STUDY CASES OF CITY REGENERATION Three examples of urban regeneration in the world
Port area of Bilbao
Melbourne Docklands
WTC in New York
EJMC 2012 - 2013 FISD Consortium FU26 ITC Teacher R. F. Alfieri Student V. Spataro
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
1 / 23
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Urban regeneration of the port area in Bilbao! Historical introduction!
5 5
Before the Deindustrialization!
5
Deindustrialization: causes and effects!
5
Regrowth!
6
Regeneration!
6
Economic Regeneration!
6
Urban Regeneration!
6
Port Regeneration!
7
Urban regeneration of Melbourne Docklands !
11
HIstorical Introduction!
11
The Regional development Victoria (RDV)!
11
Urban Regeneration!
12
Buildings born during the regeneration!
Urban regeneration of the World Trade Center in New York! Historical introduction!
13
17 17
First regeneration of the area: World Trade Center (1942-1963)!
17
The collapse of the Twin Towers (11th of September 2001)!
19
Urban Regeneration of the area!
19
BIBLIOGRAPHY!
Study cases of City regeneration
23
student Valentina Spataro!
3 / 23
Urban Regeneration of the port area in Bilbao
! Bilbao
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
4 / 23
Urban regeneration of the port area in Bilbao
#Riverfront
#Landmark
#Archistar
The BMA is an urban continuum of 26 municipalities: Total population of urban metropolitan area reaches 874.000 inhabitants (2010) and it has an high density (14000 inhabitants/km2). A structural feature of BMA is the lack of urban land for new developments. All urban land is practically occupied, just the opportunity coming from ancient urban renovation projects may allow new projects.
Historical introduction Before the Deindustrialization
Bilbao has a position of declining industrial center on the European periphery: it has many similarities with most old industrial region, as Glasgow. It is located in the periphery of the continent, far from the most successful cities which constitute what is presently the Europe “core”. Bilbao is the capital of one of the three provinces which constitute the Basque Country. The first industrialization of the city was based on mining, metallurgy and shipbuilding, closely related to the British demand for iron ore. In fact Bilbao has a special richness of ores and an easy way of extraction. In the same time, it has a navigable river as a main physical component of their territory and a former economy, built over old mines. In its original prosperity minerals played a key role. For all these reasons Bilbao became the capital of the most important regions in Spain. The history of Bilbao was also dominated by many important key events, including the Spanish civil war and strategies of policy mainly stagnant and protectionist, stemming from the fist period of Franco’s dictatorship. From 1950 to 1970 there was a permanent increase in the number of industrial jobs with a very unemployment rate, but in the 1975, the final year of Franco regime, very low increases both in the Basque and Spanish Gross National Product were recorded and the so-called Spanish economic miracle was gone forever. Instead of searching precautionary measures, Spanish government did’t consider the possible effects of its neglect and so the resultant industrial dismantling had a very high cost. Deindustrialization: causes and effects
It was characterized by a speculative financial activity devoted by steel and mine owners one hundred during the nineteenth century. The city has dominant center of manufacturing and production from 1850 until the first half of this century: housing deprivation runs parallel with industrial growth. Later the city experienced processes of deindustrialization and a subsequent huge loss of a full-time male employment in manufacturing. The population is decreasing as a consequence of deindustrialization. Urban areas have been shaped by the restructuring of the internal economy. The new spatial organization of production has been taking place outwit the context of the older industrial regions. The physical requirements of the sectors currently expanding have been changed by
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
5 / 23
the “restructuring” and “rational” of the industry. The decline of inner cities and conurbations and the relative growth of outer metropolitan areas and smaller towns have been the most important shift in the geography of manufacturing since the mid-1960s. Deindustrialization left in Bilbao a picture of very high unemployment rates, huge swaths of derelict industrial areas, negative threatening images and general demoralization. The lack of an inadequate territorial planning framework, together with a complex institutional structure that is relatedly coordinated, has caused tremendous dispersal, competition, duplicity and waste in the use of regional resources. Regrowth
After the second half of the 1980s positive rates of economic growth were recorded in the Basque Country (especially between 1986 and 1989). The share of the service sector within western economies is increasing, with a growth of multifunctional enterprises considering the location of new branches and the adoption of interurban competition. The economic problems are reversed, challenging by the new economic trendies. Regeneration Economic Regeneration
Due to the the downfall of its crucial role as industrial center, the subsequent attempt to create a service-based economy through the reconstruction of its image. Unique events, cultural policies, promotion of tourism or image improvement are all different version of the same approach: the attempt to regenerate or to further develop the economic basis of the urban area. Accordingly the idea of “selling places” entails the various ways in which public and private agencies attempt to “sell” the image of a particular geographically-defined “place”, usually a town or city, in order to make economic enterprises, to tourists and even to its inhabitants. The new image of Bilbao is regarded as crucial in helping the city to become an engaging location for advanced services, especially banking and insurance, high technology and specialized commerce. Bilbao is a model for the post-industrial metropolis. It is also due to the democratic area: the public sector in Bilbao now consist of a complex set of institutions: the Basque Government, the provincial government and the municipality. The old industries are considered ways to change their image, to move away from the negative connotations of industrial and to tap the positive imaginary of post industrial, based on service sector rather than manufacturing. The old industries represents the category of places which perhaps best exemplifies both the construction of new images to replace the old and the efforts to recreate a new landscape to be consonant with current preferences. It is done with these actions: sector-oriented Basque governmental initiatives, industrial activity and creation of new employment and strategic plan arose from the development if the SWOT models (streghts, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Urban Regeneration
In the field of territorial initiatives, in December 1992 central government and the Basque administrations agreed to create Bilbao Rìa 2000, the Basque version of a British urban development corporation: a non-profit organization founded in 1992 by different institutions whose aim is to undertake the recovery of run down metropolitan areas of Bilbao. This agency acts as a private firm but uses public resources. its purpose begin to put into practice a series of urban renewal operations within the metropolitan area of Bilbao. Bilbao
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
6 / 23
Rìa 2000 raised questions concerning the privatization of planning, its lack of political accountability and an exclusive focus on economic feasibility as its principle for intervention. The new General Plan of Bilbao attempts to accomplish two targets: to raise the population’s on-come level and to improve the quality of urban environment through the supply of sites for the location of expanding economic activities and the physical upgrading of derelict land. Projects show the overriding presence of a large emblematic schemes with a strong marketing dimension and an intense regard for aesthetics and design. Construction work is currently in progress at a large site on the waterfront area of Abandoibarra. The Bilbao waterfront is characterized by the presence of two important landmarks: the Guggenheim Museum and the Euskalduna Conference and Performing Arts Palace, both with a shopping centre. The emphasis on high design is illustrated by the fact that two internationally acclaimed leading architects have taken part in the proposal of this area: the big lines for the zone have been created by Cesar Pelli, while the Guggenheim Museum is the magnum opus of Frank Gehry and the same is for the stations of the metro, designed by Norman Foster. A new cultural centre was designed for the old municipal market, as well as a new transport station (Estaciòn Intermodal). Special attention is paid to the future role of the river. In this way, changing the city’s image and its urban growth it’s possible to promote a new regeneration, also from an economical point of view to give also an impact for the employment.
View of the river before and after the regeneration
Port Regeneration
The urban renewal of Abandoibarra, an emblematic operation of the new Bilbao, would not have been possible without the Port Authority’s cooperation. The design is based on the Strategic Plan for the Revitalization of Bilbao with a view to promoting a new, tourist and
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
7 / 23
services city, one which was modern, plural, integrating, creative and cultural. The Port Authority transferred the lands, which a short time before had been occupied by docks, to the Rìa 2000 Organization. Among its outstanding achievements is the urban development of Abandoibarra. The plan weaves the new development into the old city, while increasing the overall amount of green open space. Two-thirds of the master plan area is dedicated to parks and open spaces, making Abandoibarra the most pedestrian friendly and green area of Bilbao. Objectives for the plan included resolving the 6- meter drop separating the street from the river and enabling a smooth flow of vehicular traffic while encouraging walking and public transportation. To slow down vehicles, a main high-speed roadway became a boulevard with ample pedestrian crossings. A new light rail connects the Guggenheim Museum and the Euskalduna Conference Centre and Concert Hall. The rail line runs on a width of green lawn to give continuity to the green space. The plan connects Abandoibarra to the city by extending the city grid to the area and by adding new green spaces that link to existing ones. A linear park links the 19th century Doña Casilda Park with the river’s edge. The plan creates a long promenade beginning at the old park, passing the museum and concert hall, Abandoibarra’s two cultural focal points. The pedestrian edge of the river has two levels: the lower level brings pedestrians to reach the water. A parallel walkway on the second tier is a more formal promenade. Large streetlights along the walkway recall the scale of the cranes found in the old port. The plan includes buildings with a variety of functions. New buildings are required to match the height of the buildings on the Ensanche, the major thoroughfare. While the buildings must be in harmony with the city, their design is expected to reflect their own time, not to mimic existing buildings. • Gu"heneim Museum (1997), designed by Frank O. Gehry, it is the cultural emblem of the city and its architectural value is recognized in all the world as the embryo of architectural revolution. It is based on innovative construction occupying 32500 sqm of land, composed of a number of interconnected masses, some orthogonal and covered by limestone, while others are curved, twisted and covered with a metallic skin of titanium. These masses then combine with the glass walls contributing the building’s transparency. This complexity was designed with the assistance of a computer program called Catia, used also in jet plane design. • Torre Iberdrola, a 35- story tower designed by Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects, is the one vertical element in the composition. The tower gives a formal terminus to the Diagonal Elkano and marks Abandoibarra against the sky. • Euskalduna Concert Ha# (1999), it is a reminder of the industrial dynamism of a not so distant past. Designed by the architects Soriano F. and Palacios D., it was inspired by the shape of a two sides ship built of cortex iron and on the other side, facing to the city, by glass, aluminum and stone. The Port of Bilbao also forms part of the management committee promoting the development of Zorrozaure Peninsula, which has been drawn up by Zaha Hadid. A business park for innovation activities, commercial and leisure areas, housing and sports infrastructures form part of what will be Bilbao’s futuristic neighborhood. Likewise, the transfer of port activities to the outer bay has enabled land, that was previously used for industrial purposes, to be freed for the creation of spaces for social ends once again.
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
8 / 23
The area of Iberdola designed by Cesar Pelli
The waterfront and the Guggheneim Museum in the background
The waterfront during the night
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
9 / 23
Urban Regeneration of Melbourne Docklands
!
! Melbourne
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
10 / 23
Urban regeneration of Melbourne Docklands
#Dockland
#Sustainability #Transport
HIstorical Introduction Most Australian port towns and large coastal cities have docklands. Waterfront docks, wharves and quay areas played a significant role in Australia's history. Australia's history of trade, colonization, and settlement was dependent upon maritime sailing until the 1950s. Today, many docklands have been, or are in the process of being, transformed from industrial and sometimes squalid areas into contemporary cultural spaces. Many customs houses and other maritime buildings are usually prime waterfront locations with architecturally significant buildings. The transition from industrial use to a public creative use is part of the legacy of the maritime and broader communities. This transition is a process of urban renewal, or public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities. The docklands in Sydney, Melbourne and Fremantle were the main arrival and landing places until the 1970s. Not long ago the zone on the western edge of the Melbourne central business district (CBD) was a forgotten, dirty wasteland. Between the city and the old docks area alongside the Yarra River, the docklands were home to no one and not a place where many businesses would want to operate. Urban renewal was necessary as the redevelopment of large scale urban neighborhoods to improve their amenity for residential and mixed use purposes.
The Regional development Victoria (RDV) The action in Melbourne has to be contextualized in the Regional development plan of Victoria, the Region which Melbourne is the capital. The focus of the Regional development Victoria was based on investment attraction, job creation, exports, creating stronger economies, communities and infrastructure to create a strong and growing regional and rural Victoria. There are a number of programs aimed to: • promote business and industry development; • work with local government and communities; • help new businesses establish themselves; • pave the way for existing industries to grow and diversify.; • complete the development of the Docklands area. The Docklands project was on top of the government’s agenda, however, due to the poor condition of the wharf infrastructure, much investment was required to initiate the project which the government at the time could not afford. Nevertheless, the Docklands project stayed on the drawing board, but with little progress. In 1990, the Docklands Task Force was established to devise an infrastructure strategy and
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
11 / 23
conduct the public consultation process, leading to the formation of the Docklands Authority in July 1991. With a government r unning in budget deficits, not much progress was made on the Docklands project. May 1996 saw the relaunch of the tender process,and as the vision was to make Docklands ‘Melbourne’s Millennium Mark’, the key criterion for a successful bid was to get projects going by 2000, but it did not take long for the realization that the lack of government coordination Old picture of Melbourne Docklands in infrastructure planning would create problems. Developers would not invest into public infrastructure where benefits would flow on to an adjacent property. This was corrected by allowing developers to negotiate for infrastructure funding with the government. The Docklands Village precinct, was planned for a residential and commercial mixed development, in late 1996 that plan was scrapped when it was announced a private football stadium would be built on the site.The site was chosen for its easy access to the then Spencer Old picture of Melbourne Docklands Street Station (Southern Cross Station), as well as that, it would be an anchor for the entire project and provide for a clear signal to the long awaited start of the Docklands project. However, this would create a huge barrier between the city and Docklands. During 1998 and 1999, with the exception of Yarra Waters (Yarra’s Edge) bid by Mirvac, bid for every other precinct fell through, the reasons are often unclear due to secrecy provisions. The tone of the Docklands Authority changed, with the change of government, with key goals swinging towards facilitating integration of developments within Docklands, with adjacent areas, and sustaining design excellence and public amenity. Docklands Stadium was complete in 2000, a milestone for the Docklands project. In 2003, the Docklands Authority merged with the Urban Land Authority to form VicUrban. 2003 also saw the inclusion of Docklands in the Melway street directory, and opening of access routes and several public spaces and buildings. Urban Regeneration The project of regeneration of the city takes in consideration that the site has to be carefully planned with a view to maximizing its potential as a hybrid environment. Different precincts
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
12 / 23
within the area have their own unique character and mix of commercial, residential and retail activities. Commercial buildings have to adhere to ecologically sustainable design principles. Public transport has been extended into the area and the zone on the edge of the city along Spencer Street is also undergoing a renewal, with the new Southern Cross Station being extensively re-modeled. The regeneration of Melbourne Docks started by improving the system of transport: Melbourne Docklands is right on the city's entry and linked to the city by excellent public and private transport and bicycle and pedestrian connections. Over the next few years the transport services to and from Melbourne Docklands will become even more extensive.
Panoramic photo of the waterfront during the night
Uses of Melbourne Docklands (sqm) 400000
Retail Commercial Mixed Use Community facilities
300000
200000
100000 0
Buildings born during the regeneration
The Melbourne Docklands precinct is home to many architecturally significant buildings. • Southern Cross Station was awarded the Royal Institute of British Architects' Lubetkin Prize for the most outstanding building outside the European Union. • The building known as 'Port 1010' in the Digital Harbour precinct received the Commercial Architecture Award at the 2007 Victorian Architecture Awards.
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
13 / 23
• Webb Bridge, a renewed rail link, is an award-winning bridge which links the Docklands on the north side to the new residential developments on the south side. • The Docklands Stadium. • Victoria Harbor has been labeled the “jewel in the crown” of Melbourne’s Docklands, one of the largest and most prestigious waterfront developments being undertaken in Australia. A key part of Melbourne’s Docklands regeneration site, Victoria Harbor brings together a vibrant mix of residential, retail and commercial spaces. Set on 30 hectares, with 30% dedicated to open space and 2.5 kms of spectacular promenades and water frontage, Victoria Harbour offers a truly unique Melbourne experience. • Dock Square – a new civic hub in addition to a state-of-the-art library and community centre. Located at the intersection where Collins St will meet Bourke St, the proposed library and community centre will reinforce the precinct’s environmental credentials by creating one of Melbourne’s most sustainable civic landmarks. It is designed to become a meeting place where the Docklands community can access a range of resources and activities, and actively participate in community life. • The Merchant Street retail precinct provides a selection of cafes, restaurants, boutique shops and convenience stores, including a Safeway supermarket. Collins Street extends into Victoria Harbour and offers a convenient tram service to the CBD. Lend Lease is also making significant investments in public open space art throughout Victoria Harbour.
Detail of the buildings in Melbourne Docklands
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
14 / 23
Melbourne Docklands in a bird’s eye
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
15 / 23
Urban Regeneration of the World Trade Center in New York
!
!
!
!
!
Study cases of City regeneration
!
!
!
!
New York
student Valentina Spataro!
16 / 23
Urban regeneration of the World Trade Center in New York
#Memory
#Lights #Shape
Historical introduction First regeneration of the area: World Trade Center (1942-1963)
During the post-war period, economic growth was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan, in part stimulated by the Rockefeller Center, which was developed in the 1930s. Meanwhile, Lower Manhattan was left out of the economic boom. One exception was the construction of One Chase Manhattan Plaza in the Financial District by David Rockefeller, who led urban renewal eorts in Lower Manhattan. The concept of establishing a "world trade center" was conceived during the post-World War II period, when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing in 1942. The construction of the World Trade Center was conceived as an urban renewal project of the lower west side of Manhattan, spearheaded by David Rockefeller, to help revitalize Lower Manhattan. Even once the agreement between the states of New Jersey, New York, and the Port Authority was finalized, the World Tr a d e C e n te r p l a n f a c e d c o n t i n u e d controversy. The project was first located along the East River, not the Hudson, and contained no building taller than 70 stories. The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row, which was home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents. Picture of the Twin Towers under construction
However the New York State Court of Appeals in April 1963 upheld the Port Authority's right of eminent domain, saying that the project had a "public purpose". The original design of the World Trade Center (1963-2001)
The project was developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki who came up with the specific idea for twin towers. At the World Trade Center, as it was presented to the public in January 1964, two immense towers would rise from a central plaza, surrounded by four smaller structures, all placed on a "podium" that lifted the pedestrian spaces of the project above the existing streets of the city, a
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
17 / 23
layout that conformed precisely to the urban renewal formula then being in vogue across the country. The towers had a square plan, approximately 207 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side. The buildings would each need to be 110 stories tall to offer enough space for the offices required by the Port Authority and a particular system of elevators, called sky lobbies which are floors where people can switch from a large-capacity express elevator, which goes only to the sky lobbies, to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section (the local elevators can be stacked within the same elevator shaft). The World Trade Center towers included many structural engineering innovations in skyscraper design and construction, which allowed the buildings to reach new heights and become the tallest in the world. The towers were designed as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls. Extensive use of prefabricated parts for the Twin towers perimeter framing and floor truss systems helped speed up the construction process and reduce costs, while providing greater quality control. Construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower began in August 1968, and the South Tower in 1969. Extensive use of prefabricated components helped to speed up the construction process. Four other low-level buildings were constructed as part of the World Trade Center in the 1970s, and a seventh building was constructed in the mid-1980s. Criticism: the opposition to super block
By then, a new attitude had begun to make itself felt, one which attacked the most basic principles of urban renewal as antithetical to true urban life. That new attitude was crystallized in a landmark book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, published in 1961 by a Greenwich Village homemaker and part-time architectural writer named Jane Jacobs. Taking aim at urban renewal, Jacobs argued that the life of the city was in its streets, and that in destroying traditional arrangements of streets and buildings urban renewal was not only disrupting the lives of thousands of city dwellers but creating sterile, anti-urban environments that had little or no sense of the excitement, energy, or life that had always been associated with cities. What had seemed a decade earlier like a gleaming exemplar of the new civic order was now condemned on nearly every front for its anti-urban attitudes -- for turning its back on the city, for eliminating all trace of the street grid, and for replacing the complex ecology and multiple activities of the older neighborhood with millions of square feet of office space.
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
18 / 23
The collapse of the Twin Towers (11th of September 2001) The twin towers of the World Trade Center collapsed on September 11, 2001, as a result of the September 11 attacks,[1] in which terrorists affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners, flying one into the North Tower and another into the South Tower. As a result of the attacks to the towers, 2,752 people died, including all 157 passengers (including the hijackers) and crew aboard the two airplanes.The collapse of the twin towers also caused extensive damage to the rest of the complex and nearby buildings. Debris from the collapsing towers severely damaged or destroyed more than a dozen other adjacent and nearby structures. The cleanup of the site involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. The demolition of the surrounding damaged buildings continued even as new construction proceeded on the World Trade Center's replacement. Social consequences of the 11th of September
The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of flags. The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative or thematic elements in film, television, music and literature. Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected post-9/11 cultural concerns. 9/11 conspiracy theories have become social phenomena, despite negligible support for such views from expert scientists, engineers, and historians. 9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some it strengthened, to find consolation to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started to question their faith or lost it entirely, because they couldn't reconcile it with their view of religion. Urban Regeneration of the area In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world. One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light, an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing. The new site is planned to be occupied by new structures: • One World Trade Center the is the skyscraper - symbol designed by Daniel Libeskind before and then by David Childs (the director of the SOM studio) currently under construction at the site and on May 20th 2013. One World Trade Center is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere at 1,776 ft (541 m) with the installation of the spire that rests atop the building. On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers are expected to be built one block east of where the original towers stood. • Reflecting Absence is the name of the project of the Israeli architect Michael Arad and the American Peter Walker that was chosen for the World Trade Center Memorial. This memorial proposes a space that echoes the feelings of loss and absence that were generated
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
19 / 23
by the destruction of the World Trade Center. The monument occupies 8 acres of surface and the two waterfalls will be the largest e ver built in the United Second World Trade Center States. The names of the 2982 victims will be inscribed in bronze around the waterfalls to give to everything a belt of protection and peace of mind. The names are placed in c a s u a l o r d e r. T h e c a s u a l brutality of the attacks is reflected in the arrangement of names, and not tr y to impose order on this pain. • A Museum was opened below the falls in 2012 and show artifacts of the attack, and video evidence of the collapse and rescue. A field of trees that is interrupted by two Reflecting large voids containing Absence recessed pools. The pools and the ramps that surround them Final design of the World Trade Center take up the footprints of the twin towers. A cascade of water that describes the perimeter of each square feeds the pools with a continuous flow. They are large voids, open and visible as a reminder of the absence. Along the western edge of the site, a deep fissure exposes the wall of debris from excavation sites, bedrock. Here visitors can see many artifacts preserved from the One of the pool designed twin towers: twisted steel beams, a crushed fire truck, and personal belongings, as well as classrooms and a research library. One World Trade Center
• Memorial Plaza is the space built around the monument: this space is marked by the linear rhythms of rows of deciduous trees, forming informal clusters, clearings and groves. This surface is formed by a composition of stone paving. Through its annual cycle of rebirth, the life park extends and deepens the experience of the memorial. The square is designed to be
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
20 / 23
an area of+mediation, belongs as much to the city as to the memorial. Located at street level to allow its integration into the fabric of the city, the plaza encourages the use of this space by the citizens. In this way the memorial will not be isolated from the rest of the city, will be 'a living part of it. • The area will be completed by other three skyscrapers (the Tower Two designed by Norman Foster, the Tower Three of Richard Rogers, the Tower Four of Fuhimiko Maki), the Performing Arts Center designed by Frank Ghery and the underground railway station designed by Santiago Calatrava.
Skyline of the WTC before the attack of the 11th September 2001
How the skyline of the WTC will be after the completion of the regeneration design
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
21 / 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gòmez M. V., “Reflective Images: The Case of Urban Regeneration in Glasgow and Bilbao”, Joint Editors and Blackwe# Publishers Ltd, Oxford 1998 Oakley S., “The cha#enge to (re)plan the Mwelbourne Docklands and port Adelaide inner Harbour: a research agenda for sustainable renewal of urban water&onts.”, Proceedings of the State of Australian Cities National Conference, Tuesday, 29 November - Friday, 2 December, 2011, Melbourne. Rodrìguez A., “Planning the revizalitation of an old industrial city: urban policy innovations in Metropolitan Bilbao”, in C. Demasiere and P.A. Wilson (eds.), Local economic in Metropolitan Bilbao, Manse#, London URBAN REGENERATION OD THE PORT AREA IN BILBAO http://www.bilbaoport.es/aPBW/web/en/compromisos/regeneracion/index.jsp http://pcparch.com/project/abandoibarra-master-plan http://www.bilbaointernational.com/en/museo-guggenheim-bilbao-el-emblema/ URBAN REGENERATION OF MELBOURNE DOCKLANDS http://www.docklands.com/cs/Satellite?pagename=Docklands http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Melbourne_Docklands http://www.places.vic.gov.au/cs/Satellite?pagename=Places http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx URBAN REGENERATION OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTER IN NEW YORK http://www.911memorial.org https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_of_the_World_Trade_Center http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/newyork-planning/ http://newyorkwelcomeblog.net/museums/memorial-911-freedom-tower/ http://www.infoplease.com/spot/wtc1.html http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2011/08/a-first-look-at-the-soon-to-opennational-september-11-memorial-a-tough-work-of-abstract-minimalism-.html
Study cases of City regeneration
student Valentina Spataro!
23 / 23