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THESIS PROJECT 2019
BONNYAR GHOT
STUDENT:
VIKRANT MISHRA
PROJECT:
After The Storm
SPONSOR:
Self initiated
PROGRAM:
Undergraduate Professional Programme
AWARD:
Industrial Arts and Design Practices
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Contents
12 Acknowledgement 14 Introduction 16 Learnings Pre-visit 26 Learnings Post-visit 34 Insights 36 Cultural Study 40 Drift 42 Design Brief 43 5Ws and 1H 45 Ecosystem Mapping 46 Critique and Analysis
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48 Lotus blossom 49 Inspirations 50 Focus Points 51 Strategy Map 52 Material Study 61 Ideas and Concepts 74 Final Concept 80 Explorations 86 Final Prototype 94 Proposal 98 Reflection 100 Bibliography
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Acknowledgement
This design project has been very tricky and new for me as a product designer. The entire process of discovery, understanding, ideation and creation has gone through various ups and downs. I would like to extend my gratefulness to Mr Sudipto Das Gupta who has been instrumental in my entire process from the beginning. I would also like to thank Ms. Tulip for her constant support through out via her valuable critique and vast knowledge on the subject of local tribes and communities. My warmest regards go out to the two Mishing families who allowed us to enter their humble homes and learn, gather and enable a more wholesome learning experience for us as outsiders. My close interactions with the local weaving communities of Bangalore also facilitated my ideation and material research study. I would like to thank each one of them for their time and labour invested in turning my prototypes into reality. A special thanks to Rajshekhar Anna for recreating my prototype designs with perseverance and fine skill in the short duration given to him. I would also like to thank my friends Vedika Lall, Priyanka Shah, Neel Pendse, Soukarni Barai, Vaishnavi Balasu, Padamchitt Saxena and Jishnu Bandopadhyay for all their help in creation, material sourcing, project documentation and invaluable critique of my design. Their constant support has helped my design see the light of day. Finally I would like to thank IGSSS, Selco and Srishti for enabling this unique opportunity to work so closely with an indigeneous community, to allow us to interact and provide solutions that make a real impact. 13
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Introduction
The main focus of the project ‘After the Storm’ is to provide flood resilient solutions and systems to flood-prone communities of North Lakhimpur District, Asssam, during the post flood period. Apart from the immediate impact, the long lasting effects are the ones that affect these communities the most. How can design interventions help in making not only cheap but a reliable product/service? The project aims at a system’s ability to survive the flood and how a product or a system around it will be able to function where the conventional resources are cut off. The focus lies in making the individuals and communities more resilient towards disaster and provide support. This project also looks at using naturally available resources to start a new line of thought and not just modify an existing product/ technology. 15
Learnings
Pre-visit 16
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Disaster
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Impact 20
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Preparation
Certain tools were practiced before hand in Bengaluru to understand how data could be extracted in multiple ways from a given area/community. 23
INTERACTION MATRIX Excercises like Interacton Matrix and Pugh’s Matrix were given a shot to understand areas of interventions and problem areas closely.
FOCUS POINTS: TRANSPORATION & ENERGY CLINICS & EDUCATION COMMUNITY & IDENTITY WATER & TRANSPORT 24
FIRST-HAND IDEATION STAKEHOLDER MAPPING On the basis of understanding of market and manforce involved, certain stakeholder maps were generated.
The concept is about developing an extendable sealant door barrier inpired from Tuna can roller/opener toprevent water from rushing-in, inside living spaces. 25
Learnings
Post-visit 26
Map of the Area
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Gathered Certain tool-kits and techniques were used to extract data from the villagers and people in the community. Lots of them were interviewed and engaged in various interactive exercises. In following pages are the insights and information that was gathered in terms of pre and post flood actions. 28
Boats are made from fallen trees and are used to get supplies during floods. Some of the cattles are saved, while some get washed away. The dead ones are savaged later for food.
The water level sometimes is high enough to enter the house, and stays for a couple of days. School often get severely damaged by the floods, hence the level of water has been marked. NGOs come to relieve some communities, in boats according to their availability.
Mishing Community I 29
Makeshift water filtration systems made out of clay, silt and pebbles. Influence of bamboo and clay/mud based building techniques in the community.
Employment mainly consists of weavers and farmers of mustard. People have access to the electricity grid and are self sufficient. Houses built on a higher stilts as they were closer to the river. Local production of rice wine within the community.
Mishing Community II 30
Indoor fire is lit for cooking, boiling & drying clothes. Commute during post flood situations is hard because of wet land formations & puddles.
Schools and stalls are shut during floods. The women are taken on a boat to nearby isolated areas for sanitation purposes. Survival of livestock isn’t prioritized because fodder is scarce during floods. The governmental reliefs teams provide resources only after the identification documents (birth certificate, PAN card etc.) are presented to the officials, that too post flood.
Patnas Community 31
Period of flood FISHING DAILY WAGE LABOUR
BOAT MAKING WEAVING ANIMAL HUSBANDRY CATTLE HERDING FARMING JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
Occupation Calendar 32
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
WATER
TRANSPORT
SANITATION
FOOD
MEDICATION
LIVELIHOOD
LIVESTOCK
DOCUMENTS
EDUCATION MONEY
SHELTER
ELECTRICITY
HOME
COMMUNICATION
Priority Map
Drawings and Icon cards were used to communicate with the community to determine what they’ll choose/prioritize first in any given situation. 33
Insights 34
There is a lack of waste disposal around the are which could have a large impact especially during floods as the waste gets washed up causing further contamination.
Food, water & documents are the only priorities while the flood strikes and nothing else matters. Abundant puppies, chicks and piglets in the area can suggest that animals are not saved during floods and they have a span of existence for only dry days of the year.
During and after the floods there is a sense of impermanence and mental strain due to the collapse or structural damage of these houses, therefore creating a washed up sense of security and displacement.
During the floods, the Government cuts most of the grid off for safety reasons. Since the floods occur only in the monsoons, the skies are overcast & the panels don’t work well. While people are aware of when the flood will hit, there’s no proper arrangement made for storage of food & provision for potable water. People make do for a few days after the flood strikes, until the relief from the government & the NGOs arrive.
The villagers have become used to the conditions caused by floods in their vicinity. They’ve tried to take measures best to their capabilities to ease their problems.
During the floods, the affected families whose houses are inhabitable are sent to the relief camps for a month, until the water seeps out of their houses completely.
People are too attached to their communities and all they posses is their farm land and belonginness to sustain through and after the times of crises. Hence they do not leave the place and move out permanently even if it is highly flood prone.
The communities require immediate medical attention, food, drinking water, recreational activities etc. It becomes quite risky to aid them during the various waves of the flood. It feels like they’ve considered flooding a way of life.
The presence of corruption through ‘middle-men’ in the village community, causes a huge disconnect amongst them and the NGOs.
During flooded situations, privacy and hygiene of the people is hampered because they’re compelled to use open & conjusted spaces for sanitation purposes.
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Cultural Study Many Research papers and books were read to get an indepth look at what Mishing culture constitutes of. People from organisations like IGSSS, who’ve been working with such certain communities were consulted to gather data. 36
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This is a five-days long post-harvest festival observed by the Misings of Assam. Drummers and dancers belonging to a village are invited to perform in the neighboring village. Generally Miri youths, after harvesting the crops, observe this festival in order to appease the Almighty, mother earth and their forefathers and seek blessings from them.
Dobur Pohrag Ali Aye Leegang
Festivals 38
This is a spring festival associated with agriculture, specially with the beginning of the Ahu paddy cultivation. The festival marks onset of sowing seeds. The name of the festival is made up of three terms, ‘Ali’, legumes, ‘Aye’, seed and ‘Ligang’, to sow.
This is an animistic rite performed occasionally by the village community by sacrificing a sow and some hens for different purposes, such as to avert a likely crop failure and ensure general well being of the community, or to avert the evil effects of a wrongdoing on the part of a member of the community, etc.
Most of the grown Areka is sold back to the market for plantation, medicinal and re-creation purposes. In some cases the same areka is used to cover roofs of houses or cattle sheds. Mishings make almost all the tools required for their day to day life, such as baskets, carry bags, trays, boxes, fish traps of various kinds, hencoops, etc., using bamboo and cane as material. Bamboo is also used extensively for flooring and roofing. Some wind instruments are also made of bamboo like: ĂŠjuk tapung, dĂŠrki: tapung, tumbo tapung, tu:tok tapung, ketpong tapung, gekre tapung, dendun, dumpak ko:rĂŠg, gunggang, tulung.
Cane Areka Bamboo
Building 39
Drift 40
Exposure
Before
Cultural Influences Globalization
Prominent sense of community/tribe. Usage of locally grown vegetables. Cultivation of medicinal & herbal plants.
Global warming
Cultivation of easy growing plants & vegetables. Increase in fying as a cooking method.
Using boiling as a major cooking process. Preparation of food with less oil and spices.
After
Isolation of families within the communities.
Urbanisation
Lesser dependency on markets & external sources.
Ease of access
Employment
Increased consumption of oil and imported spices. Preference of cooking Non-Mising food over Mising cuisine.
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This project aims to target cooking practices and re-design utensils for the Mising community in Lakhimpur. It focuses on using terracotta and bamboo for local convinence and re-creation purposes. The design borrows simplicity and indigenous minimalism from the tribe and will facilitate community engagement.
Design Brief 42
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Who? What? When? Ws & Where? 1 H. Why? How?
Flood affected communities in Lakhimpur District, Assam Re-designing the existing daily cookware/ dinnerware During floods while the houses are submerged under water Household/Community kitchens, Mid-day meal Kitchens etc. Easier to maintain, use & handle. Energy Efficient | Multi-purpose. Eco-friendly | DIY | Easy Re-creation. Individual/Communal Building Using Pre-existing building methods & locally available materials Awarness Workshops/Initiatives 43
“When early humans discovered how to build fires, life became much easier in many regards. They huddled around fire for warmth, light and protection. They used it to cook, which afforded them more calories than eating raw foods that were hard to chew and digest. They could socialize into the night, which possibly gave rise to storytelling and other cultural traditions.� - Steph Yin.
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Why Fire?
Ecosystem
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Cooking-Station
‘Choolha’
Products in the already existing family of Kitchen paraphernalia, were run through a SWOT analysis to understand what could be the possible problem areas that’d arise. This helped in refining down the products with specific criterias that could be used for inspiration later.
Critique 46
Pre-existing Building Methods Conserves Indigenous heritage Multiple usages User friendly DIY
Strenghts Material Innovation Communal Integrity Employment Healthier Lifestyle
Weight Portability Impermanence
Weaknesses Acceptability Competition Durability
Opportunities Threats 47
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Lotus Blossom
Inspirations 49
Community based building Relief & Employment Utilizing already existing skills Endearment / Communion Easy adaptability and dependency
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Focal Points
Strategy Map
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Material study To get and in-depth look at the possibilities, certain places were visited to study material possibilities, flexibility and innovations. 52
Bamboo Mat/Bamboo Ply
Bamboo Dust/Bamboo Pulp
Wood Wool
Eucalyptus Fibre Board
Silver Oak Wood Particle Board
Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute 53
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Concrete Ply
Micro-Particle Boards
Various other Plys
Veneer Mats
Compressed Bamboo-Ply Roof-tops
Bamboo Splitters of varied lenghts
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Bamboo Bazaar 56
KR Market
Shivaji Nagar 57
Pottery Community, Narayanpura 58
Bamboo Restaurant, Kalyan Nagar 59
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Ideas & Concepts
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Concept I
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Concept II
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Concept III
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The concept is to generate steam from flood water as the steam generated from any dirty water is always pure water. The central compartment is supposed to absorb the heat from the firewood/ gas and dissipate heat to the rest of the vessel.
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The generated steam is later trapped in the vessel that has two levels of food compartment with a lid. Due to thermal dissipation, the heat due to steam is just supposed to keep multiplying with time, resulting in faster food cooking.
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Concept IV
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Concept V
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Final Concept 74
The concept is to use different levels of temperatures as different levels of cooking. The steam generated from the base compartment is supposed to travel through the designed and woven bamboo sections, cooking the food evenly in time, with lesser resources and even lesser water.
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Majuli is the closest community that lives to Mishing. Most of the pottery used here is developed by Majuli tribes and supplied to others later. The pottery technique is highly eco-friendly and recreational. The making involves just the use of river clay found in abundance at the banks and tributaries of river Brahmaputra.
Derivations
Form Ergonomics
Re-creation
Sustainability
Majuli Pot 76
Fish traps in Assam are predominantly made of split bamboo separated by narrow interspaces and bound together by strands of cane, coir or plastic twines and ropes. Majority of the traps have one or multi openings,with inwardly projecting bamboo splits which readily permits the entry of fish into the trap but offers no means of exit.
Method Simplicity Build
Bamboo Fish-trap Form
Rigidity Structure
Aesthetics These shallow bamboo structures and used for filtration, winnowing, steaming, fish collection and various other purposes by the Mishings. The design is really simple involving ‘Rake & Reed’ weaving with sealed split ends with a thicker split bamboo culm.
Mishing Sieve Weave
Multipurpose 77
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Self Explorations
Explorations with the Artisans 79
These explorations involved combining Bamboo Culms and teracotta for heating purposes. The process same as plastering and blue pottery was followed.
Scouring
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Explorations
Plastering
Drying
Heat Bending Heat bending of a seasoned bamboo was attempted by the help of a bamboo artisan at Mansaram Architects. The process followed wetting bamboo for ceratin hours for the internal fibres to absorb water. Later, pressure was applied by keeping the piece on the tip of a heat gun. The process of wetting and heating was followed again and again until desired curvature was achieved. Later in hunger of self attempt, I bent rest of the bamboo at home over an open gas flame with wetting at equal intervals. This piece was later used to make handles of one of the prototypes.
Bamboo Kerfing A young and green shoot of bamboo was cut in V-shape at equal intervals using a baby saw. The piece was then soaked in water for some hours and then simply and slowly bent later. The piece was then tied at the ends and left for drying and securing.
Fibre Extraction A dry bamboo culm was cut into thin strips and then boiled on high flame for three hours. These thin splits later were split again and then braided into ropes.
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Wheel Turning By the help of a local potter Nandesh, some of the first hand mock-ups were made on a pottery wheel.
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Certain consistencies of clay for different purposes was studied. The process of heating of the kiln and baking were explored along the same lines.
Heading further in the process, some pots were bought from the pottery town to work on structural explorations. The process was a fail because the intervention required holes. A drill was used to achieve theses holes and it resulted in shattering almost four different pots.
Weaving
Self-explored
A self-securing radial weave was discovered while trying to achieve a circular base with quadrilateral spacings.
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Weaving Translated
Different bamboo weaves allow different amounts of things to pass through them. Keeping that in mind, rigidity and sturdiness of certain kinds of weaves were studied.
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Weaving
Learnt/Derived
Using ‘Bamboo and Cane Crafts of North India’, a cross-overlapping weave was learnt & explored which was later used in one of the structures.
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Final Prototype 86
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Food Design
Product Customer Framework
Prototype 1 Fast cooking Strong Weave Sturdy Structure
Strenghts Better Quality of Weave Better quality of Terracotta Addition of levels Better Lid Options
Shallow Less Capacity Porous Weave
Weaknesses Shape of the pot Size of holes Durability Centre of Gravity
Opportunities Threats
Time Duration: 20 minutes.
Top: Chicken, Brocolli and Carrot. Bottom: Water and Rice.
Prototype 2 Ergonomics Flat base Better Heat Dissipation Easier to clean
Strenghts Tighter/Compact Joinery Variety of Baskets
Loose Joinery
Weaknesses Cleaning
Opportunities Threats
Time Duration: 30 minutes.
Top: River fish, Brocolli, Carrot and Peas. Bottom: Water and Rice.
Prototype 3 Better Form Tight Weave Impermiable Structure Better Heat Entrapment Topple-proof Design Sturdy Handle
Strenghts Better Handling Options Better Lid Adjustment Shape of the base
Intricate Weave
Weaknesses Cleaning
Opportunities Threats
Time Duration: 30 minutes.
Top: Chicken and Spinach. Bottom: Water, Rice, Brocolli and Carrots.
Top (L-R): Mathi Sea Fish marination, Mathi uncooked, Mathi cooked. Bottom(L-R): Banana leaf wrap, cooked rice in banana leaf.
While cooking different kinds of meat, they were leaving a certain kind of odour while coming in contact with Bamboo. To tackle that, inspired from the parchment technique in Momo makers/steamers, leafy vegetables were used as parchment sheets further to avoid the problem.
Process pictures from the preparation of Gahori (Pork) in one of the prototypes.
Goals
Sturdy Structure
Concealed Joineries
Uniform Heat Dissipation
Better Ergonomics
Impermiable Weave
Flame Resistant Design
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Proposal
THESIS PROJECT PROPOSAL Semester 8 (Even) January – May, 2018. Name: VIKRANT MISHRA Award: B.DES - IADP Project: After the Storm Guide/s: Sudipto Das Gupta Title: Abstract: This Project circulates around the communities and lives of people that get affected by floods every year in Lakhimpur, Assam. The aim of this project is to innovate, improvise and develop products or systems that can provide relief when most of the conventional resources are cut off or unavailable. There is a scope of design intervention at various scales and stages of this disaster. This takes into consideration the various factors and necessities that play a major role in recovering and proving relief in such situations. One of the resources that plays a vital role in such a situation is fire. The communities in these flood affected areas seem to be highly dependent on fire for various purposes. From cooking to sanitation, fire plays an essential role in ensuring the survival of these people. At the time of crisis, families stranded in their houses could really make good use of a design intervention that allows them to use fire for various purposes safely and easily.
The aim is incorporate various factors like communal building techniques, usage of locally available materials and employment opportunities to make this intervention possible. Research Statement Flooding affects people in a multitude of ways. People suffer stress on multiple fronts, not just as flooding occurs, but also in the anticipatory period preceding a flood and during the clean-up and recovery phase. Flooding can damage properties, destroy homes, create financial burden, create loss of identities and cause emotional hardship. Amongst causing and propagating so many hardships, coping with floods also can bring together communities, fostering camaraderie and goodwill. Background Floods cause havoc in Assam every year during the monsoon season. These floods are caused by long and heavy spells of rain and causes very severe loss of lives and property and shamble the economy of the state. These are caused mainly by two river systems – the Brahmaputra and the Barak. The geographical setting of the region, high intensity rainfall, easily erodible geographical formations aggravates the floods situation. Assam receives both the monsoon rains, and water from perennial rivers originating from the Himalayas. Since the glacial melt coincides with the summer monsoon season, any intensification of the monsoon is likely to contribute to floods downstream. Coupled with floods, erosion by rivers causes loss of nearly 8,000 hectares (80 square kilometres) of land in the state every year. This paper aims to focus on how the communities surrounding this calamity get affected in various ways and scales, what are the measures that are being taken and the possibilities contributing to the recovery/rehabilitation that could be commenced upon. 95
Primary Research For first hand research, three villages with certain communities were visited in Panigaon in Northern Lakhimpur District, Assam. Numerous amounts of activities were conducted to extract information at various levels. Even after the obtuse after effects of the calamity such as floods, the visited villages seem to have reported almost zero deaths. People have been adapting to this situation for years now and have very well been able to secure the lives and maintain the quality in minor ways of the same. There are various situations and sectors that show the possibility of vast improvement considering their existing livelihood and various other factors like consumption, sanitation, transportation and infrastructure. Energy: These flood affected areas lacked in ways in which energy was transformed, stored and used. Some of houses had access to grid electricity while there was a very minute influence of solar transformed energy as well. People were more dependent on fire as a resource for various purposes like heating, drying, sanitation and cooking. Most of the houses have a wooden platform that is used to light fires for various purposes. During floods, this same platform is elevated and suspended from the ceiling to avoid water and moisture. There is certain equipment that are developed as well made entirely out of clay and other vessels. Livestock/Livelihood: Through various talks with the people, we realized that the lives of the livestock were not something that was prioritized over various other things. These animals are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting that contribute to labour and various other commodities. At the same time the lives of these animals value up to a great amount of money and investment. 96
Research Questions How dependent is the community on different material in terms of availability and feasibility? How do various floods affect the already existing systems dependent heavily on mud based building techniques? What are the methods and techniques that they use to ensure the durability of the cooking platforms etc.? In times of crisis (i.e. floods and storms) are there any activities like communal cooking organised? Methods / Methodology Organisations like Selco Foundation in Bengaluru were visited to understand and assess the solutions that they are providing to certain affected communities. Field visit to the flood prone areas and affected villages was made in the North Lakhimpur District of Assam. Amongst these communities, there were certain research methods that were used to extract data about their livelihood, sources of employment, ways of living and coping mechanisms during flooding situations. Various visual aids like pictures cards, symbol cards, drawings and illustrations were used to communicate in better ways. Number of games and activities were conducted to gain a better understanding of their priorities and dependency on available resources in such situations. People in and around these villages were interviewed to gain their perspective on the provided/existing solutions. Some schools and organisations in these villages were visited as well to understand the aftereffects and their take(s) on such a situation.
Observations • Language barrier amongst village residents and outsiders. • Strong influence of bamboo and clay/mud based building techniques within the community. • Houses built on stills to prevent flooding in living spaces. • Installed handlooms and boats under the houses. • Makeshift water filtration systems made out of clay, silt and pebbles. • Impermanent and porous ground and walls made out of bamboo, canvas and mud. • Usage of a clay mounted wooden platforms (one in each house) for lighting fires. • Influence of the tradition of ‘Choolha’ in existing kitchen accessories and cooking equipment. • Local production of rice wine within the community.
References https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-reason-for-floods-in-Assam https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/anotheryear-another-mismanaged-flood-response-in-assam-60911 https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2018-09-16-freshfloods-assam-lakh-affected https://www.xmind.net/m/BPCM/
Study Plan • One week of primary research and first-hand data collection in Lakhimpur district of Assam, India. • Two weeks of ideation, four weeks of mock-ups and Prototyping in college workshop and studios • Field visits and user testing with local communities and supporting organisations in Bengaluru, India
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Reflection
This 4 month long project took me to many learning spaces and helped me explore and nurture my skills as a product designer. I have never worked with designing community specific toolkits. We began our course by understanding the problem region. Traveling to the actual site to witness a flood prone region in person was extremely daunting yet enlightening. Here the language barrier was a challenge that I learn to overcome via the toolkits we had designed to facilitate easy communication. Apart from the project, we also faced a lot of hardships during our visit to Assam. The food provisions were ridiculously limited, we had to stay indoors due to constant rioting. This struggle in itself taught us ways to adapt and how to sensitize ourselves to a community space we didn’t belong to. A major learning during this project was dealing with failure. Material explorations in terms of bamboo and and terracotta had multiple failed instances. It was really upsetting because the first batch of prototypes that I had given for baking exploded entirely. This made me question my entire design process. The fact that my original designs itself baked properly in the second attempt was a sigh of relief and a jolt of determination for the project. It was also extremely tasking to find artisans who could do the specific weaves that this community originally uses. I spent hours toiling over trying to re-create the weaves on my own and getting the artisans to do the same. My biggest takeaway is perseverance. This project took unexpected turns for the worst and even I failed many times in many phases of my project. My problem or design intervention solution now stands upright and completely working, solving a great cause. That fulfillment of being able to contribute to making lives better has been the biggest takeaway of it all. 99
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