ka) Cananéia-Iguape / Ilha Comprida (5.0-6.2 ka; 2.6-4.1 m) Paranaguá / Superagui / Pecas / Guaratuba (4.2-6.4 ka; 3.5-5.0 m) Itapoá Coastal Plain (5.4-6.6 ka; >2 m)
26o 50’ S Bedrock
AL
N
30o S
Paraíba do Sul River Coastal Plain (4 m)
Jardim do Éden (6.5-6.8 ka; >2 m)
CE
0
5
Doce River Coastal Plain (5.1-7.6 ka; 4 m)
48o 35’ W
Pleistocene / Upland
Site 3
Elevation (m MSL)
PA
6
Caravelas Strandplain (5.1-6.8 ka; ~2.5 m)
48o 40’ W
Site #1
Elevation (m MSL)
Paraná
A
7
20 S
São Paulo
São Francisco River Coastal Plain (5.3-5.9 ka; ~4 m) Sergipe Strandplain (no published elevation or chronologic data)
A
Elevation (m MSL)
2
Eq.
o
1000 km
Alagoas Coastal Plain (5.2-6.5 ka; 0.1-1.5 m)
Jequitinhonha River Plain (6.1-7.9 ka; 4 m)
Espirito Santo Rio de Janeiro
Nature of Deposits: Fronted by regressive strandplains or progradational barrier deposits Backbarrier deposits: tidal flats, channels, & deltas, lagoonal sediments, marsh, subtidal & intertidal shoals Barrier deposits: beach, dunes, spits, washover, etc. Shoreface deposits: subtidal & intertidal bars / shoals
Candeías Strandplain (4.9-6.4 ka; 0.5-2.5 m)
Study Site & Data Collection
Navegantes Overview Map
Elevation (m MSL)
AP
10o S
Area of Detail
Bahia
Recife Strandplain (5.6-6.2 ka; 0-2 m)
Sediment Supply
• Late-Holocene SL fall in S. Hemisphere: ° In presence of abundant sediment supplies, RSL fall along Brazilian coast resulted in formation of extensive strandplains & progradational barriers seaward of highstand shorelines (Fig. 1). ° Ideal location to investigate late-stage transgressive & highstand deposits formed in SLR regime similar to today & in coming century
10o N
Piauí Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe
40 W
Elevation (m MSL)
• Transgressions → erosional: ° Due to RSL rise and/or net local erosion ° Low preservation potential of deposits ° Deposits associated with post-glacial transgression in Northern Hemisphere removed by SLR during late Holocene
50 W
60 W
São Bento-Caiçara do Norte (6.7-7.1 ka; 1.6 m)
Maranhão
Brazil
N
Summary of Deposits: 28 sites along Brazilian coast Elevations: 0 to > 5 m above modern mean SL Ages: ~4-7 ka
Marajó Island (6.1–6.3 ka) Bragança Peninsula (5.9 ka; +1.4 to -1.5 m) Açu River Mouth (5.9-7.1 ka; 1-2 m)
Pará
o
o
o
Elevation (m MSL)
Approach:
Amapá
SL Changes Allow Preservation of Deposits: • Forced regression during RSL fall → accumulation of strandplains & progradational barriers seaward of highstand deposits • Preservation of late-stage transgressive (7.7–6.0 ka) & highstand (5.5–6.0 ka) deposits landward of modern shoreline
Elevation (m MSL)
Importance of Sedimentologic Records of Past Sea-Level Changes: • Understanding coastal response to change in rate of sea-level rise (SLR) crucial to predicting response to modern accelerated SLR. • Coastal features associated with past transgressions (landward translation of shoreline) & relative-sea-level (RSL) highstands provide insight into rates & nature of coastal response to RSL change.
Holocene Sea-Level Trends Along Brazilian Coast: • Changes driven by inter-hemispheric glacio-hydroisostatic forcing • Early Holocene: SLR @ 2–2.5 mm/yr • SL reaches modern levels at 6.9–7.7 ka & continues to rise • Middle Holocene (5.5–6.0 ka): RSL highstand @ 1–4 m above modern mean SL • Late Holocene: RSL fall; reaches modern elevations < 1000 yrs. ago • Trends consistent across coast (Figs. 2, 2), except in NE Brazil (proximal to Amazon River) where existence of highstand in debate
6. Conclusions & Implications
5. Example Site: Navegantes Strandplain, Santa Catarina
3. Mid-Holocene Highstand Deposits
2. Holocene Sea-Level Change
Elevation (m MSL)
1. Motivation: Coastal Response to Transgression & Highstand
150 Seaward (South)
Fig. 7. Processed (above) & interpreted (below) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) radargrams from Navegantes sites 1-3 (see Fig. 6 for locations). GPR profiles representative of signatures of 3 types of highstand deposits found along Brazilian coast. Graphic core logs from auger cores (NVA-xx), vibracores (NVV-xx), & wash-boring cores. msl - mean sea level; m MSL - meters above mean sea level
7. Acknowledgments Partial funding provided by the donors of the American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund. Additional funding provided by FAPESC / Prof. Number 16247/2007-7, CNPQ Proc. Number 575008/2008-3. A.H.F. Klein thanks CNPQ for the Research Fellow PQ-2, Proc. Numb.300153/ 2009-0. We also thank CTTMAR / PROPEC / UNIVALI for institutional support and the following individuals for assistance with field data collection: M. Berribilli, T. Scolaro, D. Neto, G. Silva, C. Brandl, & R. Sangoi. B. Schwartz (Boston University) provided assistance with laboratory data analysis.
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