1975-76_v16,n30_Chevron by Editor Imprint

University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ohtario volume 16, number 30 friday, january 30, 1976

Ihide )e scene in the fed office was frantic on Wednesday evening as ballot counting got underway. When the final tally as in it was Shane Roberts-2 74 7; Bruce Rorrison-789 and Phil Fernandez-764. Students also voted to join US by a score of 7790- 7424.

CJrortall promises

“hot

backs in health, education, housing concerns to the minister. and other government depart“Students at UW should join with other students in Canada in . ments. In a telegram’ sent off to Queen’s showing their opposition to the Park and addressed to premier Bill cutbacks in post-secondary education,” Shortall said. Davis, provincial treasurer Darcy He said students should deliver McKeough and Harry Parrot, the their opinions regarding the recent federation condemns the report hike in the loan ceiling, the de“as a short-sighted document deteriorating quality of education signed to promote elitism in edticacaused by reductions in public tion and to further the exploitation funding and the possible increase in of the lower income members of tuition. our society. The president said the federation “Its recommendations, if intends to present a statement on adopted, would restrict the already the implications of the Henderson inadequate provisions for the basic report to Parrot on Tuesday. The human needs of health, education report recommends drastic cutand housing, not only for the

president while 3,304 voted on the NUS question. Prudence also said the graduate turnout was unusually high as approximately 25.6 per cent voted. Roberts told the chevron the high turnout showed that_ the students’ interest in the federation is increasing. He said the campaign “was hard fought by all three candidates.” He thanked both the other candidates for a good campaign and credited his own campaign workers for his success.. Roberts said he would be starting work right away “to put together material for new council members” and to set priorities which have already been indicated by the students. In a statement for the chevron, Phil Femandez said the following: “This is a great advance-764 students have taken a stand to fight the Ontario government cutbacks !

“This trend of resistance will continue to grow and strengthen. Clearly the federation must lead a determined fight against the Ontario government. That is the students’ demand. “Shane Roberts’ campaign was waged on lies, gutter politics and McCarthyism. In his backroom deals and manipulations, he has exposed himself before the students. “Time will further confirm that Shane Roberts is a traitor *to the students of the University of Waterloo. The bureaucrats around him have also been condemned by a large section of the students. We will continue to fight the bureaucrats ! We will continue to fight the cutbacks !” Bruce Rorrison was not available fer comment. For a breakdown page 10.

efend cutba’cks

landslide tial election In a landslide victory, Shane lberts captured approximately 58 r cent of the total votes to win the bsition of president of the student deration in last Wednesday’s action. The final count was jberts-2141, Rorrison-789 and :rnandez-764, with approxiately 28 per cent of the electorate sting ballots. Membership in the National nion of Students was also acpted by a vote of 1790 to 1424. Ily the Engineering Faculty re:ted NUS by a margin of 11 btes, but the NUS vote was close all Faculties. Roberts won in every Faculty. 2 was most closely contested at :nison College where he won by dy six votes. According to chief returning of.er Gary Prudence, this was the cond highest turnout ever with 735 ballots cast *for federation

I2 I3 23 24

welcomeN

=arrot coming.- to Harry Parrot will have to squawk little louder on Tuesday when :‘ll address interested UW perIns on the effects of the antiflation program on colleges and liversities . The Ontario minister of colleges ,d universities will be talking at 2 m. in the Theatre of the Arts. Id student federation president hn Shortall promises that Parrot 11have a “hot welcome”. The federation will hold a rally Llf an hour before Parrot is heduled to speak (i.e., at 1:30 pm) the Campus Centre Greathall and :er the students will voice their

Paper-workers strike ............... .p. Local project fills need ........... .p. Water/o0 Park in winter . . . . . . . . . . .p. Revolution in Portugal’s universities .p.

of the vote see

province’s youth, but also for its aged.” Parrot answered the federation’s concern saying, “The cabinet will be studying the report and its recommendations in depth before coming to decisions as to implementation of any of the proposals.

“However, I can assure you that no decision will be taken by the government before all the-implications have been carefully studied and the interests and well-being of the people of Ontario taken into account. ’ ’ The report sets out 184 steps it calculates could save $1.6 billion during the next two years by cutting costs in the provincial government’s ministries. The proposals, contained in a 402-page brief on government spending presented Nov. 20 to the Ontario legislature, call for changes in tuition fees, programs, student loans and administration of the province’s 15 tax-supported universities and 22 community colleges. The report suggests the province lift its control on tuition thus allowing universities and colleges to raise fees to “permit the efficient delivery of high-quality educatio”n while at the same time maintaining publicly acceptable stindards. ” If colleges and universities raised their fees by 65 per cent, the saving to the government after three years would be $80 million, the report says. The tuition for universities would increase to $970 from $588 and for colleges to $400 from $250, if the report’s proposal is followed. Presently, tuition covers 12 per cent of the operating costs of the colleges and 18 per cent of those of universities. In the mid-196Os, the proportion for universities was between 24 and 28 per cent. However, if some colleges and

universities are “reluctant” to increase tuition, “attempts may be made to increase the efficiency and productivity of their instructional programs, ’ ’ the report cautions. This means “a significant reduction in teaching staff-would be required if the target reduction of $80 million were to be absorbed entirely through productivity increases. ” The number of professors to be laid off would be 2,700 and the student-teacher-ratio would increase to 16:l from 13.8:1, the report says. Currently, there are 11,000 professors employed at the prdvince’s universities. The report also calls for a trimming of the maximum grant portion to $2,200 and a hike in the loan portion to $1,800, thus saving the province $40 million in 1976-77 if the proposal is enforced. Now, the student financial aid program is based on an assessment of need and consists of a $800 federal loan and a provincial grant for the remainder up to a maximum of $3,200 per year. Ontario presently spends $1 billion on post-secondary education which works out to 8.5 per cent of the prgvincial budget. The Henderson report is the result of five months work by representatives of the private sector and senior deputy ministers. Committee members from the private sector were: former federal auditor Manwell Henderson, broadcaster Betty Kennedy and General Foods Ltd. president u Roberi Hurlbut. Government representatives were: deputy treasurer Rendall Dick, cabinet secretary James Fleck, and management board secretary W.A.B. Anderson. The committee’s chairman was provincial treasurer Darcy McKeough. -john

morris

friday,

the chevron

Transportation

and fine accommodation

& Godwin.

Hours: Mon-Fri Feb 8th.

UW Art Gallery 9-4pm, Sun 2-5pm, tii!

Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noon. David Bradstreet from 9-l am. 50 cents after 7pm. The Rats. A one act play. Free admission. 123Opm. Theatre of the Arts.

Federation Odyessy. $1.50.

The Faculty of Education invites university graduates and undergraduates who expect to receive their bachelor’s degree by September to apply for admission to the Bachelor of Education Degree program which leads to Ontario Teacher Certification for elementary, secondary, or elementary and secondary schools. Major 1

Features

An emphasis on the human dimension of education 1 Ready access to faculty advisors and instructors 1 A pluralistic approach to teacher education i Considerable fietibility in students’ program design n Continuous assessment consistent with the stress on personal and professionali deveiopment

Participation of students in major program and policy-making bodies 1 Excellent facilities in the new academicresidential complex, Duncan McArthur Hall. For a calendar and application form telephone 613 - 547-6280 or write to: The Registrar Faculty of Education Queen’s University Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6

Flicks-2001,

A Space 8pm. AL 116. Feds $1 Others

Saturday Table Tennis Club presents Winter 76

Gmup

meditation and advanced lecture for all TM meditators. These advance meetings are now only every second- Sunday. 8pm E3-1101-

885-0840

Federation

Native

Odyessy. $1 so.

Flicks-2001, A Space 8pm. AL I 16. Feds $1 Others

Para-legal

assistance offers nc legal advice. C or come to CC 106. Hou 130-4 :3Opm. professional

American Film Series. In Country II. 2pm. National Film Bo: Theatre, Suite 207, 659 King Strf West, Kitchener. Free admission.

Chapel. Second in a series on other religions. Sandy Pate1 will speak on Hinduism. 83Opm. Lower Lounge, Conrad Grebel College.

Rehearsals-Concert 116.

&o-ed Bowling continues every Sunday. You can still join. 8:45pm Waterloo Bowling Lanes.

Films-Yesterday & Today,’ T Caucasian Region, The Soviet Union Our Home etc. 8pm. EL 204. Free i mission. Sponsored by Canada-US: Association Inc.

U of W closed tournament. Entry fee 50 ten%. Everyone welcome. 9am-5pm. PAC Gym No. 3.

Monday

Wednesday

Auditions

Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noon. Me and Mr. T from 9-l am. 74 cents after

Federation

for Summer Theatre Project. Students only. Please bring a prepared audition piece. For further info contact Rick Armstrong ext 3730 or evenings 885-2362. 12 noon. Hum 180.

Campus I

30, 197

Friday Godwin

Bachelor of Education

january

Centre

David Bradstreet

Federation Odyessy. $1.50.

Pub opens

7pm.

from g-lam.

Flicks-2001, A Space 8pm. AL 116. Fe&$1 Others

7pm-

History Luncheon Series-Great Personalities in Twentieth Century History. Dr. K. Eagles Roosevelt”. Kitchener Auditorium. Noon.

Pamlegai professional 8850840 130-430pm.

on “Eleanor Public Library

offers nonlegal advice. Call or come to CC 106. Hours:

Chapel. “I challenge you out of concern for the church”. Wayne Carrick, President IVCS. 1Oam Conrad Grebel College Chapel. Rehearsals-Little Symphony Orchestra. For further info contact Alfred Kunz ext 2439. 7pm AL 6.

Bridge.

No experience necessary, partnerships can be arranged. Master points awarded. All bridge players welcome. 7pm. MC

Jazz and Blues Club. Al C&ins speaks about Clark Terry. Everyone welcome. 8pm. Kitchener Public Library.

Tuesday Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noon. Me and Mr. T. from g-lam. 74 cents after 7pm.

Bookstor

Campus

Centre Pub opens 12 not Me & Mr. T from g-lam. Free for Ar Math, ESS. 74 cents for others.

University

Chapel.

Sponsored by t 123Opm. SCH 218K

UW chaplains.

Para-legal Duplicate

3002.

Sunday

Used

Booksale. Announcing new part tir hours. Instead of 12-4pm Mon-Fri, t used bookstore will now be open WE Fri 9:30-lpm and 1:30-4:3Opm. C 217A.

assistance

Village Two Coffee House. Live entertainment and refreshments. Admission 50 cents. Sponsored by North-D and South-C. Everyone welcome. 8-l 2 midnight. Village II Cafeteria.

Choir. 7pm. ,

assistance

offers no legal advice. Cl 885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hou 130-430pm and 7-l Opm. professional

English

Classes for new Canadiai Free nursery school for preschook and baby-sitting for infants. Wed a Thurs 130-3 3Opm. For further info cc tact 744-3930. K-W Red Cross Blood Donor Clini

2-430 and 6-83Opm. Rockway G; dens Senior Citizens’ Centre. 1405 Kii Street East, Kitchener.

Rehearsals-Concert AL 6.

Chess

Band. 5:3Op1

Club Meeting.

come. 730pm.

Gay Coffee

Everyone

MI!

CC 135.

House.

83Opm.

Camp

Centre 110.

Free Movie-Ballad of Cable Hog1 with Jason Robards and Stella Stever 10:15pm. Campus Centre Great HZ Sponsored by Campus Centre Boars

Thursday Campus

Centre Pub opens 12 not Me & Mr. T f ram 9-l am. 74 cents afi 7pm.

Para-legal

assistance

offers no legal advice. C; 885-0840 or come to CC 106. HOUI 130-4 3Opm. professional

Waterloo

Christian

Fellowshi

4:3Opm-Romans Bible Stud 5:l Spm-Supper, Gpm-topic: Yo prayer and devotional life. Every01 welcome for an informal time of fol and fellowship. CC 113. Movie-King Lear. Free Admissic Sponsored by Kitchener Pubiic Libra and WLU English dept. 7pm Library a ditorium. Rehearsals-Chamber

Choir. 7pm. I

6. Christian

Science

Organizatio

Everyone is invited to attend these reg lar meetings for informal discussior 730pm. Hum 174.

General

Meeting. Greek Students A

sociation. 730pm.

Campus Centre 11

Friday U of W Ski Club Day Trip to Mansfiell $8.50 for members, $10 for noi members, price includes transportatic and tow ticket. Tickets at PAC. 6:45ar PAC Blue South. Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noo Me & Mr. T from a-lam. 74 cents aft 7pm.

Federation Flicks-Harry &Tonto wi Art Carney. 8pm AL 116.Feds $1 Othe $1.50.

friday,

january

30, 1976

Pro& on a picket

ihe chevron

‘\

line?

Unionization

Tuition fees are part of . the “Tory philosophy”

-discussed

That about 30 per cent of years CAUT has improved its ability to help those associations seekCanada’s professors are unionized ing certification. It has a collective is something academics on this bargaining committee with expericampus are mulling over, but some argue that in the harsh climate of enced labour lawyers and it is able education cutbacks positive action to offer advice on applying for ceris required. ’ tification, drawing up an agreeThese were the views which ment, and administering contract. came to the fore on Wednesday Graham Murray, executive when the faculty association held vice-chairman of OCUFA, stresan information meeting on unionised to UW professors that they zation. should be aware of the circumsOnly about 35 professors turned tances and motives of the associations which have unionized. out to hear representatives from the Canadian Association of UniHe said at Carlton the financial versity Teachers (CAUT) and the difficulties of the university, which was threatening to lay-off over 100 Ontario Confederation of Univerprofessors, ‘was almost the exclu: sity ‘Faculty Associations sive motivating factor. (OCUFA), discuss faculty unionizations . But at York and Windsor where faculty have opted for unionizaVictor Sims, associate executive secretary of CAUT, said that his tion, he said, the financial element organization feels that “faculty colwas the most important but not the only consideration. lective bargaining can be an effective way to improve. conditions of He said concern about u&ersity faculty at Canadian universities ’ ’ . governance and academic He said it is not the only way, but policy was also important, and that that CAUT will help those who at the university of Ottawa these considerations were paramount in choose it. He said collective bargaining ag- the faculty decision. There, he reements differ from place to place, said, the faculty moved to gain con“can be as broad as they need trol of matters which are largely be... nor need there be any loss in taken.for granted at other univercollegiality.” sities. Sim then gave the meeting an Murray said the one common idea of the extent of unionizing ac- theme is that faculties are unionizross the country. Leaving Ontario ing for protection. He said defense for OCUFA representative, is sought from both government Graham Murray, Sim listed un- and societal pressure. The reputaionized colleges and universities tion of the universities is at a low from St Mary’s in Halifax to Notre point, he said, and in this climate Dame at Nelson BC. The list in- faculties are trying to protect included such large universities as stitutions like sabbaticals and teMontreal and Manitoba. nure which are needed for the uniIn most cases Sim felt unionizaversities to function properly, and tion had stabilized the situation on which are not fully understood the campuses. . elsewhere. He said that over the last few Both speakers stressed that it

was up to each faculty association to decide on unionization, but almost inevitably the first question was : “would you recommend unionization at UW”? % Put on the spot Murray said that given the situation as he understood it at UW “the advantages of unionizing in relation to its costs are rather slight. ” He qualified his position, however, by warning that pressures may change and referred to the now notorious Henderson report which if implemented could quite drastically alter the working conditions for professors. X One professor felt that the association should not wait for circumstances to change but should unionize now. Graham suggested that an alternative was for associations to prepare for unionization e.g. draft an appropriate constitution, so that if circumstances dictate they can get certified within a short period. But several professors felt that this wasn’t- good enough. It was pointed out that the cutbacks were already hitting the campus, and that the reductions in student aid are likely to mean fewer students next year and hence a need for fewer faculty. --neii

docherty

HAMILTON (C UP)-Tuition fees for students are part of the “Tory philosophy”, Ontario collegesand universities minister Harry Parrott said Jan. 19 at McMaster University. As long as he is minister, Parrott said, he would not accept any financing scheme for postsecondary education which had no student fee component in it. If education were made free, then “It’s back to Woodstock and orthodontics for Harry Parrott,” the ,former Woodstock dentist promised. He said the Ontario minority conservative government believes there has to be a trade-off between ,“quality and quantity” of postsecondary education, assuming that no increased resources are to be allocated to universities and colleges . For his part, he favors the maxim “better scholars per dollar” rather than the “most scholars perdollar” which his predecessor had advocated, suggesting that accessibility will be curtailed under the guise of improving the quality of education. As for the Henderson Report -which recommended a 65 per cent increase in tuition fees and setting up an all-loan no-grant student

aid system-Parrott said some of the points made in that report were “outright wrong”. He said the tuition fee increase ~ “has not got a snowball’s chance” and that he would not support it. . He likened the report to being hit over the head and having someone say they only wanted to get your attention. All the Henderson commission was really saying, according to,Parrott, was that “we have overspent and we must do something about it.” This explanation has become the standard government response to the report, which recommended cutbacks in most social services, but many groups, including the Ontario Federation of Students, say they intend to carry out the recommendations on a piecemeal basis over the next few years. In his one-day visit at McMaster, the minister came under fire from students about student aid . policies, and said he was tired of “getting flack” about changes in I the program. He pointed out that the loan portion of the program is a federal matter, and failed to explain that the recent decision to increase the mandatory loan portion to $1,000 from $800 per year was made by the provincial government.

NB students stage niass demonstration months ago and no changes have FREDERICTON (CUP)-New Brunswick premier Richard Hatbeen announced. field has refused to. make a cornThe students demands are: representation on student aid policymittment to improve the provincial student aid program demanded by making bodies; a reduction-in the the Atlantic Federation of Stuloan ceiling (to $900 from $1,800 dents. per year) and an increase in the stuLast week students in New dent living allowance, all retroacBrunswick’s seven post-secondary tive to September. institutions voted to strike in sup“In-reality we have as much port of their demands, and on Jan. input now as we will ever have,” 22 a mass demonstration was held said UNB student representative outside the provincial legislature. Jim MacLean. In extremely poor weather 500 “Yeah. Right,” replied Hatfield the who went on to suggest the govstudents protested emment would be unable to accept government’s lack of concern for student aid. proposed changes “even in princiDemonstrator organizers said ple” although it may “give some to some sort of body there would have been more de- consideration to examine student aid.” monstrators’ but for a heavy snow storm which delayed buses from - “In view of the fiscal situation at other centres in the province. the moment we cannot consider the loan bursary ratio until next year,” Meeting with representatives from the- five-provincial posthe said, predicting severe cuts in ,secondary institutions premier government services next year, inRichard Hatfield admitted, “Our cluding hospitals and road conprogram of student aid, as the stu- struction. “Taxpayers cannot be asked to dents have pointed out, has not finance improved student aid been overly generous”. plans. ’ ’ However, he did agree to present MacLean said the changes would the AFS demands to the provincial cost about three million dollars, the cabinet for discussion. approximate cost of constructing Outside, UNB president Jim Smith said “it just seems like the. three miles of highway. “This is what restraint means, run-around again”. The demands we have to cut back,” responded were presented to the cabinet three Hatfield. ‘ ‘If I could give you more money, I would not hesitate, but the%government is not in a position to do so.” According to a latest news report, between 600 to 800 students from the University of Moncton have staged a sit-in at the provincial legislature and plan to stay there ‘ ‘until their demands on student aid are accepted” by the Hatfield government.

The last of the chevron puppies left yesterday for their new homes. The puppies when some joker foisted a copy of the Gazette on,them one puppy displayed prompt/y squatting on it.

enjoyed perusing the chevron, her journalistic discrimination

but by

photo by Sylvia hannigan

amm...

Open Sundays 11 am - 9 pm

7 west.mOunt pi.ace pharmacy 578-8800

1 .

friday,

-the chepn

january

30, 1976

Notice to all Graduating Students Forms

nomination

the forthcoming

board

rectors

Graduate

of the

Club are available

including

February

Classified

Personal

forms

Pregnant & Distressed? The Birth Control Centre is an information and referral centre for birth control, V.D., unplanned pregnancy and sexuality. For all the alternatives phone 8851211, ext 3446 (Rm 206, Campus Centre) or for emergency numbers 884-8770:

to and

11, 1976.

J. S&Ott Noble, Chairman, Graduate Club

Dr. G.A. Grant

II’

announces the opening of his offices 1 for the practice of

Optometry

BIRTHRIGHT cares! If you are married or single and having a problem pregnancy. Call 579-3990 for practical assistance. i Gay Lib Office, Campus Centre, Rm. Monday-Thursday 217C. Open 7-l Opm, some afternoons. Counselling and information. Phone 8851211, ext. 2372.

ON’T GROPE AROUND IN THE DARK LET US TURN-ON THE LIGHTS

’

at 232 king St. N.

, How does a customer become a diamond expert? By getting expert advice from a professional jeweler you can trust. . . from us. People trust us for very good reasons. . . , we offer sound advice that turn on the lights of diamond knowledge.. . so you can be sure of the finest diamond.

HELP-745-l 166-We Care. Crisis intervention and confidential listening to any problem. Weeknights six pm to 12 midnight, Friday five pm to Monday one am. Will do light moving with a small truck. Call Jeff 745-1293.

(cQrner King & University) GEMOLOGIST NOW ON STAFF!

For appointments

29 year old, Leo male, seeks correspondence and friendship with realistic and concerned persons regardless of age, nationality, religion or ethnic background. My interests are sports, litera-

8852574

. Semi Annual. 1 Storewide except

A pair of eye glasses in Chem 2, Room 171. Can be picked up at Security.

House.

deadljne is noon Tuesdays

Found

at the of-

fice at the Graduate Properly‘completed will be accepted

of di-

Advent

and some

Yamaha

SALE -’

During the Month of February we have our traditional Semi Annual Sale with savings of 10% to 40% off MFG list price on Brand Name Stereo Components-. If you have been planning to purchase an Amplifier, Tuner, Stereo Receiver, Recordplayer, Tape FDeck, Loudspeakers or Headp.hones; act now while Savings are greatest. .Remember our Service is as you . have come to expect .from us ,over the last 20Yyears.

Starts

today.till

Open Daily 9:30 to 6 - Thursdays

Feb. 28th I

& Fridays till 9

for Friday publication.

, ture, poetry, music and the growth ant development of anyone whom I shoulc come into contact with. I will answer al letters promptly. Please write to Darrel ‘Sneed No. 143-090, P.O. Box 69, Len don, Ohio 43140.

Wanted Application form for teachers college ir Toronto. If you picked one up and don’ need it I would appreciate it. Please phone Debi 884-8588. Thanks. Young sculptor wants to do series o women of different nationalities. Look. ing for models to pose in national garb i possible. Could pay small fee. If in terested please call Karen at 885-6485.

Typing Fast accurate typing. 40 cents a page, IBM selectric. Located in Lakeshore vii. lage. Call 884-6913 anytime. Typing: neat and efficient. Experienced. Reasonable rates. 884-1025 ask for Judy. Will do student typing, reasonable rates Lakeshore village. Call 885-l 863. Fast, accurate typing done. 50 cents pei page. $1 .OO mathematical. Call Barb, ext. 3985, or 884-9853.

Housing

Available

Half double room for girl student. Ful use of home and all appliances. Withir walking distance. Call Mrs. Wrighi 885-l 664. Three bedroom furnished apartment tc sublet .May-August. Write: Owen Leibman, 505 Parkside Drive, No. 306, Waterloo, Phone 885-3132.

Pregnant? Your reproductive is your decision.

Free counselling. No affect on low medical fee. . Free pregnancy

tests.

3 hour

1956

stay.

Detroit Abortions members of Abortion Coalition of Michigan-A selfregulating group of abortion-centre pleople dedicated to the practice of sound care in the field of

Transckdental Meditation Introductory Lecture Wed. Feb. 4

8Pm Room 3006 Math & Comp. Bldg. For further _ info call 884-4770

153 King St. West, Kitckener 745-9741

clinic

Call (313)884-4000

Schneidkr Sound, Sound kaluc since

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

. ..

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january

30, 19>6

the chevron’ ,

\ \

Maloney

bn Canadian I

We must not surrender any of )ur basic rights if the Canadian law ;ystem is to work for us in the fusays Arthur Maloney, ure, 3ntario’s first ombudsman. Maloney was the first speaker in his- year’s Hagey Lecture Series :ntitled “Canada in the Year !OOO-Where are we Going?” He spoke to a group of over 400 including Dr. E.G Hagey, founding president of VW, in’ the Humanities Theatre Tuesday night. ,There is an inequality in the con-, test between the’ accused citizen and the vast-machinery of the state and something must be done to balance it, Maloney said. 1 On one side there is scientific. technology, trained police officers and skilled lawyers while on the other side there is nothing. The imbalance almost disappears when the case comes before the jury box, says Maloney. “Of all

Fee hike proposd The Council of Ontario Universities will discuss today a report calling for a 25 per cent hike in tuition and a student all-loan plan, informed sources told the -chevron yesterday. The sources said the council’s proposals were drawn up by a committee examining planning and .~ policies at universities. uhe CQU is- made up of the presidents f?orn, Ontario’s 15 tax-supported universi ties .) The report complains-about the increasing, dependence of universities on government financing in recent years and suggests universities should be free to up fees 25 per cent over several years to ease this ‘reliance, the sources said. The report also calls for a student all-loan scheme which will take into account future earnings and include a forgiveable clause. UW‘president Burt Matthews, a COU member, wasn’t available for comment.

-l&n!

the institutions contrived by imperfeet man for his own safety and’ security, the jury stands out like a beacon.” w -A jury is- necessary because it. sees one person accused of one crime whereas the judge and lawyers view him as one of thousands they see each year. “A jury repr&ents a combinatio.n of heart, mind, and emotion, which the empirical judge, however capable, can never equal,” he said. Maloney said that he feels the jury -system has, been and will be threatened in the future and used the case of Dr. Morgantaler as an example. Never before was there a case like this .where a Canadian appellate court has set aside a jury’s acquittal and entered a conviction without calling for a new trial, he said. Maloney’ fully supported former prime minister John Diefenbaker’s ’ proposal that would remove the power of @court to change the verdiet of a jury. _ -

La&k of credibility .

To further the rights of citizens in thefUture MaloneysaidtheBillof Rights should ‘be made more prec&e and should say in clear language that any court evidence obtained by questionable or unfair means be excluded from the case. “The current narrow rule tends to encourage resort to illegal means and will result in a widening lawlessness in law enforcement itself.” Complaints are often heard that many people who are guilty of offences are found not guilty because of cautionary rules, but this is untrue Maloney said. The cautionary exclusion of hearsay evidence, children’s testimonies, and circumstantial evidence is needed, he said. Of -all persons charged with serious offences, the number convicted is approximately 89 per cent. “These figures show that there is no need to tinker with the safeguards that presently ensure a fa& trial,” he said. The increase in crime and percentage of unsolved cases is not’ due to the existence of cautionary rules or lack of competence on the part of the police, Maloney said. “The percentage of unsolved crimes will reduce itself in the next few years because of the advance of technology which will necessarily. bring down the incidence of crime.” Maloney feels the future calls for d a strong bar association that, will protect the rights of citizens and ensure that our basic rights are not sacrificed on the pretext that their

cited

Ontario’s first ombudsman, Arthur Maloney, kicked off‘ this year’s lecture ~series on Tuesdqy night with a talk on Canadian 1a.w. /

elimination will bring about law and order. * Part two of this year’s Hagey Lecture Series will be delivered by Maxwell Henderson, former

. \

Hagey

^’

photo by graham gee

auditor-general ~of Canada, Monday, Feb. 23. Availability oftickets for the Henderson lecture will be announced later. I terri berlinghoff

CWS demands aid colnmi$Zee resign1 TORONTO ‘(CUP)-For the/ sections of the high-powered Henderond time since ‘its inception, the son Commission-higher tuition and an all-loan aid systemcouOntario government advisory pled with the recent announcement committee studying the provinces of an increase in the mandatory student aid system have been asked loan, ceiling to $l$OO from $800 as to resign because of lack of “credi. ! evidence of the governments intenbility’ ’ . tion. And for the second time the - As 1for the advisory committee, members have refused to quit their OFS chairman John Shortall said in $lOGer day jobs, arguing that their, a statement given to committee recommendations may have some members: “it is obvious that the effect of government policy, al: government holds, this committee though they do not know what their in much lower regard than do those recommendations will be. _ groups which have taken the time On Jan. 21 the Ontario Federation of Students (OFS) told the _ to make their submissions. “Given that the. object of (the committee members that the govhearings). . . is purported, to be the ernment has no intention of listenof government poling to any advice supporting stu- pdevelopment icy, and given that the government dent demands for a better aid deal. is in total contempt of the commitOFS representative Dale Martin pointed to the recent #recommendatee, we find it impossible to believe

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that this committee sees any credible role for itself,” the statement continues, concluding that the committee should resign, “particu-. larly the student representatives .” This same request was made a: month earlier by Carleton stu‘dents who attended the Ottawa hearings of the committee. After the committee refused to resign the students walked out. The same reaction was made by the committee members to the OFS request, although OFS did not walk out. Windsor student council president Tim Doyle, who recently de-, nied- that it was his conservative connections and views that won him a place on the commission in the first place, said he wouldn’t resign - because he thought their final

report would be “important”, adding “I don’t know what’s going to be in it.” / 1 Paul Axelrod, a graduate student and former OFS staff member who was believed to be supportive .of student demands, said he was “appalled”‘ the loan ceiling had been raised during the committees deliberation, and conceded it had‘ “undermined the committee’s credibil; ity”, but said “nothing positive” would result from his or $he committee’s Iresignation. OFS researcher Paul Johnson cominented afterward he was ‘ ‘disappointed the committee didn’t take a principled stand and resign. They are wasting their time, and only serve to deflect criticism from the government and onto themselves.”

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Did you know that Chinese scientists have invented the most precise and reliable earthquake detection system in the world? Or that Chinese physicists conducted the first synthesis of the insulin molecule? And how about the young Chinese who last year solved one step of a 200-year-old math problem posed by a German mathematician? If you haven’t heard of these feats, then you should have listened to Jen Chih-Kung last Thursday when the John Hopkins University professor talked about the

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“historical and contemporary development of Chinese science and technology” to 100 UW students. He was a guest speaker at “China Week”, a yearly function sponsored by the Chinese student association and the student federation. “Since 1946, there has been a violent change in the social thought of Chinese society which has had a decided beneficial effect on the development of science and technology.” Chih-Kung, a native-born Chinese who has made two recent visits to his homeland, said the pre-

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The Greenpeace Foundation, renowned for its expeditions in protest against nuclear testing and whale hunting, has taken up the cause of the baby harp seals. Every year hundreds of thousands of baby seals are slaughtered on the ice flows off Labrador for the sale of their snowy pelts. Although by regulation they are supposed to be killed by a blow to the head with a wooden club, many pups remain alive until they are slit onen and bleed to death. Consequently, the population of harp seals has dwindled from about 20 million at the turn of the century to less than a million today but efforts to stop the seal hunts by means of legislation have been unsuccessful. This March, in a passionate attempt to end this brutal practice, members of Greenpeace will go directly to the rescue of the seals. They will be equipped with cameras; a harmless red dye which will render the furs valueless-and their own bodies which they will place between the seal hunters and the pups. (Greenpeace employed a similar tactic to frustrate Russian and Japanese whaling fleets by coming between the harpoon ship and the whale). This campaign, launched from Vancouver, B.C., depends on the sympathy of people nationwide who have made financial contributions and purchases of Greenpeace t-shirts, bumper stickers, buttons and posters. At UW, two students from man and environment are trying to raise $1,000 dollars toward the cause. In a statement, the students declared that “Greenpeace and thousands of supporters believe the campaign will be a great victory for the seals’ struggle for survival .” If you are interested, contact Alan Cope at 885-2239 or Gary Allen at 745-1432. -dionyx

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vailing ideology is MarxismLeninism-Mao Tse-Tung though1 which is a “progressive type ol philosophy.” “This progressive social philosophy, emphasizing the real type of tangible thinking, has every hope of pushing Chinese science and technology to a much higher level. ’ ’ The professor said there’s a need to “put all aspects of society under a strong link of theory and practice,” and the way to accomplish this is to adopt a progressive mode of thought. ‘ ‘This link of theory and practice will alter depending on the need of the times.” Chih-Kung contrasted Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-Tung thought with Confucianism by saying the latter represented a regressive ideology as it preached elitism and fatalism. Before 1946, China under the influence of Confucianism lived in the “dark ages” as far as science and technology went- and the creativity of thepeople was stifled, the professor said. Meanwhile, Europeans managed to close the gap which separated themselves from the Chinese as the latter had made many scientific breakthrpughs during the Sun dynasty about 600 years ago. “Up to 600 years ago, the Chinese science and technology prospered in a way which is really unbelievable and by far exceeded the level achieved in the West.” Chinese during this period invented the so called “escape mechanism” in watches and clocks which, according to the English writer Joseph Needham, predated a similar device in Europe by 300 years, Chi h-Kung said. The Chinese also discovered magnetism and invented gunpowder and printing long before Europeans. “It’s the consensus of Westerners that the level of development of science and technology in China 600 years ago by far exceeded the West.” However, with the increasing dominance of Confucianism all this changed and Chinese scientific-development was in a downward trend, Chih-Kung said. “Chinese science fell way behind the West as while we were down they (the Europeans) got up.” Besides blaming the “evil influence of the Confucian school of thought” for this decline, ChihKung said since the Chinese adopted the attitude of being at the centre of the universe they rejected “cross-fertilization” with other countries. “China during this period never continued

page 8

friday,

january

30, 1976

the chevron

U ,of T to teach essay I,writing styles

TORONTO (CUP)-The University of Toronto has received a report from the “Working Group on Means of Responding to the Plagiarism Problem” which , calls for the setting up of writing labs to teach the techniques of essay writing.

-According to further recommendations from the committee the U of T is expected to distribute an information sheet to all students at future registrations which will define plagiarism and outline the sanctions applicable to guilty parties.

If you like it;now you’ve got.it A recent decision by UW president Burt Matthews to allow free distribution of Toronto-based magazine Like It Is on campus has been criticized by student federation president John Shortall. Shortall said on Tuesday that Matthews’ decision will “leave it wide open for anyone who wants to set something up to sell advertising based on a captive student audience. “All the person has to do is to take a look at the chevron’s advertising rate and offer potential advertisers a discount.” The student president said such a situation will “violate the principle that the federation has worked out with the university.” Which means the student market should be used by the university and students as in the case of the federation’s Record ’ Store and the Toronto bus service. Shortall said he didn’t know what the effect will be on the chevron’s advertising revenue in the short term but estimated the paper might run into problems at a future date. “Like It Is has several color ads which are also run without color in the chevron such as Labatts and Molsons, and these companies could cut off business with the paper if they preferred glossy advertising.” Meanwhile, Matthews said last Thursday that the magazine will be freely distributed at the UW bookstore and the two student village tuck shops. *Matthews said he didn’t buy the argument of the federation because he feel’s the chevron’s advertising revenue won’t be affected by a publication which caters to national advertisers. He pointed out that the chevron carries a lot more local advertising than national. The federation passed a motion l ooooooooooooo*o~ooooooooooooo : /_

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at a recent student council meeting which calls for the banning of all unauthorized advertising on campus. The ban was prompted by the appearance on campus of Like It Is which is aimed at Ontario’s 125,000 college and university student market. The magazine would be free of charge if it were allowed on campuses. The publisher of Like It Is, Gary Price, visited Shortall in December to ask permission to distribute his magazine. Shortall refused saying that the magazine, which generates its advertising revenue by telling clients that Like It Is is read by a sizeable portion of the student population, will siphon off funds that would otherwise go to student newspapers and other publications. Shortall also told Price that his magazine doesn’t allow students a say in its editorial content since it was a commercial publication. Price said by banning his magazine on campus, the federation would be endangering freedom of the press. He pointed out that Like It Is needs a mass circulation to generate enough advertising revenue to survive. Shortall told student councillors that Price “sold advertisers on the idea that their ads would be seen by a captive student market.” If such a magazine were to be distributed freely on campus then the federation would have to contend with many other people who see the campus as “a market up for grabs ,” Shortall said. He also said that the Canadian University Press (CUP) has opposed the free circulation of Like It Is on campuses on the grounds that it would siphon off potential advertising for student newspapers. - -john 0 0

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana has beautiful blossoms which open in the dead of winter. Kalanchoe is a succulent plant with fleshy leaves that are slightly scalloped and oval in shape. They are light to a deep rich green in colour and are a mass on the plant, making it attractive when not in bloom. Maximum height is about 12 inches. The blossoms are borne in dusters on three to four inch spikes that form the top portion of each stem. They come in various shades of red, yelbw and coral. Kalanchoe likes a bright area with two to three hours of direct sun. Being a succulent it can withstand some drought but when growing they re.spond,-bestif they are will watered. Repotting is best just after they have finished fbwering. They can be propogated bystemorlea f c Wings which can be taken in early summer for new plants.

OFS to decide on ., national policies I

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The working group, set up by the curriculum and standards sub- _ committee in an effort to stem the use of “essay service” companies also suggests courses for “new Canadians” which would include essay writing techniques and the use of class essay techniques, assigning topics and giving students one hour to complete them in an exam- type situation. The report also recommends that essays be used for a minor part of the student’s evaluation in a course, and that essays be returned personally with an interview for each student. The committee reports that - plagiarism will not be stopped by the recommendations and conceeds the ideal solution “would be to reduce class size so that each student’s performance could be closely assessed by the professors’ ’ . In analyzing the reasons for plagiarism the group cites competiLONDON (CUP)-The Ontario Federation of Students will decide what . tion for high marks in order to enter they want out of a national union, and the form they want that union to lucrative professions and the use of take, at their plenary session scheduled for mid-February, a Jan. 10 various means to achieve this end. meeting of south-western Ontario student councils were told. The report points out the availaThe National Union of Students last fall asked all provincial and regbility of the “essay service” comional student organizations to develop a stand on what NUS should be, I panies lends credibility to their acand two meetings have been held with representatives of NUS and the ceptance, and in this “age of the big other organizations to discuss the question. ripoff’ any short-cut to achieving But, so far, only the Association Nationale des Etudiants du Quebec one’s objective “is considered to (ANEQ) has articulated a coherent policy. They want a national union to be an intelligent route to success. ” be a “federation of federations” which works through strong provincial \ Singling out high schools, the unions. group finds the optional English Currently, NUS’s membership is composed of individual institutions program as one reason students do which may or may not also be members of regional or provincial organizanot learn to write essays and turn to tions, and there‘is no organizational connection between the national and essay services other organizations. They also claim discontinuation OFS chairperson John Shortall said Jan. 11 that OFS supports fully a of standardized grade 13 exams national student movement, but would like to encourage strong regional contributes to “confusion in adstructures as well, pointing to ANEQ as evidence of the possibility of mission standards and practices having both. According to Shortall, OFS also favors the “federation of federations” and inadequate preparation for university education.” structure proposed by ANEQ.

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friday,

the chevron

january

30, 1976

\~cofonet ’WhatTs a’ Quantimet? .

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The Quantimet 720; located on the ground floor of the engineering 4 building, has been on campus for. several months and is now in use. What’s a Quantimet 720 image analyser? The Quantimet 720 is a computer, a print-out facility, a closed circuit TV system and a microscope in a compact unit. Itrs believed to be the only one ‘on any university campus in Canada. The uses of the Quantimet 720 are varied .and its chief use is measuring the porosity of various materials. Pore sizes and distribu-

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tion or size and shape ‘of individual particles in powder can be measured and analyzed. ,Francis Dullien, a chemical engineering professor, is a pioneer in the study of porous materials and is largely responsible for the arrival of the machine on campus. In 1971, Dullien published the first paper on the quantitative use of photomicrographic methods of studying pore size and distribution. “The Quantimet 720 is doing what people used to have to do with their eyes and hands, looking through a microscope and noting down the measurements ,” says Dullien, “but it does it many hundreds of times faster, “On the other hand, there are still some things that a human can do better. For example, the Quantimet 720 can’t discern some patternsas acutely as the human eye .” The machine converts enlarged photographs into an electronic signal and displays the pattern on ‘the monitor. The computer of the

Quantimet 720 analyses the picture and prints out the data. The Quantimet 720 can work from a microphotograph or from an actual sample of the material. The pore structure of metals, plastics, and human tissue including bone can be studied by the machine. “There are many kinds of applications, ’ ’ says Dullien. ‘ ‘We have used it in predicting flow-through rates of various materials and substances, or the amounts of pressure needed to produce flow-through.” Edward Rhodes, another chemical engineering professor, is using the instrument to study variations in the size and distribution of water droplets collected in the cooling systems in thermo-nuclear power plants. “What we are really doing is studying the geometry of pore structures ,” Dullien says. “The whole thing may be looked on as an exercise in geometry. ” Dullien regards these studies as a branch of a broader subject called “quantitative stereology”. Stereology deals with the study of 3-D space extrapolating from results obtained with 2-D samples. “It’s really a creative tool ,” says Dullien. “You can spend months learning to use it. There is a wide variety of things it can be made to find out. ”

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continued from page 6 faced the challenge of crossfertilization with other cultures and this absence of competition resulted in China falling behind.” With the 1946 communist revolution all this changed and China was engaged in an upheaval which went beyond military arrd political change, Chih-Kung said. “After the military and political changes China was in the throes of a social revolution of a very fundamental type.” This social upheaval, called the cultural revolution of 1966-67 , is needed to “uproot the evils that have been sown for, so many years, ’ ’ the professor said. “Before the cultural revolution China was a pile of sand, no two grains having any commonality, each going its own way. Now after the revolution, the, sand has become reinforced concrete. ” Chih-Kung evoked the late Chou En-Lai as having provided the necessary leadership for building up a new society, adding that this “strength depends on the cohesion of the people.” He said the principles guiding Chinese science today are self reliance and independent determination. Which means the Chinese don’t object to. taking “what is good in others as far as research goes. “Whatever that is good from the outside, we want to have it but we want to do it ourselves so we can adapt the research to our own conditions. ’ ’ As far as research in China goes, Chih-Kung listed breakthroughs in ‘ ‘all fields you can name in science, from astronomy through biology to chemical physics.” He said there are!20 to 30 research centres under the aegis of the Chinese Academy of Science. He also. countered the belief most Westerners have of China as being essentially an agrarian society saying “if you examined the progress of industry you’ll be flabbergasted. I was. “In all the cities there’s industrialization and it’s widespread. It’s fabulous .” ; -john

morris

‘% ‘ridav,

ianuarv

30. 1976

the chevroc

sycho!ogy of _ child molesters Children seeking affection and vho are lonely are the most likely rictims of child molesters, says qova Scotia psychologist Alex 3igeroff. Gigeroff, talking at a forum organized by the Waterloo Regional Xape Distress Centre on Wedneslay, said that in the vast bulk of :ases child molestation is a “playl act, not one of coercion.” However, the psychologist said le doesn’t mean the element. of ;adism never occurs 99but it’s a ‘very rare happeningHe listed the molesters in three ige groups : the late adolescent, the 10 to ?5-year-old man, and the. iO-55-year-old man. The first case usually isn’t interested in girls his )wn age and finds it hard to relate 0 sexual pressures. The second case has “a host of )roblems and his social life is gen:rally falling apart,” and he wants o go back to a time when ‘sex was ust plain good fun,” Gigeroff said. The third case is the old man who s lonely and likes to play around with young girls when suddenly his ‘sexuality is unleashed,” the )sychologist said. In all the above ‘cases the victim s usually a nine-year-old girl who ‘has great sexual curiosity and vants to find out what’s going on.” And she always seems to seek out a :lose neighbour or “the guy down he street,” Gigeroff said. As for boy victims; molestation usually occurs at an age when the hild is experiencing masturbation tnd orgasm, Gigeroff said. “And vhile the kid is involved in this kind If game, the adult joins in too.” The adult sees himself in a helpng role and that he’s furthering the.hild’s development, the

Winter week ’

The student societies are at it gain. The Arts Society and Math iociety, together with the Enironmental Studies Society, are rganizing a “winter week” Feb. -7. Previously, these winter weeks Jere run by the student ederation’s entertainment board, lut recently the socieities have asumed responsibility for these vents with some federation fund%Besides the usual spelling bees, lide rule contests and bridge touraments which have been held in re past, winter week will also feaIre dart games, toboggan races, a lg-of-war and a broomball champ,nship. .The old standard wine and heese @arty wiU be held and the *aditional semi-formal will take lace at the Concordia to the sound f the band Full ‘House. -john Typewriter

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ps ycholpgis t said. ‘ ‘Usually the adult could be the scoutmaster or Zsomeone at the church.” However, the *psychologist cautioned against people assuming that “just because a guy is teaching a boy how to play baseball he’s getting involved with the kid sexually.” The psychologist said barents almost always get upset when their child’s a victim and they “want to kick the guy’s head off or castrate him but they can’t ‘cause he’s not around. “So instead they take it out on the kid by venting their frustration and blaming the victim for being victimized. ” After the police are called in and the victim is further subjected. to questioning about the happening, Gigeroff said. “This process of constant quizzing goes on in the crown attorney’s office and later in court.” The psychologist said parents should be careful not to’blame their child. “They got to be really cool about this sort of thing.” Otherwise the child will get more “traumatized” by the legal process which is intended to punish the molester, Gigeroff said. “The legal process uses the child to prosecute the adult culprit.” Though Canadian society has all these rules to protect children, the end result is a ‘ ‘damn poor situation when one sees what that kid has to live. with.” Gigeroff cited Israel as having the best system for handling cases involving child molestation. “In Israel the female police officer or social worker usually takes care of the case by interviewing the victim once and then leaving the kid out from then on.” The principle in Israel is to protect the child from being traumatized by the legal proceedings as he/she “has already gone through enough,” Gigeroff said. The psychologist said Canada lacks the social engineering to implement such a system-here as “we’re so panic-stricken that we can’t even look or listen.” -john

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I I <- B B I B B a B I I 1 B Mix in a blender or shaker with I Margarita crushed ice and strain into a chilled B 1% oz. ArandasTequila . i I I oz.Triple Set glass that has had the rim moistened B Juice of 115lime or lemon with fruit rind and dipped in salt. B I I I I B I The Mixable Mexicano. I I I I B I I I I B I I I I I B I I I B I I B I I I I B I I I I B I I I I I I 'B I j I B B B B I I I I I I I ’ B I I I I I I B B I I 1 I I I B ’ I I I I Save this recipe and iitch for others. To get your Arandas Tequila recipe tmok\write: ’ I\ Arandas Recipes, Box D, 1201 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal. I

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ianuary

30, 1976

UW st9na religious The UW senate recently approved the establishment of a new department-the department of religious studies-within its Arts Faculty. The department will formally pull together the various. religionrelated courses offered by the Fa-

t grant

culty and by the four church colleges federated or affiliated, with UW including: Conrad Grebel (Mennonite), Renison (Anglican), St. Jerome’s(Roman Catholic) and St. Paul’s (United). The move follows the development of a less formal “program” in

ceili

EDMONTON (CUP)-The Federation of Alberta Students launched a campaign Jan. 15 aimed at reversing the Alberta government decision to place an 11 per cent ceiling on annual government increases to the provinces colleges and universities. According to FAS spokesperson’ Terry Sharon, The province-wide student organization intends to fight the decision because~ restricted provincial funding “will decrease the quality of Post-secondary education” and will result in students bearing more of the cost of post-secondary \ education. “That is, we see tuition fee increases as a direct result of the 1 Ir per cent ceiling” Sharon said, adding that this would mean “the student must borrow more money in order to go to school and therefore accessibility tohigher education is restricted .” The FAS campaign will involve postering and leafletting the colleges and universities in the province, urging students to write letters to premier Peter Lougheed protesting the 11 per cent ceiling. The campaign will culminate in February when the FAS is scheduled to present a brief to advanced education minister Bert Hohol.

Election Fernandez Arts (undergrad/grad) ES Engineering Math HKLS Science Optometry Renison St. Jeromes Off -term co-op Total

7 59/I 4 7813 63143 74817 9 3110 96/l 5 78 23 58 764

religious studies in the 196Os, which made it possible for students who wished to do so to acquire an honours degree in religious studies. “Religious studies” on the UW campus has been concerned with religious phenomena and religious ideas including the study of the world’s major religious traditions (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and Chinese and Near Eastern religions). Courses have also been offered in such areas as-Palestinian archaelogy, fantasy, creativity, the sacred an.d profane in the arts, religious issues in Marxism, religion and contemporary literature, religion and social change, and Christian pacifism. The new department will draw its faculty members from Arts and the four church colleges. Each area from which these faculty members are drawn may continue to have its own “particular interests” in the religious area, senate noted, but collaboration will be fostered. First chairman of the department is Benjamin Hubbard, who has been an assistant professor of religious studies at St. Jerame’ss since 1972. Hubbard is a specialist in the New Testament. -

.Results Roberts 267/27 264/2 342/I 9 308/l 4 7 30/l 276/2 702 24 75 349 2747

Rorri son 770/7 97/I 7 O6/6 777/g 3913 73/I 6 6 27 725 789

NUS

Yes 373 272 242 379 727 794 49 23 80 777 7 790

2-l: 746 253 290 66 774 45 27 47 775 7424

‘riday, january

30, 1976

Wanna dance the rumba? Remember the years when the .ango, the cha cha cha, the foxtrot, tnd the rumba were the biggest :raze in dancing? Well, to many students at UW tnd other universities in the counr-y, it is time that these dances were *e-learned and brought back to life. This was indicated Wednesday light by a large turnout of students it the first ballroom dancing class leld by the athletics department in St. Jerome’s dining hall. About 120 students showed up, 211keen to learn the basic steps of :he foxtrot and the slow waltz. For a while, the dining hall was 5lled with a musical atmosphere of the early 196Os, thanks to the nelodious tune of “Rhythm of the

Universite

the chevron

falling rain”, playing from an old record in a comer. Everyone soon caught on to the beat, and danced in time to the rhythm of the foxtrot, while closely watching their ‘instructor, John Connelly. _ Why. this - sudden fad for ballroom dancing’! According to Sally Kemp, who runs the program, ballroom dancing has “been a big thing for the last few years in intramurals and in other universities. ” She feels that many of the students really want to learn how to dance again, and that learning ballroom dancing is also a good socializer. Kemp is also director of women’s intramurals and runs all

the instructional programs for the athletics department. The department got the idea of teaching ballroom dancing at UW when they heard how popular it was at Laval University, Quebec. About 900 students had applied at Lava1 last year. Because there were so many, the university had to set up a lottery, and the winners got to join the dance class. It appears that the popularity of ballroom dancing is catching on. For initially the program at UW was meant to hold only 100 students, but because more than 300 registered, extra classes were set up to accommodate the large surplus . As a result, there are now four classes in ballroom dancing. Two

de Montreal

Students vIONTREAL (CUP)-Striking geography students at the Univerity de Montreal have rejected an administration ultimatum whit h vould have forced them to write heir exams or give up their academic year. The administration ultimatum was delivered by registered letter late Jan. 15, telling the students they must re-enrol or they would no longer be registered at the university. In an attempt to delay the administration’s action, and pro-

refuse exams vide themselves with more time to organize, the students rejected the ultimatum on the technicality that the letter was improperly signed. The students have also endorsed a faculty proposal which condemns the ultimatum and calls for an impartial committee to investigate the situation. However, they insist they get parity on this committee and that clear guidelines be issued before they agree to join it. The geography students walked out last October when the administration refused to negotiate

course content and other academic matters. They also had called for the dismissal of four professors considered “incompetent”. They have been denied access to their own department since the administration called the police on campus Jan. 5 to end their occupation. They have been meeting in rooms provided by political science students. The geography students will attempt to get support from the faculty of arts and sciences even though an earlier boycott of classes was generally followed.

of them are held Monday nights in the Green Hall of Village 1, and the other two are held Wednesday nights in St. Jeromes. Although the instructional program,s are usually free for students, there is a five dollar fee for anyone who joins the ballroom dancing class. According to Kemp, this is because the Athletics Department did not have enough money this year to run all its programs. Most of the students in the program are freshmen or are in their second year, but there are also a number of grad students and a couple - of staff and faculty members. All tend to concur with Kemp’s suggestion that ballroom dancing is a good sociahzer. Some also feel that the old waltzes and tangos are coming back. This is because they are the kind of dances that are powerful rhythmically, make people “feel more together.” According to Frank Boychuck, a student in the dancing class, ballroom dancing is becoming a craze, largely because of the Jive, and also because“cheektocheekdancingis enjoyable.” Liz Aldrick and Linda Macewan, fourth year math students, are tak-, ing the class to give them “more confidence in dancing” and to be able to dance at weddings. However, it must be noted that while ballroom dancing is at a comeback, not every aspect of its tradition is to come with it. That is, we’ll have to get used to seeing a couple dance to the Blue Danube together in jeans rather than the old suit and long gown. -isabella

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l Theatre of the Arts

@ Admission $2.50, students/seniors $2.00 : Box Office ext.2126 Creative Arts Board, Federation of Students

e 0 0

AT THE U. of GUELPH

If you plan to attend university his spring and want financial aid under the Ontario Assistance Program-you’d better apply now. That’s what Dave Reynolds from the UW student awards office says and he adds that in order to be eligible a student must be registered in a minimum of three half courses for the spring term. Further information and application forms are available at the awards office, second floor, Needles Hall.

0 :

0 FRI. FEB. 13 - 8 p.m.

OSAP hopefuls queue up here

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Modern Dance Ensemble LE GROUPE - .DE LA PLME

ROYFILE

Friday and Saturday February 20 & 21 - 8 pm Humanities Theatre Admission: $5.00 Students/Seniors $2.50 Box office ext.21 26

and KE Wed Feb 11 78JOpm $4 Tickets- Arts (wat)

War ~ em H allhms (Kit)

’

friday,

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Pa OTTAWA (CUP)-Two NDP members of parliament and one NDP member of the Ontario legislature who recently toured northem Ontario communities affected by the seven-month strike in the eastern Canadian pulp and paper industry say the picture they encountered of human suffering was “profoundly disturbing”. MP’s Cyril Symes and Arnold Peters, and MPP Bill Ferrier also charged in their interim report that the four major pulp and paper companies have engaged in collusion tactics to break the union and the strike. They backed up their charge by supplying the press with copies of a 1973 agreement signed by the presidents of E.B. Eddy, Domtar, and Rolland Paper Company. For the most part, the commercial press ignored the document, which outlines a scheme for using the output of producing mills to cover orders placed by customers of struck mills and sets out secretive billing and delivery arrangemerits. The media also failed to cover the three member’s report of the hardships being faced by 20 thousand striking workers and their families. Severe hardships The hardships they describe are severe: the workers in the northern Ontario communities of Kapuskasing, Smooth Rock Falls and Iroquois Falls have been on strike for over seven months, receiving only $15 to $20 per week in strike pay. Many families have used up their life savings; or have had to take out second mortgages on their homes; and some have lost their homes due to mortgage default. Most families have been forced to go into debt, with finance companies charging interest rates as high as 24 per cent. Welfare has been denied because

30, 1976

kers fight bosses,, gOv’t the needy are involved in a labour dispute, many families are now without transportation in these isolated areas because they can’t pay auto insurance rates or licencing fees, and local merchants report that business is down by over 30 per cent, forcing them to lay off staff and borrow money to restock shelves. The local doctor in Smooth Rock *Falls told the NDP members that he has seen a general deterioration in the health of the towns people, and that ulcers, high blood pressure problems and heart attacks are growing in frequency. Abitibi paper in Smooth Rock has even refused to provide separation certificates to strikers whose retirement date fell during the strike, cutting them off from their retirement benefits, and many have depleted their retirement savings trying to make ends meet. Ontario hydro cut off the power to some homes in the dead of winter, and resumed service later, while furnace repairmen have refused to make repairs to household heating systems unless paid in cash. Additionally, there are 90,000 cords of wood laying unprocessed in the river near Smooth Rock Falls which will pose a major pollution problem if they sink and rot in the river. In short, the human effect of the strike in the three communities visited by the NDP members, communities in which 90 cents out of every dollar spent flows from the employment and activities of the paper companies, is nothing short of disastrous. Plant shutdowns Abitibi’s plants were shut down by the Canadian Paperworkers Union in mid-July, while Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company was closed early in December. These shutdowns followed the

industry’s outright rejection, at every available opportunity, of union demands. The companies have not even made a counter-offer bid which could end the strike. In 1973, the industry had made a tidy profit of $320 million compared with $89 million the previous year. This trend in increasing industry prosperity continued in 1974 as net profits doubled to $685 million. Underlying this increased profitability of the companies were price increases ranging from 52 per cent for newsprint and 118 per cent for pulp. While prices and profits were climbing for the industry as a whole, the workers were locked into two-year contracts signed in the spring of 1973. In 1973, the average wage in the industry was $192.35, rising 13 per cent to $218.43 in 1974. By January 1975,’ it went up another 10 per cent to $240.79, resulting in a 23 per cent gain over two years, a small fraction of the gain the industry made in profits, and not enough to cover increased cost-of-living faced by remote communities. Soon after the 1973 contract expired, negotiations between the companies and the national Canadian Paperworkers Union-which broke away from the US based United Paper-workers International Union in 1974-collapsed. According to the report of the NDP members, the most commonly expressed opinion from members of the communities they visited was simply that the industry has decided to test, and if possible, kill the new national union. The CPU had no financial base, no strike funds, and few real strong points other than determination of its members. If the industry could survive a lengthy strike by building up large inventories, and resting content with its record profits of

Labor backs ~workers OTTAWA (CUP)-A national appeal forfunds was issued Jan. 13 by the executive council of the twomillion member Canadian Labour Congress on behalf of the more than 20,000 striking members of the Canadian Paper-workers Union, many of whom have been on strike for six months in Eastern Canada, Quebec and Ontario. “Originally the strikes were deliberately provoked by the employers in the pulp and paper industry who found them a convenient if heartless way of working off their surplus inventories and maintaining softening prices on the intemational market at the expense of their employees ,” CLC President Joe Morris said. “Lately, however, there were signs that this inflexible attitude might be changing on the part of the employers and that ‘settlements may be forthcoming. “But a recent decision by the federal Anti-Inflation Board rejecting a settlement with the Irving Pulp and Paper Company in Saint John, N.B., created new roadblocks to the solution of the problem. The Board’s decision was all the more reasonable since with its rejection it deliberately ignored the his torical relations hip between the mill workers and the woodland workers, knowing full well that the CPU is seeking a contract comparable to the one signed over a year ago in the woodlands sector of the industry. “The paperworkers now have two strikes against them even if &hey succeed in negotiating a fair

january

settlement, such a settlement runs the risk of being opposed by the Anti-Inflation Board. “The members of the CPU are thus in the vanguard of the labour movement’s struggle against the attempts by the federal government and its Anti-Inflation Board to destroy the hard-won rights to free collective bargaining between employers and employees. They are

fighting not only for themselves but for all other working people whose rights are being threatened. “The Canadian Labour Congress calls on all trade unionists across the nation to help their fellow workers both morally and financially by contributing generously to the strike fund set up by the CLC on behalf of the Canadian Paperworkers Union”.

the previous years3 the CPU could be broken and the industry could minimize wage costs and further maximize profits. Cost-of-Living Allowance The unions first asked for $2.00 per hour across-the-board and a (COLA) clause in a two-year contract. Since then they have modified their demands to a level equal to the settlement made a year ago by the forest workers--$1 .10 in the first year and 65 cents in the second, with a COLA clause. The CPU maintains that, given the historical relationship between paperworkers salaries and those of the forest workers, the loss of $1.25 weekly in purchasing power since 1973, the attractive past performance of the industry and the bright prospects for future sales and profitability, their position is just and reasonable. The response of the industry has been negative throughout and no real counter-offer has materialized. Their only reaction has been conspiratorial, carrying out a secret pact signed in 1973 to break strikes in the industry. The document outlines a scheme whereby all the companies agree to help each other should any become strikebound, and provides foruninterrupted supplies to customers despite strikes. The plan involves secret billing and delivery methods, and clearly represents a blatant attempts to subvert the effectiveness of a legal strike. With the companies so absolutely opposed to the workers demands, and uncaring about the human effects of their actions on the strikers, their families and communities, it might seem reasonable to expect that other concerned parties, such as government, would be more sympathetic. Such is not the case. Critical event A critical event in the course of the strike was the submission to the Anti-Inflation Board of a collective agreement tentatively reached between the Irving Pulp and Paper Company in St. John, New Brunswick and CPU local 30. This agreement was reached. Oct. 17 but predominantly negotiated prior to the Oct. 14 announcement of the anti-inflation measures. The tentative agreement pro-

is pleased

vided the Irving workers with 23 per cent plus a COLA clause in the first year of a two-year contract, with the second year increases deferred for later negotiations. It looked as though a satisfactory end to the strike was in sight. Enter Jean-Luc Pepin and his AIB . He disallowed the increase on Dec. 18, and announced that the AIB would only look favourably on settlement for the paperworkers if it provided for no more than 14 per cent in one year. The company and the workers at Irving decided to ignore the ruling and returned to work, intending to appeal on the grounds that their settlement merits special consideration, since their situation is identical to that of the postal workers, whose settlement was eventually upheld by the cabinet after Pepin ruled it down. Meanwhile, the other companies have used Pepin’s ruling as justification for not increasing their offers and settling the strike. Pepin has since come out with the remarkable statement that only he can authorize appeals of his own decisions. And the actual antiinflation appeal board has not even been appointed yet by the federal government. Emergency debate When Parliament operis this week the NDP intends to demand suspension of the order of business to hold an emergency debate on the strike in the paper industry. The three NDP members, want the prime minister to over-rule the AIB ruling on the Irving settlement, clarify the appeals procedures, demand that the companies return to the bargaining table and negotiate in good faith, and initiate a full investigation into the industry under the Combines Investigation Act. As for the CPU workers, they’re still out, getting poorer and further into debt. According to the NDP report worker morale continues to be high and support from the community at large has been generous. The strikers remain determined to continue the work-stoppage until ajust settlement is reached, despite the considerable efforts of the companies and the anti-inflation board to force them back on the companies’ terms. -peter

to announce

APPEARANCE

TCNUIGHT

NEXT’ WEEK Wednesday-Friday

INGERS V ufe Speedville Ave., (Preston) Cambridge

653-5735

the

o’malley

&&evron

h troubk _-__-

with

‘the law

I /- I. \

1. -w c

Young People in Legaf Difficulty is a four and a half year dd community pro@ct which attempts to minimize tk efxts the Iaw has on juvenile delinquents. In a nutshe& the pro,kct’s court workers monitor StriaIs to ee whether youngsters are given fair treatment and to assist hem “‘getting hack on the road,” says a founding member of ‘PLD. Ict also “intervenes and mediates in situations which vould otherwise reach the courts.” TO date, the project has rec&ed during a six-month UW * ynd raising campaign close to $6,000 from faculty, staff, tudentsl the student federation and ttk several student ocieties. 1~ addition, the project has garnered support from% the Twin :iv community to the tune of $40,000 as we// as grants from k local tnitiatives Program and the (now defunct) OppOrunities For Youth. In the following piece, Andrew ielegdi, a YPLD staffer, dapts a brief which was sent off to the federa/ government‘s dicitor general and Ontario’s attorney in the winter of 1975. he article traces the beginnmg of the project to its present age. The house for youngsters mentioned below closed own in tk- fall of 1974 due to lack of funds. For further information regarding YPLd contact the project eadquatiers at 42 King St. South, Waterloo or phone 86-4390. P Young Peo&e in Legal DiBculty (YPLD) is a paralegal reject cmizemed with diversion, assistance in the courts, ad in the past provi&d a home foryoung people in trouble 6th’ tk law. Ofthe 7,624 people committed to adult institutionsduring xt year 1973,4,426 were between the ages of 16 and 24; %ese Ggures reflect the number of young people newly rcarcerated, not those remaining in custody from previous ears, transferred from other institutions, ,or probation ndlor parole violators who were readmitted. If tk percentages remain constant, 56 percent of the 2,369 (total number) in custody during 1973 were below the ge of 24 ‘years. That’s 6,927 young people behind bars m mario. Now we must add to that the numbers of young people rcarcerated in loealjails. of the 48,576 people remaining in ils after convictions, 21,963 were below 24 years of age. “here weF an additional 4,gO2 people committed to jail waiting tel. again if the percentages remain constant, that would re;qn approximately 2,400 more young people spent time ehiixl bars in ontario. Thetota)wo~wtto3l~‘~~ebetween~agesof . ‘i

16-24 years incarcerated m Ontario adult institutions or jails young people), that they badly needed to be filled, and that during 1973. we could fill them. From the solicitor general’s report dated m. 1, 1973 _ Aswebecamerecqphdashavinganacceptediolein (The Cximinal in Canadian Society: A Persp&ctive on Corthe operationof the court, we were able to begin questioning rections) only 20 percent of admissions to federal penitenprocedures which we felt seriously prejudiced the possr&iltiaries were first commitments. The-remaining 80 percent ity of young people being justly treated, and gmdually we had been in federal and/or provincial institutions before, won victolies. We feel thatclearlyjails and otherinstitutions of incarcerDuty counsel now announced himself loudly in tk coration-aren’t a.via+le form of rehabilitation foi young people ridors of the courts well before the beginning of sessions, with problems. Court ofEcials, crown attorneys and judges now asked It is our intention to continue & provide, and to improve young people if they had consulted duty counsel and expupon, what we think is a work%ble and exciting alternative. * lained what he did. Workers were permitted to freely enter. and leave court sessions in progress so that they could immediately seeyoung people who seemed to need them. The atmosphere of the courtroom became .considerably (A) To intervene and media& in situations which would more relaxed. Fewer young people were kept in custody because they had nowhere to go if released. (They co&d otherwise-reach the court&o assist young people in. the courts; in association withother groups such as probation now go to our house, or to places which we found for them,) ~~~;to~~~cases’p~~ssingthroplghthecMlrts; to Fewei young people appeared in court without counsel, Some young people who would have appeared in court collect and iuhiyze datacdlected in the cowts; to eyahmte tk social value of the p*ect in the comngnity. had we not intervened, didn’t- Some young people who (B) To staibnd maintain a home for young people in trouwould have gone to reformatory came to our house on ble with the law in the Twin Cities, probation instead. Some 40 young people, who would livedinourliouse We work with young people who & disadvantaged be- ’ othetisehavebeenlivingonthestreets, fore the law as a result of broken homes, lack of education, withasmuch+thandsecurityasoureightstaffpeople could provide. lackofmoneyaml~~~asr~theoperatioI,ofthe court system. Because of the efforts of our project, many are Itishard.forustothinkbecktbatfo~~a~y-,~t able to recover from a minor brush with the law. tk elea&st indications of change com& from lawyers who tellushowevidentitistotheohwhentbeyattend~~ We began in the fan of 1971 with halfa~ozenyoung people who were in troublewith tk law and four cdncerned ’ Four and a half years ago, being unknown, we h&l no adults who wanted to help. community support. And indeed, as we became’better In the four artd a half years since that time, much has ~~,wemet~~some~sistance.Fourandahalfyhappened. When we started, we were as ignorant & most agowebadclosecon~twithonlyonelawyeiand~social middl~lass,lay people about what goes on in courtrooms and with kids on the street. ’ agencies. Now wye regdarly work with approximately 2.5 We thought at first in very simple terms: providing bail, lawyers,inehIding several from Toronto, and with all the ~~iesintownwithwhichouryouqgpe~~eare~v~ved: paying lines,-finding food-money,phelter and jobs. In those days, weknew very little about the resources the probation department and the county jail% w weIf&e available for young people in trouble and had no contactsdepartment, Children’s Aid, Big Brothers and Big Sisters, We knew very little about the law or about the lives of the vtious group homesyoung people whom we were meeting. Thereseemssomepossibiiitytbatwe~~in-futmebave Itwasanequallynewexperienceforcourtpersonnelatall alawyerattackdtousonafirll-timebasis. levels to see pe@e who appeared in the courts as observers Most exciting of all, however,is the level OcsoppMt Low consistently, day after day: Reactions initially ranged fi-om extended to us by our community,. Since mid-August 1974, surpriseandcuriositytbronghmirth,todowmight~~. to Nov. 3,197$ the project received no govemmentfimding / The coit was felt, was the preserve ofprofessionals, andhasexisted%iklybecauseourcommunitythoughtour and~wasnoplaceinitfor~dabMisgoflay~~e. wox=Km~e~ughtobewilliogtoassistus~~y. However, as we persisted,and gained in expertise, it was SW Npy, 3,1975 we have been &n&xi by a $5o,ooO L@ reqogf&datleastinsumequartqs,thatthereweregiqsin grant that will las$ untjl June’&76. tk fil.nCtioning-43f tk courts (especially j+u$&alt with d=tI!BUedoMN8ege14

, _I

our goals

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young . continued

from

people Q page 13

How we started In November 1971, the present director of the project elected to serve a three-day sentence in the Waterloo county jail, on a matter of principle, and in that way met a halfdozen young people with whom she and her daughter began working. Because her incarceration predated a change in bail regulations, two of the five women in jail with her at that time had been there for six weeks awaiting a trial date set for February 1972. Initially the director, her daughter and two friends put up bail for the women and two men charged with them. The other three women were bailed out by friends. Work began with these first six young people by getting them lawyers, understanding the situations of their lives, spending countless hours talking to them, befriending them without demanding that they change their basic characters or life styles. The detailed description of involvement by project worker Sar_ldra Sachs, with these first six young people is poignant. “It has taken the four of us a good deal of our time since there always seems to be something happening. Sometimes we wonder whether it is any use. Certainly we are awfully green and we know we have made lots of mistakes. ‘ ‘Now for example, we know that for T., J . , and D. we have done all we can, maybe too much. Ifthey ‘.. come to us, we still want to help, but we have sometimes been inclined to run after them or try to do it for them, to interfere when not wanted. “On the other hand, I think it has clearly made a difference to them, ambivalent as they are about it, that we really do care about them. They say its the first time in their lives that anyone has cared or trusted them, given them money, friendship and a place as equals in our lives. “Some things are very evident to us. These kids don’t belong in jail, though some of them despair enough of any alternative to see it as an easy way out. We can’t keep them out ofjail unless they really want to stay out, but that is the one thing iye offer them which they don’t view with suspicion. “Looking back on our experience thus far, we think that one of the primary factors working against \ us has been the duration of the legal procedures against them, which, if there are no further postponements, will have lasted eight months. “With this sense of something always hanging over them, the kids see no point in doing anything but putting in time. Their lives will resume again after their cases are decided or after they go to jail, and eventually going to jail assumes a kind of inevitability which can easily become a self-fulfilling prophecy. “In our eyes, keeping them out of jail, if we can, is plenty. We are not out to be do-gooders sod must be constantly watching to be sure we aren’t trying to l’ay our values, whatever they are, on them. “As D. said to me once in a letter, ‘You have been kind to me? but the big question is why? For the first time in a long time I find people who care and trust me and I’m scared. I wonder why, what do they want in return? Ijust don’t know if I can change . . . ’ “For that reason we tend to want not to institutionalize or bureaucratize what we are doing, but rather to count very heavily on the individual resourses of similarly inclined people. ” Because of dwindling personal resources, OFY funds were applied for in April 1972. Of the ten staff employed by the OFY project, two took on the task of being resident house staff with others filling in on weekends or if the resident staff went out. The other staff, whose primary responsibility was covering the activity of the various courts or manning the office, spent much of their spare time at the house. OFY funding ended August 15,1972 and the summer staff left at that time.

An extension was later given by OFY and those monies were made available by October 1972. Weeks without salaries, draining personal resources, and incredibly exhausting work on the part of four people kept the house and court work going until further funding was received. We received LIP funds in December 1972 which were available until September 1973. We were with‘out funds for four months that time, yet, somehow we managed to stay alive until LIP again offered support from December 1973 to May 1974 and from November 1975 to June 1976. Other sources of funds have been The Human Rights and Freedoms Branch of the secretary of state’s department, The Law Reform Commission (for research), Trinity United Church, Kitchener, The Society of Friends, The Kiwanis Club, SCM of Canada, Kitchener United Appeal, Private Benefactors .

This is what we do Four court workers attend provincial courts in Cambridge (Preston), Kitchener and Waterloo on a daily basis. Their purpose is to interview eat h young person prior to the court session, to discuss his or her situation and ensure that there is representation by counsel if advisable and if desired. We have found this counselling to be absolutely necessary. It is our experience that in the age group with which we deal most often (roughly 16-20) the majority come to court without lawyers and are unaware of the existance of duty counsel or of the possibility of obtaining legal advice if they are unable to pay for it. We have discovered, as well, that many young people will elect to plead guilty to charges which could be defended simply to get the matter over with quickly and without realizing the long term implications: an unnecessary criminal record or a penalty which is more severe than they expect or deserve. Even in a case where a guilty plea seems the proper choice, we feel that good counsel can bring mitigating circumstances to the attention of the court and so substantially alter the outconie. If the young person decides that he/she does not want a lawyer, he/she often still needs someone who will make the necessary arrangements and go with

him/her to the first interview. We feel that adult court is completely bewildering and intimidating and beyond the power to cope of the young people we see there, and that only direct, face-to-face personal assistance will allow them to obtain their full rights before the law. The reality of the situation is that we are dealing with a generation which does not look to the printed word for information. Once we have made initial contact with a young person, we remain available to help him/her, if it seems necessary, in any way that he/she requires. We follow his/her case from his/her first appearance in court through to its final disposition, going with him/her to lawyers’ appointments, going to court with him/her when he/she appears, helping him/her get there if it is out of town, contacting witnesses, him/her in jail if he/she is held in custody, maintaining contact with him/her should he/she be given a term in prison, and helping him/her reestablish himself/herself when he/she gets out. Our relationships with some young people, then, last over several months; others are much briefer. Not unnaturally, we also find ourselves involved in all the circumstances of these young people’s lives. Often a youngster whom we meet in court will be without a job or a place to live, and in that case we try to help himlherfind employment and a room, and arrange for money to tide him/her over until he/she gets on his/her feet. Sometimes what is needed is less tangible: friendship and moral support, help with family problems and ‘the feeling that somebody cares. It is our belief that the innovative aspect of this program lies in its scope and its method. To our knowledge, other people who are trying to deal with the same problem divide it up in a way that does not meet the peculiar characteristics and needs of the people concerned.. . . Young people in this age group are alienated to an extreme degree from the institutions and organizations of our society. Expecting them to deal with several compartmen-

frid;

Because we feel can do enormous 1 all too often the h ‘ ‘criminal career” vene and mediate from reaching tht must serve time ir exerted for the pu never have cause

A cc 1. A 17-year-old 1 do grandfather, w a cheque and sign and spent the mo

visiting

talized agencies, each of which is concerned with only part of their situation, and which they view with suspicion as impersonal and indifferent, is clearly not the answer. Our solution, which allows them to form a close, personal relationship with one individual who will attempt to help with any and all aspects of their life situation, does seem to have encouraging results. In the company of a trusted person, young people can be persuaded to make contact @with the agencies which might have something to offer them. An especially important aspect of the court work is the day-today monitoring of cases as they progress through the courts. Each court worker fills out a form for each case that he or she hears in court on any given day, and for each appearance in court of a particular individual. In that way we are collecting data in an area in which there is very little information, data which will allow us for example, to compare the disposition of similar cases. In addition, our continuous presence in the courts has had a noticeable effect: we ‘perform a muchneeded watchdog function, and its value has been expressed to us by many people. Such a program is of course, costly in term of the extreme demands on the time and emotional resources of the staff. However, those involved with the project feel that it is impossible to exaggerate the importance of the work done, and would very much like to see what could be accomplished if it were possible to expand the work in these and other areas which have just begun to be explored. Similarly we have begun working systematically with the probation department, which has appointed a liaison officer to work with us. We work with probation officers with particular youngsters. In some cases they refer youngsters to us who need more time than they are able to give, and in some instances our staff are named as volunteer probation officers for young people. There is increasing interest in the project within the community as well, and many requests for speakers to various community groups. Evidently there is an educational function which needs to be undertaken; at the moment all of this work is being done by 11 people. Finally, of greatest importance is the fact that much of the work that we do is preventative, directed at diversion from the criminal justice system where possible.

=7i i

z /

// /* //’/ / / ! / i

Shortly afterwa to question the si any recollection 1 the granddaught police. We had no dou story because WI only surviving ‘I made a practice ( tion in this fashioi ticdly . The girl had n prospect of being was completely 1 to the hurt and rej unfairly dealt wit We raised $30 community and r cept it rather thar money and has e 2. A father verse workers talked w with the two in th when advised of would have on h He volunteerec: as much at fault : heat of the mome procedure to use He went immel the charge was d Assault causin charges are, we f and we have acts In general, we can often be as hl

-. , ,

-/ ,

976

the chevron

d .

. c -

hat a jail term can person, becoming than the end of a ‘er we can to internd so keep them 2 a young person orts thereafter are lg that he/she will

lses 1.00 by her well-to1, told her to write zashed the cheque

led the grandfather cheque. He denied and indicated that dealt with by the to the truth of her e grandfather, her vas adopted), had withdrawing affecnrsly never so drasny trouble and the tving to go to court r, especially added ense of having been :nt in the situation. hetic people in the ank manager to acThe girl repaid the further difficulty. charge. One of our court and later met Tather was appalled assault conviction : he, the father, was he had acted in the advised him of the :harge removed. rown Attorney and and simple assault nsive to mediation,. ity many times. Bn pressing charges formed in the facts.

of the criminal justice system as is’the person being charged. In many cases bringing the two together allows for mutualunderstanding and a much happier outcome for both participants thancan be achieved; through the courts. I ,‘-

More about the courts These are observations by court workers concerning various aspects of the judicial process. They are followed byspecific cases which are felt to be representative. “There were many cases in which class was clearly a factor. The v-ast majority of cases involved private property and in th2 vast majority of those cases it was the poor who were being brought into court to make restitution and receiverpenalty.” It is a commonplace remark that shoplifting is merely a rip-off exercise performed by the suburban middle-class young as a protest against the evils of their society. However true this may be, it doeshave the.negative tendency of distracting one from the obvious . fact that those persons actually broughtIt court for shoplifting are not middle-class but poor. One might consider the testimony of one person who observed the parade of shoplifting cases which came up over a period of thme months. “I sat through shoplifting cases of the most mimscule size: an 80 cent bottle of nail polish, a one dollar \ set of earrings, a 67 cent bottle of perfume, etc. Most of the complainants are discount stores such as -‘Hi-Way Market, K-Mart and the like. “Their clientele are almost exclusively lowerclass and working class people; i.e., those most pressed by inflation and unemployment on the one hand’and the display of glossy consumer commodities on the other. The service in these stores has deteriorated significantly over the past few years. You could die waiting for someone to help you. ’ “An upswing in shoplifting (one store’s security department alone claims to have apprehended 280 offenders in six months’ time) and the deteriorating service stand out against the background of an intense consumerism launched by the chains themselves several years ago and by the introduction of easy credit, charge accounts and the like.” Despite claims to the contrary, a very real fact about the courts is the phenomenon of “pleabargaining”. Factors such as class, race and sex seem clearly to come into play here. In one case a lQyear-old girl and herboyfriend / were charged with stealing $12q from ‘her father -the father laying the charge. ; Because the boy had already been in jail and possessed a record (the girlfriend did not), it was de- . tided that he would be charged and the charge against her would be dismissed. Technically /both committed the crime, but through a “deal” with the A crown attorney only one was convicted. Again and again there are situations in which heavier sentences were given to lower-income persons-the “known offenders”. One of the cases in point involved two young person& two university students, both single and convicted of possession of drugs, were given the asked for 30 days to pay their fine. An unemployed single man, 25 years of age, asked for 60 days to pay his fine, since he had no financial resources. He was refused and given 30 days. In such cases as this judges typically remarked that ‘ ‘the law is the same for everyone”. No recognition is given to the fact that economic resourges are not the same for everyone. In a c&e of theft in which the accused gave a& his motive; the fact that “I had no.money,” there was a request that he be allowed three monthsin which to ’ pay his fme. He had a wife and three childrento keep and feed and couldn’t come-up with the money sooner than that, “and I have to pay my rent or be a -evicted’.” The judge refused and gave him the standard two months with the casual explanation that “All people pay rent.” It is sometimes argued. that the real process of interpretation begins not with lawyers in courtrooms but rather with the police on the streets. It is the constable on patrol who is to observe, judge and act. ’ Even police are generally willing tolacknowledge that discretion is essential for the cop on the comer. The same police will generally contend that such discretion tends to favour the potential offender rather than the for&!% ofjustice. Ifthis is the consensus of police, it is certainly not the consensus of * accused persons coming before the courts. Rather than being the case that police “tend to look the other way” with r gard to petty offences, it and the obser1 was thetestimony of man , $ offend@ ,’ I ’ /.

vation by members of our project that indeed the reverse was true. It was found that policemen on the beat make a practice of following people who have been in trouble with the law before. Many people, ,most often .- young or poor, are repeatedly stopped, questioned and openly-insulted by police. One of the young ‘persons who lived in the hous? couldnV ridetwoblocks onhis bicycle without being followed and questioned to make sure that he hadn’t stolen the bike. At one time he was terrified when a I police cruiserdrove alongside him for five blocks on a one way street. The. policemen in the car asked no questions, made no remarks, butdrove ominously alongside of

him until he f&ly turned down an n-. alley to avoid them. At one point he nearly went through a red light, later saying “I was so terrified that I didn’t see it.” Two other :persons, who were to be tried on a drug charge, found that they were followed home by a police car every night when they concluded the night. shift at a factory where they worked. They inadvertently went through a stop sign (again, by their confession, because they *were so nervous they didn’t see it) then deliberately eluded the police in order to avoid being charged for a highway offense. In both casesone could easily feel that there was a conscious attempt by police to provoke persons into mistakes which could result in a court conviction. This was clearly the interpretation which the persons in question gave to the police ‘actions. Police who continually follow Zknown offenders” seem to expect that they will get in trouble again; it may be that their actions tend to constitute a selffulfilling prophecy. One can easily make a lengthy and reasonably accurate list of categories of people who can antici- / pate excessive police harassment. Among these are people with long hair, young people who are poorly dressed, people who spend-time downtown and on the streets at night and, of course, people w-ho have had a confrontation with the police at anytime in the past. It has been observed how police cars park in front of hotels and pubs in the Twin City ‘community shortly before closing time and “watch to see what develops”.

Legal aid ’ An obvious and selfdefeating fault lies in the Legal Aid Act itself, and this is that everyone who comes before the court on a charge is not entitled to. legal aid. Surely the purpose of any program such as this should be to give fair and equal treatment to all those who are charged with a criminal offense, whether it be shoplifting or armed robbery. And yet this ‘is not the case. All persons charged with an indictable offense are ~awarded free legal. counsel through the plan if they

. #

are otherwise entitled to it because of financial need. However, a person charged with an offense which is proceeded on summarily is subject to the discretion of the area legal aid director and will be awarded a legal a%dcertificate, only if upon conviction there is likelihood of impriso&ent or loss of means of earn; ing a livelihood. The arega directors have taken a very restrictive view of their discretionary power, perhaps dictated by economic consideration and refuse to grant assistance for all but the most serious summary offense. It is incredible that the legal aid program in Ontario denies its benefits to agreat percentage of those very people who need, deserve, and indeed, have a right to these benefits. , / .

~Duty counsel

Where the trappings of the court may in many cases be considered just short of awesome, the role of duty counsel can be viewed only as inconspicuous. _Indeed, duty counsel is a distant relative when it comes to making its presence known, both to the’ / court and to an accused. ’ Physical facilities are maintained at a bare minimum: in our city, a small cubby-hole off a very congested corridor. While it is true that announcements of the availability of duty counsel are sometimes made, in practice it comes in the form of a question, i:e. “Does anyone wish to speak to duty counsel?” Many, if not most, people do-not know who or what duty counsel is; for example that the service is free. The very people legal aid were designed to help believe that lawyers cost a great deal of money -money they can ill afford. Therefore there’s a natural suspicion and fear operating within them, since the role of duty counsel is a mystery .-Conspicuous facilities, bulletins on the walls, outlining the role of duty counsel, and regular announcements, both in the corridor and in the courtroom itself, explaining not only the availability but the role of duty counsel are very much needed in our courts. If anyone without a lawyer appears before a magistrate, he should first be questioned as to why he is not using the services of duty counsel-in order to clear up any possible misconceptions an accused. may still have in this area. However, the percentage of people who presently use duty counsel is large enough to severely overburden the existing resources. It is the experience of the writer that most interviews that are conducted with an accused last less than five minutes-in many cases less than that. It is humanly impossible for anyone to weigh the merits of acase properly and give-credible counsel to an accused in such a short period of time. * In many, if not mostcases, duty counsel does not consult the “information” against an accused, and therefore is unaware of the actual case the crow-n is pursuing. In practice, duty counsel performs a cursory function, and falls far short of matching the enthusiasm and determination of the crown. It often seems that duty counsel facilitates the crown by encouraging guilty pleas. As far-as making representations on behalf of an accused before sentencing, duty counsel seldom explores the peculiar circumstances surrounding any given individual case, the knowledge of which it is the moral obligation of the court to possess if there is to be any pretense at all regarding humanita x ‘an justice. It would be an exception for duty counsel, when speaking before sentence to mention more than the age, marital status, and whether the accused is employed. Duty counsel are tiequently absent on %ial”~ dates, the implication being persons attending court on these days have had an opportunity to secure a lawyer if they want one. However; some people often experience difficultyco-ordinating matters of Rthis nature, and duty counsel is painfully more able to address the court with facility than is an accused. On these days, there is no one to speak for an accused who has changed his plea, or who has been found guilty and is awaiting sentence. The police should be required to contact duty counsel on a 24-hour a day basis whenever someone has been arrested and is being held in custody on a criminal matter in order that the legal rights of an accused are known to him at the very inception of a proceedii. + In summation, with regard to duty counsel, it is felt that better facilities are required-that more duty counsel should be available to upgrade the quality of assistance rendered by allowing more time-for consultation and consideration-that the functions of duty counsel should be clearly defined to those . who come to court-that duty counsel be present on all court datesAnd fdly that the police should be required to informduty counsel of all arrests where a person is being detained or held in custody.

friday,

the chevron

an Northern cross

Lights-Southern $7%R

Rita Coolidge It’s Only Love ’ $%

$4.77

Neil Young with Crazy Horse Zuma

A&M Store Hours Tues-Friday

$ciz?&

Island

$4.77

Office,

Ron Nigrini Attic Think of all The Good Times $m

Bruce Cockbum True North Joy Will Find A Way

Warner Bros. $%

has a

Starting Feb. 1 our prices will decrease an average of $.30 per album -98% of stock reduced --over 10,000 albums If you can’t find a record you want ask I for it

$4.77

1976

1 Oam-Spm

*-The Federation of Students Record Library of 800 LP’s -95% classical -5% folk See Helga Petz-Federation .-Campus Centre

Robert Palmer Pressure Drop

30,

Elkie Brooks an’s Woman $4.77

$4.77

january

$4.77

Little Feet Warner Bros. The Last Record Album $% $4.77

iday,

january

the chpron

30, 1976

University

VW cagers post wins, over Laurier, Guelph

Parish

Mass Schedule Saturday

IO:00 a.m. 11:30 a.m. 7:OO p.m. Sunday 12:36p.m. V.II East Quad Lounge

9:00 a.m. 7:00 p.m.

Weekdays

The basketball Warriors bet:red their league record to 3-2 this ast week with wins over Laurier nd‘previously unbeaten Guelph. Wednesday was the return latch between Laurier and Water10. The Golden Hawks won the eason opener 91-76 behind a 34 oint scoring performance from lhuck Chambliss and strong de:nsive work by the rest of their tarter-s. Laurier then proceeded to drop lose decisions to Brock and iuelph in their next two games and rere hoping to get back on the wining track with a repeat victory. But the Warriors won 84-73 with men scoring in double figures, amie Russell had 27, Trevor riggs with 21 and Phil Schlote, Iike Visser and Don Larman each ad 10 points.

Sunday

7:30 a.m. 12:35 a.m. 500 p.m.

Father Norm Choate C.R., 884-4256 Father Bob Liddy C.R. 884-0863 or 884-8110

Notre Dame Chapel

reference series, the most advanced techniques ever developed for loudspeaker production.

Mark Christenson kept Laurier :spectable with his 30 points but buck Chambliss was held to only as the Warrior defenders stopped im from scoring from his usual Dots. Freshman Pat Brill-Edwards ontinued to show why he was romoted to the varsity. His good all-handling and deft passing tarted the team running and kept le offense moving toward good zoring opportunities. Saturday saw the Guelph iryphons come to the PAC with a -0 league record and high hopes of :maining undefeated. The Warriors felt differently and eated Guelph to an 8269 defeat. unie Russell scored 22 of his 27 oints in the second half including 6 :chnical foul shots.

Bob and relief first

Trevor Brings led the team first tlf, scoring 13 of his 17 points and til Schlote played one of his best lmes ever finishing with 19 points id 12 rebounds. Mike Visser did i outstanding defensive job on

The Warriors rebounded well and began to show signs that they can dominate an opponent. The Warriors travel to Brock on Wednesday to meet the Badgers, who are currently in second spot with a

KEF, model Ref. 104.

t The UW cagers are at it again! This time they beat the hawks and Warrior Schlote

is defending

Phil

% STORE HOURS Tues.,Thurs. 11-7, Fri. ll-9,Sat.10-6.

his team.

Sharpe plus scoring 9 points Jeff Scott played very well in of Pat Brill-Edwards in the half.

4-2 record and are much improved over last year. Saturday finds the Warriors at home against their traditional rivals, the Windsor Lancers. Game time is 8:15 p.m. in the PAC.

lntramurals are ’ better each year In the past few years, we have all latched our school’s intramural rogram expand to meet the needs f the students, staff and faculty. This year, our program seems to ave peaked! Upon going over Ime stats from last year, we found rat the men’s competitive leagues ave expanded the most as we have total of 119 teams entered in ,3 ztivities whereas, last year we had total of 88 teams taking part in the ime three activities. These being xkey, basketball and floor hocZY. Our recreational program has so expanded, not quite to the ex:nt of the competitive program but lough that there is still an over3w of teams. Last year in six actites ranging from broomball, to tdoor soccer, there were 144 :ams while this year there are 157. Besides, the competitive leagues lere are also the competitive tour2ments that are open to all inrested. The first of these tournaments as held last week with Lau and obert taking the championship in eague A of the men’s doubles idminton and in League B Lux rd Glover becoming champions . Lthe women’s doubles Dukes and iediger won the championship. In the next three weeks, such burnaments as the Ring Road

Catholic

Relay Race, Mixed Bowling and Ski Day will take place. Last year in the Relay race, there were eight teams entered while the Faculty Joggers, emerged vie torious and set a new record time. Ski Day was held at Chicopee and those who entered and managed to fight off the cold had a great time skiing both recreational and competitive giant slalom. The term will then be brought to an end with the last four tournaments being table tennis, broomball, volleyball and men’s curling. Again looking at past years, we expect that the draws will be filled so in order to guarantee your self a place in these tourneys, please enter early! Dates to Remember

Friday, Jan. 30-entry date for Ring Road Relay Race. Monday, Feb. 2-entry date for Mixed Bowling and Women’s Squash. Friday, Feb, 6- last chance to purchase tow tags for Ski Day from the receptionists in PAC for $1 .OO- tags purchased later than Friday will cost $4.00 so be smart and save by purchasing yours early. All entries for these tournaments must be turned in at the Intramural office in the PAC.

FEDERATON

OF STUDENTS

STUDENTS’COUNCIL

’

Meeting on Tuesday, February 3,1976, at 8:30 PM, in the Board & Senate Room, Needles Hall, Room 3006.

AGENDA 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

Call to Order Agenda Question Period Minutes & Reports a. Students’ Council: December 2/75; January 6/75 b. B.E.E.R.; for information only: submission re a “Colloquim on Urban Issues in Canada”. c. Board of Entertainment: November 25, 1975 d. Election Committee \ January 21: a post mortem Radio Waterloo Pricing Agreements with W.L.U. & Conestoga New Business a. b c: Announcement

NEXT MEETING: Sunday, Senate Room

-Board

February

15, 1976 at 7:00 pm in the Bd. &

of Communications

the chevron

friday,

january

30, 1976

Chess game The UW No. 1 “B” C he& Team achieved an easy victory overt he Hamilton “B” Chess Team by a 3 l/2 - l/2 margin in last Sunday’s match. Unfortunately the UW “A” Chess Team was less successful in dropping a 3 l/2 - 2 l/2 decision to the strong Hamilton “A” Chess Team for their first IOSS. The UW No. 1 “B” Chess Team resumes action this Sunday against the London No. 2 “B” Chess Team. The following game shotis Detina of the Hamilton “B” Chess Team playing in a dazed manner against Paul Kostiuk of the UW No. 1 “B” Chess Team in the recent match.

KINGS

INDIAN

Whit& P. Kostiuk 1 N-KB3 2 P-KN3 3 B-N2

Black: P-Q4 N -KB3 P-K3

ATTACK R. Detina

White is employing the King’s Indian Attack; he is playing the King’s Indian Defence with a move in the hand. White’s plan has the merit that his first moves are non-commital, thereby leaving him with considbrable flexibility in selecting a plan of action once Black commits himself to a definite Pawn formation. In this game Black plays into White’s hands. 4 P-Q3 B-K2 5 QN-Q2 QN-Q2 6 O-O o-o 7 P-K4 PXP?! Black is not fighting very energetically for control.of the center. As a consequence his position is rather cramped and passive. Probably he would have done better to emulate White’s opening. 8 PXP P-K4?! This is a dubious move as it effectively costs a tempo since the Pawn could have gone to this square in one move and White is well placed to put pressure on it. Black was presumably afraid of P-K5 by White, but now White has a clearly superior development. 9 Q-K2 P-QN3 10 R-Q1 B-Q3

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Already Black has problems defending his King Pawn. White was threatening 11 N-B4. Unfortunately the Bishop on Q3 is exposed to attack by White’s Knights. 11 N-B4 B-R3 12 P-QN3 Q-K2 13 N-R4! . QR;Ql White’s pieces are rapidly assuming commanding positions. Possibly Black had a better defence in 13. . ., P-KN3 to keep the White Knight out of the important KB5 square although that would have left a serious weakness on the dark squares on Black’s King-side. 14 N-B5 Q-K3 Black tries to defend attack on K3. 15 B-KR3!

Earth

Threatening 15 . . . 16 PXB 1’7 NXB 18 RXP

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To keep you Earth Born when you get there -Gillette is giving each of the three winners $500 spending money. Just for paying the freight on a better shampoo. *Association of Student Councils-Canada’s official student travel cooperative. Offices: Vancouver, London, Ottawa, Halifax, Head OfficeToronto, 44 St. George Street. If you’re going any place, start with this place. Student rates for all your travelling needs.

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Mail Coupon to Earth Born Shampoo.Offer, allow 6 weeks for delivery. Coupons received

0 Green Apple (for oily hair) •I Strawberry (for oily hair) P.O. Box 504 , Thornhill, Ontario, by March 12,1976 will be eligible

CONTEST RULES AND REGULATIONS TO ENTER: 1) Print your name and address on this special offer coupon, enclose 2% to cover return postage and handling of your 100 ml. bottle of Earth Born and mail to: Gillette Earth Born Shampoo Offer, P.O. Box 504, Thornhill, Ontario L3T 4A2. 2) To beeligible, all entries must bear suficient postage and be postmarked no iater than March 5, 1976, the contest closing date. PRIZES: 3) Three (3) prizes will be awarded from a random draw of all eligible entries. Each prize consists of return airfare for two people to London, England on winner’s choice of any AOSC summer 1976 charter flights (validation of airfare may range from two weeks to one year), and $500 spending money. Flight departure may originate from either Vancouver, Toronto, Montreal or Halifax commencing on or before August 31,1976. (Approximate prize value $1,300.) 4) A random draw will be made from all eligible entries received and each selected entrant will be required to correctly answer a skill-testing

is exposed

winning

Black’s BXN Q-K1 PXN .. .

Queen!

With two Bishops against two Knights, and an extra Pawn, White has a clear advantage. Black cannot play 18. . ., N-B4? since 19 RXN!!, PXR; 20 B-KBS! leaves no defence to 21 Q-R5 forcing mate. 18 . . . Q-K2 19 B-R3 N-B4 20 R/6-Ql Q-B2 21 P-KB3 KR-Kl 22 RXR RXR 23 R-Q1 P-KR3 24 B-QN2 White was threatening to win another Pawn by 25 RXR, QXW6 BXP. RXR 24 s.. P-KN4? 25 QXR - 26 Q-Rl! *. .

In time trouble Black finds an efficient way of losing quickly. He had to play 26. . ., KN-Q2 which at least prolongs the struggle. 27 BXP Q-Q2 28 BXN PXB . .. 29 Q-Q4!

Province Code

but the Queen

.. .

White takes advantage of the weakness of Black’s King Pawn and his last move which leaves him weak on the QRI-KR8 diagonal. P-N5?? 26 . . .

City

N-R6ch

his King Bishop,

L3T4A2. Please to win the prizes.

question to be administered by telephone. Limit of one prize per family, group or organization. Decision of the judges is final. 5) Prizes are not transferable and there will be no substitutions allowed. This contest is subject to all Federal, Provincial and Local laws and regulations. 6) Contest is open to all residents of Canada, except employees and members of their immediate families of Gillette of Canada Ltd., its affiliated companies, agents, advertising agencies, and the contest judging organization. Consent of parents or guardians is required for prize winners, if the winner is a minor. 7) Entries become the property of Gillette of Canada Ltd. who reserve the right to publish winners names and addresses, and photographs. Correspondence will only be entered into with the winners. 8) To receive a list of winners, send a postage-paid, self-addressed envelope after March 12, 1976, the contest closing date, to: Earth Born Shampoo Offer Contest, Gillette of Canada, Limited, 5450 Cote de Liesse Road, Montreal, P.Q. H4P lA7.

White is able to force the exchange of Queens, an easy end game win. 29 . . . Q-K1 30 Q-Q8 QXQ 31 BXQ N-K3 32 B-B6 K-B1 K-K1 33 K-B2 34 K-K3 K-Q2 35 P-KB4 K-QB3 K-B4 36 P-KN4 N-QB2 . 37 P-KB5 38 K-Q3 N-K1 K-B3 39 B-Q4ch N-N2? 40 P-K5 A blunder but Black is lost in any event. 41 P-K6! Resigns. White

took energetic

action

against

Black’s

after w hich he has

weak

play. -rabert

inkol

riday,

januaryj30,

the chevron

1976

team surpfisingly good I

The UW ski team has shown ;urprisingly good results in the :arly season. This years team consists of ieven rookies and four veterans, :oached by Mike Renaud. The nen’s team: Steve Shaver, Mike Xenaud, Alan LaChance(r), John Zenent (r), Jason Jackson(r) ,and iob Adams(r). The women’s team: Zika Wedding, Sue Tredway, Janet ?egean Walsh(r)., Schrieber(r), and Karen Moore(r), r means rookie). Two weeks ago at the R.M.C. nvitational held at Calaboogie Teaks, Waterloo came through with strong finishes by Rika Nedding(second) and Mike <enaud(eighth) overall on a Dual slalom course designed -with,umps, as in the Pro Circuit. The team standings were: men: n-St--Queens, second-Waterloo hnd third-Ottawa, women: ‘irs t-Queens, second-Ottawa md third-Waterloo. Last week at Blue Mountain UW iosted the Waterloo Invitational.

Team results for the Giant Slalom were as follows: mens: first-Queens, secondUniversity of Toronto and third, first -Waterloo ; womens: -Queens, second-Waterloo and third-western. Competition was extremely ‘close; the difference between first and third place in the men’s division was 4/lOths of a second. Individually Steve Shaver of Waterloo lost to Phil Gaulin of Ottawa by 3/1OOths of a second. ‘In the women’s division Rika Wedding finished third and Pegean Walsh. (brought up from the B team) finished fifth. The O.U.A.A. championships will be held Feb. 6 & 7th at Mont Ste. Marie. Pending these results Waterloo could possibly represent Ontario at the Can-Am Races at Owl’s Head. During January Waterloo participated in the CanAm ‘race in Bethel, Maine, gaining valuable racing experience for the present season.

The UWImqn’s and women’s week at B/ire vountain.

Curling Athenas spiel 00 ,

The Athena curling team travel15-3, taking 8 of 10 ends. Lead posied to Toronto ta Humber Hightion for theday was filled by one of and Curling Club last weekend. last year’s Athenas, Sheila Wile. They added another spiel to their These Bonspiels have been a itring of victories taking top bon- - weans of competitve practice for )urs again-since they won this the team for the GWIAA rpieL Last year the team had to i>laydowns which start tomorrow, ‘eturn to defend their trophy. - Saturday, January 31 andSunday, They did so by winning the two Feb. 1, at the Guelph Golf and Curlpmes 10-5, taking 6 of 10 ends and ing Club and continue next

ski teams finished third and second respectively

weekend Friday, Feb. 6 and Satur-r day, Feb. 7, at the Gait Curling Club. From these two weekends the top six teams of all the Universities carry on to the finals in London on Feb. 13-14. Let’s hone this winning streak continues right on through, The Warriors’ team this year consists of Ross Hamilton-Skip, Dave Roepke-Vice, Greg and Blair Healey-Second Chitty-Lead. Their playdowns are also at the Guelph Country Club this weekend starting today with their finals next weekend in London. Gobd Luck,, Guys!

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friday,

the chevron

Lu Chih-Ming

InthebhnHustm-bhn Funman film

rien tal dance

Ming entered the Fu Shing Opera School in Taiwan quite ignorant of what was in store for him. The great masters there saw something in the young boy and proceeded to train him mentally and physically in the tradition which has yielded some of the greatest dancers the world has ever seen. There he was indoctrinated with the metaphysical concept of the ‘ ‘c hing’ ’ , or life energy which, when harnessed, serves as a fountain of strength for the dancer’s agility. When the Chinese dancer attempts a leap, instead of thrusting his body into the air and pushing with his legs to combat the force of

2 SHOWS NIGHTLY AT 7 & 9:05pm

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- 1975

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Lu Chih-Ming here adopts a classical pose during his performance at McMaster last Friday in which he demonstrated ciassical Chinese Peiping opera dance techniques. photo by myles kesten

LITTLE FAUSS & BIG HALSEY

NIGHT

30, 1976

The magic Under the reins of total mind and body control, Lu Chih-Ming demonstrated that the supreme artist can adapt to any dance form and prove a master of creative expression. He performed last Friday night to the delight of a McMaster University audience uninformed on the art of Chinese Peiping opera. The Chinese actor is primarily a dancer. Others take on the burden of song allowing the actor freedom to perfect his style. This is conducive to an aesthetic theatre which places greater emphasis on the execution of movement rather than its meaning . At the age of eight, Lu Chih-

january

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gravity (as a western dancer is trained to do), he directs his ‘ ‘thing” to a point in space. He, seemingly, levitates himself to that height. Magical as it may appear to the human eye, Lu Chih-Ming can leap to heights exceeding fifteen feet and land in full control of his descent without bending his knees. In reality, the concept of the “thing” is a technique of concentration in which the dancer frees his mind from the limitations of his conditioning. It is my belief that while an average human is used to maintaining equilibrium at his or her natural height (I, for example, am accustomed to walking around at 5’8” high) he or she will not be able to force their belly very high in the air before losing control and plummeting earthwards. But the mind in control of a responsive body can exceed natural limitations. His “thing” is directed skyward and then is funnelled downward. But the acrobatics do not dominate the performance. They accent dramatic gesture rather than interrupt the flow of the whole. Another difference from the western dancer is where the leg action begins. The eastern conditioning places more emphasis on the muscles of the lower back than thighs. The dancer’s eyes indicate the direction of the flow of the ‘ ‘thing” and the ‘rhythm of the music controls it. When the eyes stare off with no apparent focus this may mean that the energy is radiating in every direction. V The “thing” is always active even if the body isn’t and can be directed at the slightest impulse for a flip, extension or graceful leap. To the spectator it is visible for a split second when it reaches the tips of the fingers then rebounds back to the dancer’s centre, somewhere in the lower midriff. In performance, the effect is astounding . Chih-Ming ‘s commanding image of strength and grace manipulated the audience as if it too were part of his ‘ ‘thing”. His make-up and satin costume added to the illusion of the ideal Oriental figure. Improvising upon the traditional routines he performed both masculine and feminine techniques with equal prowess. Chih-Ming showed many individual skills which pertained to his assigned role (each actor is trained for a specific dramatic type). Then he showed how the traditional weapons become extensions of the dramatic gesture and a conductor of the ‘ ‘thing” itself. Thirdly, he danced a segment from a popular opera about a young general elating his victory over the Huns. Two years ago Chih-Ming received a large grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to perform in the U .S. and continue his training in New York. Occasionally he dances with visiting Chinese troupes, or choreographs his own work for dance festivals. Last year he received high accolades from critics at the famous Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival in Massachusetts, and a standing ovation at the New York Dance Festival in Central Park where he was approached by ballet director Robert Jeffrey. He now spends most of his time at N.Y.U. where he studies classical and jazz ballet, modem and east Indian dance as well as the English language. On Saturday mornings continued

on page

friday,

january

the chevron

30, 1976

Rah rah cats and kids

Garfield GARFIELD BAND IN CONCERT

The Garfield Band played two shows last Thursday in UW’s humanities theatre. Ron Garfield had a throat infection, and he hadn’t been singing fdr a week, but they had made a commitment to us so Ron and the band played and the people loved it. And the band loved it too. The Garfield Band is now in San Francisco, recording their album, with the producer that we helped get for them. The emotion was sincere when the band told us that it felt good to be back. We were also told that four weeks after San Francisco we will get to hear the album. Ron was incredibly proud. The shows began with two beaut-

is a big hit iful acoustic ballads, featuring Ron on guitar and vocals and guitarist Wally. I was pleasantly surprised by the simplicity and beauty of these tunes. It revealed a side of Garfield that I knew must have existed, but had never heard like this before. The show then continued, with the full seven member band, and they played through those songs which I personally have come to love. I know that there are many people at this school who agree with me. The songs included “Half Past Two In The Morning”, “Ride The Waves”, “Old Time Movies”, “Nanny’s Song”, and “Eyes”. Many people there knew them all by heart. It was a great evening of music.

Tanzam railway draws enthusiastic response The Chinese student association presented the campus premiere of Three films from the People’s Republic of China last Friday night, 2s part of the China Week cultural program. “Tanzam Railway”, “Red Flag canal Revisited”, and “Prawns” were shown to a large and responsive gathering of Chinese, international, Canadian students and 3ther people. “Tanzam Railway” traces the extraordinary cooperative en;teavor in which workers of Tanzania, Zambia, and the People’s Republic of China, with the enthusiastic support of their govemments, worked together to build a railway 1,800 km from Dar es Salaam to central Zambia. Striking scenes show Tanzanian, Zambian tind Chinese work-

ers working hard together to overcome awesome obstacles in the jungle, swamp, and mountainous terrain. In all aspects of the work, the Chinese refrained from behaving as “Visiting experts”, but in fact took on what seemed to be the hardest and most physically demanding tasks, such as digging the mud from a bridge caissons and tunnel cave-ins. The workers took care for one another’s safety, and fought shoulder-to-shoulder to remove the hazards which face them. At every stage in the construction, the emphasis was on building the self reliance of the three Third World peoples, their ability to undertake massive construction projects. Together they learned to use locally available materials to overcome the obstacles posed by that terrain. Workers from the three nations perfected their workmanship, and togethef they developed the technical and engineering exp&e necessary to operate the new railway. Together they rejoiced in its completion. The theme of the film was that workers, not the suppliers of capital (equipment, technology etc.), are the real heroes. -henry

I could describe the flow and style of the music, but that would be redundant. However, there was some new music. I really enjoyed this. Garfield now seems to be writing with more simplicity, concentrating on somewhat softer tones, a solitary vocalist and less of a rocky feeling in the whole creation. Like the acoustic ballads at the beginning, I found it good to hear still another side of the musicians. I find it very difficult at this point to say much more about the shows. The band looked good as they always have. They felt comfortable to be back with us, and played that way. They had room to moveonstage; and Ron took advantage of this as he walked between piano and guitars, talking with the audience. He took advantage of it as he carried his guitar around the stage stopping every once in a while to spend some time with the other musicians. The lighting, (except for, in my opinion, a somewhat obnoxious strobe light), was subtle and flowing; within the character of the Garfield Band’s music. I like the total effect. It was a long evening for the Garfield Band. Ron had to push his voice throughout the whole thing. But they never let up and each tune came out with the expertise that we have come to expect. I was really happy to see the band come back for an encore, even though it was after midnight and the house lights had all been turned up. “Old Time Movies” never sounded better. Again I wish the Garfield Band all of my best! The time is right for their fresh beautiful music. -bill

mccrea

dance continued

crapo

As his present situation implies, Jimmy Lu is interested in many forms of dance. Choreographing for himself he often mixes modem with Chinese and yet he respects each as an independent dance form. He will choreograph for fellow dance students in their own s style and for their particular capabilities. Some go to him for the advantages of Chinese technique. Should his success continue (and there’s no reason why it shouldn’t) Jimmy Lu will probably stay in the U.S. He hopes to set up his own company some day. People have rated his talent as high as Nureyev and Baryshnikov. In company like that he can’t help but soar.

page 20

he takes a class with Alwin Nit holais ’ dancers. Last on his program at McMaster, Jimmy Lu (as he likes to be called) performed a modem dance choreographed especially for him by his teacher Stuart Hodes (an ex Martha Graham dancer), called “Flack”. It was about Hodes’ own experience as a WW2 Bomber pilot. The dance depicts the pilot’s mental turmoil as his plane gets blasted. It was executed with intensity and communicated the pilot’s horror as he tries to combat panic and maintain an outward calm to his men.

-myles

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friday,

the chevron

Debate

on. . . .

In an issue of the Gazette which arrived here I noted a letter to the editor from Doug Wahlsten with some remarks in it concerning the “debate” which he and I had in early December on the question of intelligence and hereditability which call, I’m sorry to say, for further comments from myself. Evidently Professor Wahlsten as well as the ‘reporter in the Chevron (see their otherwise reasonable report on the debate in the issue of December 5) continue to be under the delusion that Wahls ten presented relevant facts in that debate, whereas I only contributed mere words. It is high time that this misunderstanding, which I hope is not wilful, be corrected. The illusion that Wahlsten was presenting relevant facts no doubt stemmed from the fact that he came-armed with a slide projector and showed lots of nice pictures. All very charming, but totally misleading. In that debate, Wahlsten’s tack was exelusively concerned with very high level considerations of scientific method. His argument was that all of the enormous amount of facts which certainly look as though they constitute evidence favoring the hypothesis that intelligence is substantially determined by a genetic component don’t really count as evidence at all. He did not produce new facts. He did not argue that Jensen’s experiments were faulty in design, etc. ; etc. Instead he produced a criterion of evidencehood: namely, that we have evidence in favor of a hypothesis only if we have an experiment in which two (or more) experimental samples which are exactly matched in all respects except the one whose causal significance is in question display the difference whose causes are in question. This criterion, which is apparently a simple-minded version of J.S-. Mill’s inductive methods, has, as I pointed out at the time, manifestly absurd consequences. Since no two samples of anything can ever be known to have met this condition, it would’follow that there has never been any evidence for any scientific hypothesis whatever. I pointed this out in the debate, and Wahlsten agreed that this followed. I then asked him how he would propose to modify the e

criterion in such a way as to give a more sensible view, and to this question (oft repeated in the discussion) Wahlsten never did give any answer at all. , Under the circumstances, it is incorn prehensible that Wahlsten should still be writing as though he represented the “factual” side of the debate and I only the “theoretical” side, in some evidently pejorative sense of ‘theoretical’ (or ‘philosophical’). To repeat: Wahls ten has only one argument; it is a purely “philosophical” argument; and it is a selfadmittedly absurd one. There would be plenty more to say about the issue as well as the debate, but there is not much point in even trying to go on with it if this sort of misconception continues to infect the issue. In science, as Stephen Jones rightly argued, we must go on considerations of “plausibility” or, if you like, reasonableness. The question is not: which hypothesis has been absolutely proven or disproven-in genuine empirical science, no hypothesis ever is or can be either one. All that-we can do is to cite evidence which is adverse to some hypotheses and more favorable to others. At any given time, that hypothesis is provisionally accepted which best accounts for the facts as currently known, and has little really substantial evidence against it. Readers of Wahlsten’s own scientific papers, which he has gone so far as to submit and allow to be published in reputable scientific periodicals, will note that his own scientific work (which is highly regarded by his colleagues if not by himself) does not, as it cannot, employ his proposed criterion of evidence. Like every other rational scientist, he there comes down tentatively and gingerly in favor of hypotheses which are plausible under the circumstances. To say, as Wahlsten did in the debate and continues to do in his letter to the Gazette, that two contrary hypotheses can both be “plausible” is simply to evade the issue, again; it is also, as that term is ordinarily employed, false. Rival hypotheses can have equal antecedent plausibility; given a lot of observation and experiment, however, one of them may well be rendered extremely implausible, the other very plausible. Now, this is the situation with regard to the genetic hypothesis. As we would expect

on sucha hypothesis, there is a very substantial correlation between the IQ’s of persons and that of their parents. It is a correlation which continues to hold up when all sorts of other variables are matched quite closely. In particular,_and of manifest importance from the point of view of would-be social reformers, the variations among individuals which are considerably correlated with parentage continue to hold up when the subjects are equally -poverty-stricken, equally “oppressed”, etc., etc. It should, again, not be ignored that during the debate I quoted from Jensen the remark that every environmental hypothesis which has been proposed and is testable and has been tested had been experimentally refuted. I asked Wahlsten whether he agreed that this is the right way to test such hypotheses and agreed that this had been the result, and Wahlsten agreed with this. It is baffling that he continues to mislead people about the character of his own position under these circumstances. In conclusion: the issue between Wahlsten and me so far as the actual subject of the debate was concerned is not factual. So far as I can gather from what Wahlsten actually said, he agrees that the facts are such that most people would regard them as substantially favoring some genetic hypothesis at the present time. Where he disagrees is that people should take them that way. But his only reason for maintaining that they ought not to, so far anyway, is the proposing of a criterion of evidence which is not only obviously absurd but admitted by him to be so. Under the circumstances, what is there to discuss? I would certainly like to have discussed independently the many interesting ethical issues which are obviously hovering in the the background of this controversy; but after all, Wahlsten has done no better on those. In the Chevron, I have reiterated the point that difference in I.Q. is no justification for differences in basic ethical rights. I would have thought Wahlsten agrees with this, and things he said seem to suggest it. But the point seems practically a platitude: every reasonable person would surely accept it. So how would the finding, if it proved to be such, that the Chinese are superior to white people in intelligence be a major cause for concern on the ethical front?

january

.30, 1.97f

If evil people are using this sort of thing as 2 pretext for discrimination, what better de. fense against them than to point out that it i$ a fraudulent one? Why go farther and try to argue that the facts of the case are not as they think? Surely we are just playing into the hands of racists if, instead of coolly pointing out these ethical basics, we go around punching people in the nose, as Wahlsten advocated in the debate (this isn’t rhetoric, by the way-he did dc that, in just those words), who merely argue that the evidence suggests that there is a genetic explanation for an observed difference in average IQ between different races, People who substitute violence for argu ment usually do so because their arguments are no good. I have not as yet seen any reason to judge that this is not the case wit1 Wahlsten on the present issue. Jan Narveson

Endangered species? , . _ I must agree somewhat with Dan Miklos’ letter of last week concerning Carter’s review of Eagles’ One of These Nights; there are nine and not eight selections on the ,album and, indeed, record sales alone do no1 attest to the quality of a “hit tune”. But the purpose of this letter is to take issue with some of the comments of Miklos. The album is not nearly as shallow as Mik10s’ comprehension of its content or of factors that influence Eagles’ style. They were not “processed and packaged” at Asylum in LA by “exploitive” (sic) Dave Geffin. Their first two albums and part of their third were produced and engineered in London by the peerless Glyn Johns. Glen Frey states that “by taking our conception of those influences (Byrds, Springfield and EBB) to England and giving them to Glyn, it got refined and became more clear cut. ” And I am sure that if Gram Parsons were alive today (“My Man” is such a fitting epitaph) he would be honoured to see the continuance of his form of music. Mr. Miklos, may the spiritous (sic) Eagle soar high above the desert of constructiveness of such criticism, and shit upon your head. Sean

LIKESTONES;..

-n-E Gu)WOUS

BEER OF CoPEfWAG~

M. Kennedy

friday,

january

the chevron

’

30, 1976

~ Gj$,j p . +

WATERLOO PARK There are 95 acres of open country right on your doorstep. If you’re stuck on campus some weekend, no wheels, and going stir crazy, you can keep alma mater in view and have a couple of hours in the winter sunshine. ‘k% Waterloo Park, home of the K-W mini=-zoo, a bandshell built for Centennial year in 1967, and a bunch of ducks and geese, provides a few walking trails and a little peace and quiet. Start at the entrance off Westmount near the corner of University Ave. Bring your cross country skis if you like; there’s one gentle hill, a natural amphitheatre for the bandshell, and lots of open fields. And don’t forget some bread for the ducks. You’ll ~find them congregating in a water hollow over a little bridge in the middle of the park. They’re a friendly group, but watch the geese. They get a little hostile sometimes. Truck on over the railway tracks and talk to some of the animals in the zoo complex. They’ll appreciate it. Nobody Jch attention in the winter e>c:cep)t for some demented idi ots who occajhte r the foxes and terrorize the deer. So be .*’

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bY Robert Hallman

friday,

the chevron

Below is the second part of a three-part series on the role of higher education in North America. The article was submitted to the chevron by a chemical engineering graduate student, who selected some pages of a book by the reknowned sociologist Alain Touraine (the director of the &o/e Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris). One of the main theses is about tbe role of universities in America which has historically been the adaptation (integration of society), reproduction and production of the social order.

A university is an organization occupying a territory, possessing a system of authority, and utilizing certain resources with a view to definite objectives and according to certain working regulations. But there are always two sides to an organization. On the one hand, itutilizes techniques and develops a more or less differentiated type of work organization. On the other hand, it possesses forces of integration that are rooted in the value orientations of a society and its system of class domination. This link between the academic system and class relationships is not the same as the one that is connected with the “productive” role of higher education. At the first of the three levels of analysis, the academic system directly serves the ruling class, whether as the vehicle of its ideology or by its participation in the productive forces controlled by this ruling class. Here, on the contrary, at the level of the academic system viewed as an organization, what is important is the reproduction of a social order, in other words the perpetuation of distances and barriers through selection, or even segregation. The content of the teaching is of little importance; what counts is the difference established between social classes. Let us take an extreme example: there existed in nineteenth-century France a school for the people ;ind a school for the bourgeoisie. Even when both schools taught the merits of the fatherland, of science, and of progress, the educational system as a whole was based on oppositions -intellectual work versus manual work, humanism versus technology, verbal expression versus bodily gestures, prowess versus imitation-which reflect the separation and the hierarchy of the social classes. This whole set of categories constitutes the system’s ideology. It is not independ?.nt of the ideology of the ruling class but translates it into “disinterested ,” abstract, even technical terms. Much is said today, for example, about respecting the aspirations and specific cultural traits of the pupils, adapting education to their “needs.” Thus is developed a model of order and distribution that reproduces inequalities. The most general conceptions of the ideology of education usually imply a form of social hierarchy. This ideology, though not always explicit, cannot be unconscious. It is even less unconscious when the society is in a state of greater change and when the educational system must adapt to these changes-that is, when class segregation must be combined with the integrat@n of the system as a whole.

A mistake But at this level, too, it would be a mistake to reduce academic behavior and images to the ideology of the class system. The academic world today participates in a very fundamental way in the production of knowledge. As quite different forms of the “scholarly” world once felt close to other cultural models, so the academic world of today feels close to the cultural model of its society. It therefore tends to identify its own interests-those of the academic organization or profession-with those of the model of knowledge and the cultural model, over and above class relations and decisionmaking systems. Many university people who wish to be free from all interference by society in their .^

work do not take this attitude in order to shut themselves up in anivory tower, but because they feel they can serve society best by remaining as aloof as possible from its political controversies and its administrative apparatus. Even from the viewpoint of the university’s educational role, rather than its role as a producer of knowledge, independence seems to work in favor of those who are changing the social order, either individually by their own advancement, or collectively-for knowledge is a factor of analysis and criticism. This set of beliefs I call academic rhetoric, and there is no reason to think that it is merely an additional facet of the system’s ideology. It may strengthen this ideology, conflict with it, or merely weaken its hold. Let us call it an internal opposition. It can have considerable significance in the absence of open, organized struggle over class domination and its political expression. The scientist can then loudly denounce the

university’s roles as a producer of knowledge and an instrument of social mobility. Conversely, it is “reactionary” when it is purely defensive, when it replaces the production of knowledge by disembodied and eclectic oratory, when it remains unconcerned by social and cultural barriers. Even when this rhetoric adopts a “left” tone, it is then no more than an agent of the prevailing ideology, an obstacle to the knowledge of social realities, an oppon’ent of the social movements that reveal their contradictions and conflicts. Japan and France, in particular, are well acquainted with this type of liberal rhetoric. In my opinion, hdwever , the United States-where the university’s role as producer of knowledge is more important, at least since the First World War and especially since the Second World War-is more accustomed to an ambiguous type of academic rhetoric that is progressive and conservative at the same time and goes beyond a flat, abstract liberalism.

ANT3 Ct-WW

lies of the powers-that-be and the obstacles they raise against social progress or the progress bf knowledge. But this academic rhetoric loses its importance, and may play a more conservative role, when social conflicts become organized and the opposition challenges not only the power structure but also the ideology of the system and the mask of objectivity of high principles behind which it conceals its special interests. Academic independence feels threatened by this challenging opposition and this politicization. The university then tends to flounder in the midst of conflicting attitudes or to take refuge behind an established power that respects the academic rhetoric while imposing its own ideology. Academic rhetoric has power of resistance only to the extent that it relies on the

Power structure On the other hand, the American academic system has more often actively served the power structure’s ideology. It played this role mainly in the first part of the twentieth century, when it developed themes such as general education, which are essentially instruments for strengthening Y the social order. More recently, however, with the increasing importance of the university’s role as producer of knowledge, both academic rhetoric and the academic system’s ties with the power structure were strengthened. During this recent period the ideological role of the universities and colleges was less important than before. Concern for education and the definition of a “spirit” of higher education lost the strength they had between the two wars.

january

30, 1976

Let me add that the greater the ideological role of the university, the more it stresses the importance of an educational model, and therefore the importance of its own integration, the more it represses “deviant” or oppositional behavior. On the contrary, when the university develops simultaneously its professional rhetoric and its ties with the power structure, it can open its doors more f*e,ely t.0 controversy, since no unifying principle connects these two orientations.

cadem ic system Before describing the changes in the American academic system, it would be useful to summarize the above remarks in order to define what, in my view, is the general direction of these changes. Although my outline is not above criticism and will have to be qualified, supplemented, and amended, a distinction among three successive stages in the history of the academic system seems possible. The stages are successive, but they also partly overlap, and their overlapping contributes greatly to an understanding of the crises and conflicts that the system experiences at given moments. During the first stage, roughly from 1870 to World War I, the main role of the colleges and the universities was to respond to the changes in American society, that is, to the development of its activity and to the formation of a new ruling elite. Adjustment ta change was essential, but it cannot be isolated from the creation of a new cultural model and of new class relations. Of the three levels of analysis I have defined, the second seems to be the most important during this stage. This explains the search for new academic “policies” and the role of great presidents in the creation of new institutions and new curricula. In the next stage, before the First World War, but particularly after it, the predominant concern was the consolidation of the ruling class, whit h resulted in the renewed importance of education, and especially general education. Organizational problems: and therefore the ideological role of the academic system, then assumed major significance. Finally, in the most recent period, marked by the extraordinary expansion of research following the Second World War, especially after the launching of the first sputnik, the academic system has been characterized mainly by its role as creator of knowledge and of a new cultural model, and by its tie5 with the, state and the big coordinated ten ters of political-economic decision making C Its autonomous decision-making power i: weakening, its edvcational and socializing role is diminishing. The student revolt ant the crisis of the system emphasized in E dramatic and fruitful way the significance o: the changes undergone or desired, and con front the academic system today with nev choices. In other countries, the development of the universities could be summarized by sayins that they progressed from the role of repro, ducer to that of producer of the social order

Emerging

nation

In the United States, which in the seconc half of the nineteenth century was a bare11 emerging nation in constant flux, the trend o development was more complex: before re producing a social order the universities hat to help integrate the society. These histori cal differences partially explain the differ ences in the way various industrialized coun tries have experienced the current academic crisis. After our attempt to identify several dis tinct stages in their development, it shoulc indeed be added that universities, to a mucl greater extent than business enterprises ant to almost the same extent as churches, arc organizations possessing a vast memory With all their modernism, they never con? pletely escape from their task of transmittin; the cultural heritage. Although it may be true that, as Robe% Oppenheimer puts it, 90 per cent of all the physicists in the history of the world are stil alive, it cannot be said that 90 per cent of a! continued

on page

friday,

january

30, 1976

the chevron

Education continued

from

page

the books read in the universities are the work of living authors. Every university is both a conservatory and a laboratory. And so the attitudes, the organizational forms, and the ideologies persist long after the reasons for their. original appearance have disappeared. This is why the behavior patterns observed today cannot

Northern Carol Bailey is a student from Mississauga, Ontario. This article is reprinted from the Bulletin of the Canadian Association in Support of the Native Peoples. A special issue dealing with the land claims of the Native peoples in the Northwest Territories will be available on March 7. Copies may be obtained by writing 25 7 Laurier Ave. W., Suite 904, Ottawa.

Southern Canadians might well pause when they hear about Native land settlement proposals in the Northwest Territories. Indeed, it may be worth their while to reconsider the entire question of “northern development.” For it is becoming increasingly apparent that the “development” which has been imposed on Native northerners throughout Canadian history has lead to only disease, alcoholism, high suicide and crime rates, poverty and family and community breakdown. And for those of us in the south, the development of the north has dubious benefits. The Native people’s case is clear cut. From the late eighteenth century until the end of the Second World War, the fur trade dominated the economy of the north, undermining the Native economy and integrating it more and more with the Canadian economy. The Native people became dependent on the fur trade for the manufactured goods of the south, which over time, became necessities. When the price of furs declined in the 1930’s and 1940’s, the native people faced disaster. ’ For the first time in decades, the federal government, faced with the shameful state of the aboriginal inhabitants, its interest awakened by strategic considerations, turned its attention northwards. In the 195Os, it built schools, established housing programs, provided health care facilities and in traduced welfare programs. Native northerners underwent a period of the nomadic way of life, rapid change -from based on hunting, fishing and trapping, to a town-based, boom-bust, wage-labour economy, all in the space of about a decade.

Northern

potential

With the discovery of oil and gas at Prudhoe Bay in Alaska in 1968, a sudden new interest in the northern “potential” sprang up. Oil companies flocked north to carry out seismic explorations and drill wells on Native-occupied lands. The federal government began to play a more active role in encouraging, supporting and requesting oil and gas related activities-including the planning of a Mackenzie Valley gas (and possibly oil) pipeline. Suddenly, there was a serious threat posed to the very soul of Native northerners-their land. Until the 196Os, the Canadian north had largely been viewed as a great wasteland. During the years of the fur trade, the government had little interest in the north, and the general public had even less. Whatever development took place was left almost entirely in the hands of the fur trader, the missionary and the RCMP. The wishes of the Native people were never considered seriously when development decisions were made. Instead, 0 ttawa bureaucrats were more concerned with the resource potential of the area. Natural resource extraction has always dominated the economic, social and political changes that have taken place. What was best for resource development was best for the Native northerners-whether they liked it or not. In strictly material terms, the standard of living has probably improved in the last 20 years. The quality of medical care, housing 2nd education has shown a marked improvement. But the Native people have been forced into dependence upon southern institutions.

be understood independently of a history that is inscribed in the regulations, the human relations, and the curricula, as much as in the stones and the libraries. This is particularly true in the United States, a country that seems to have more of a past than a history-that is to say, where men and events of the past seem to exist in the present. European countries have a more detached attitude toward their history, which weighs upon them, and from which they strive to free themselves, treating it as

an object of study. Concern for historical continuity is very much alive in the United States. Jefferson and Lincoln seem to be listening to what is said about them in the history classes. The appeal to civic spirit is perpetual, as it is in the Soviet Union, but no longer in Germany, France, or Great Britain. A Harvard student has a sense of the continuity of history from the college’s founding in 1636 up to himself. A French student has the feeling that he is living in an institution without a past, with-

development:

out traditions, without any particular “spirit.” We should therefore avoid making too sharp a distinction between the stages suggested above. Yet, at the same time it is useful to break this sense of continuity, to reject a reduction of the university to the university spirit, and to take advantage of the fact that the author is not an American and is not trying to understand and define the American academic system in terms of its values-a hopeless effort in any case.

who- gains?

Disease and malnutrition have subsided, but social disintegration, caused by the lack of independence, has accelerated tremendousl y . The rapid exploitation of northern oil and gas reserves will only serve to accentuate the already-developing trend, especially if the Mackenzie Valley pipeline is built. But what is the Native northerner offered in return? The government has promised jobs-mostly temporary, unskilled construction jobs, and very little else. Once again, the federal government has decided what is best for the Native northerner. For the first time in the history of the north, however, the Native people have taken a stand. They are demanding the right to determine the kind of development that will take place on their own land. They want to see development, but development that serves the needs of the people living in the north.

extremely cheap. Deposits range from five to 25 cents per acre. Leases cost 50 cents per acre the first year, and $1 .OO per acre thereafter. Royalty rates range from three to 10 per cent, depending on the location of the drilling site and the number of years the well has been in production. In Alaska, under comparable environmental conditions, royalty rates are much higher: around the 20 per cent mark, and leases, sold at auctions, considerably more expensive on the average. John Helliwell has suggested that the revenues from export sales and delivery systems will not offset the economic costs (the costs associated with the transportation and support structure, paid for largely by the Canadian taxpayer), the social cost and the environmental costs to Canada of building a Mackenzie Valley pipeline. The construction of the Mackenzie Valley pipeline, along with other oil and gas-related

The southern Canadian has probably heard it all before. He might even agree that Native people have not benefited by northern development activities and policies. But aren’t the needs of millions of Southern Canadians more important than the needs of a few thousand Native northerners? Canadians need the north’s energy reserves, the argument goes. Wouldn’t revenues accruing from the sale of surplus reserves give the economy a shot in the arm? Wouldn’t the construction projects as‘sociated with oil and gas exploration and transportation give Canadians badly-needed jobs? Does Canada really need northern energy reserves-at least within the next decade? Observers and critics, such as economist John Helliwell and political science professor James Laxer, seriously question whether we do. If existing reserves are used for Canadians exclusively, if the government gives incentives to Alberta oil men to keep their drilling rigs in Canada (there has been an actual decrease of exploration activity in Alberta in recent years), if exploration is accelerated in the areas already under production, if Canadians make an effort to conserve energy and develop alternate sources, it would be quite feasible to postpone northern oil and gas development for several years, enough time for a thorough and badly-needed rethinking of northern development and energy policies in general. Even if Canada doesn’t really need the energy reserves in the north for a few years, wouldn’t northern development activities still give a badly-needed boost to the Canadian economy? Not really. “The Canadian government has gone out of its way to make Canada’s non-renewable resources as attractive to foreign countries as can possibly be done with massive incentives and cheap exploration and extraction costs,” according to author Richard Rohmer. _ Exploration permits in the territories are

developments, would undoubtedly create jobs. But the resource sector is what is referred to as “capital intensive” in nature. The number of jobs created per dollar invested is extremely small when compared to the manufactured sector of the economy. And the jobs which are created provide mostly short-term, unskilled work. So if one of the goals of constructing the pipeline is to create jobs, the money would be better invested in the manufacturing sector. Not only will the Canadian economy receive little benefit from oil and gas related activities in the north, it could be seriously damaged by them. If the Mackenzie Valley pipeline is financed largely by Canadian funds (and that is highly unlikely), it will make capital scarce for other investments. If, on the other hand, the project is financed with foreign money, the influx of funds (particularly with the James Bay project being built at the same time) will drive up the value of the Canadian dollar. Canada’s export goods will become expensive and uncompetititve in the foreign market, and imports will compete unfavorably with Canadian manufactured goods. Canada’s manufacturing sector will be damaged and unemployment will increase. Why then is the Mackenzie Valley pipeline going to be built at all? Canada has always been a supplier of raw materials to a mother country. First, she supplied furs, timber, and wheat to France and Britain. Now, she supplies timber products, minerals and, most significantly, oil, gas and water resources to the US. Canada has, moreover, followed a policy of encouraging direct foreign investment in resource development activities. As a result, over 90 per cent of Canada’s oil and gas industry is foreign (largely US) owned. As Laxer states, “Canada has developed as America’s resource frontier. Its energy resources have been exploited in response to continental, rather thancanadian, demands. In reality, it is not the needs of Canada which are being met by the Mackenzie Valley

pipeline; it is the demand of the US.” Canada’s role as a supplier of raw materials, rather than an exporter of manufactured goods, has had some serious economic consequences. The country becomes ever more dependent on foreign economies, on foreign investment, on foreign demand. In fact, Canada relies more on foreign capital investment than does any other industrialized country in the world. The preponderance of foreign capital in Canada results in a great deal of outside control over the economy. “The foreign investor often has first call on Canadian resources ,” the Citizen’s Guide to the Gray

Report

on Foreign

Investment

points out, “with the result that the structure of our economy and the priorities of our industrial development are, in a large part, determined by corporate decisions taken in a foreign environment and often reflects the economic and industrial priorities of the foreign government or economy.” Canada is becoming ever more dependent on outside interests and ever more vulnerable to decisions made in foreign countries. Many economists are concerned that Canada today is economically weaker than it has been in any other time this century. In the north, the pattern is repeated. The decision-making process, historically, has been disproportionately weighted in favor of business interests, with federal participation occuring from time to time. At least until 1968, the north was largely ruled in a policy vacuum. Whatever development took place was generally determined by business. Since the discovery of Alaskan oil, the federal government has played a much more dynamic role, but carporate concerns have remained a priority. The government and its corporate partners have been able to develop policy for the north with little concern for a largely-absent public opinion. “Relations with business, particularly the multi-national corporations and Washington, rather than public debate or consultation with the northerners set the pattern of development that is now being pursued in the north,” states Edgar Desman in his book, The National Interest. Native northerners are not the only group that has been excluded from decision-making. It is time that all Canadians started asking themselves some serious questions about the form of development that has been decreed for Canada’s north. Does it benefit all Canadians? Do Canadians really need the energy reserves, at least in the short term? Should Native northerners have more of a say in determining the type of development which takes place in their homeland? Canada’s north is no longer an isolated, remote “wasteland.” The future of Canada will be shaped by decisions that are now being made in Ottawa. The Canadian public can no longer afford to leave such crucial decisions in the hands of corporate officials and a small “inner circle” of senior federal civil servants. “Who will fight for the north?” asks Edgar Doesman at the end of his book. Will it be a lonely battle, waged by a small group of Native northerners and southern-based en- J vironmental organizations? Or will the Canadian public join forces with them and let it be known to the Ottawa decision-making that northern development for the few at the expense of many? There is some hope, by Ottawa has only responded to public demands in the north when the efforts of Native organizations and environments have forced it to. Now is the time for southern Canadians to take action. Now is the time to become informed about our precious northland. Now is the time to give utmost support to the Native organizations. In the end, the only one who can answer the question “who will fight for the north?” is you. -card

bailey

Student control, the sacking of professors and the formation of research centres in place of suppoti for individual scientists mark a radical change for academic life in Portugal. But the universities remain confused. In the following article, joseph Han/on looks at some of the changes in Portuguese universities fol/owing the April 25,. 7 974, coup. The article appeared in the Nov. 20, 7975, issue of New Scientist.

friday,

the chevron

“We made a great breakthrough in the biology department; we were able to contradict the entire Portuguese university system so far and invite people from outside to lecture,” declares Lisbon University botany professor Jose Contreiras. The need for such a breakthrough may seem absurd, yet it required student control of the Faculty of Science to accomplish. “Now the students are choosing the lecturers, and usually they choose well. People thought they would choose teachers who would be lenient, but my experience is not that at all, ” declared Dr. J. M . decompos Rosado, a population biologist from the Instituto do Ambiente Aquatico, who will give one of the new courses. Before the coup .on April 25, 1974, ‘ ‘the university was a very well kept castle. And the closed gates were controlled by a lucky few who, in general, were not the best people in their research fields in this country,” commented Rosado. The universities have had a very rigid structure of three levels of professors: auxiliary, extra-ordinary, and catadratico. Promotion was based on a difficult series of examinations by committees of professors in the field from Portugal’s three universi ties. In practice, promotion was based on academic orthodoxy and political purity. The catadraticos ran the university. For example, only they could get research grants from the Instituto do Alta Cultura (IAC), Portugal’s research council, and each catadratico had his own small project. Most of the teaching is done by assistants-postgraduate students supposedly teaching as they work on PhD research. But according to Lisbon botany professor Clara Barros Queivor, there has been no change in the number of professors at Lisbon since the 1911 education reform, while the number of students increased substantially. Thus, the assistants, who initially did low level jobs as demonstrators, now teach courses. There are no organized post-graduate _ courses, and most post-graduate seminars began to grow up only in the past decade. Finally, the catadraticos rarely provided help on research topics. With assistants “overloaded with teaching work” and receiving little help with research, therefore, it became “virtually impossible to gain a science PhD in Portugal,” Queivor said. Both the Lisbon University Faculty of Science and Coimbra University Faculty of Science and Technology had similar staff before the revolution: 15-20 catadraticos, 30-40 other professors, and 250 assistants. But Lisbon has nearly 3000 students while Coimbra has 1500. Non-teaching staff at each faculty number 400-500. After the April 25, 1974, coup, the students and assistants moved quickly to set up new structures and oust those linked with the old regime. Each faculty and each department has a general assembly with everyone having one vote. Thus they are dominated by the students. Each faculty and each department also has an elected directive committee, composed of equal numbers of students, staff, and teachers. The Coimbra Faculty of Science and Technology and each of its departments also have teaching and science committees. Although the directive committees have executive power, the final say is held by the general assembly. In typical fashion for post April 25 Portugal, there are frequent general assembly meetings. At first, attendance was

high; now it drops to 10 per cent rising to 40 per cent for important issues and elections. Although there were massive purges in some Lisbon faculties, few occurred in the Faculty of Science. The general assembly excluded four teachers, six employees, and a few students“political police informers 9 obviously reactionary teat hers, and people who had called the police to come into the university,” Queivor noted. At Coimbra, the exclusions were more extensive and came more slowly. ‘ ‘The directive committee was very careful to avoid Soviet style purges. It created a committee of inquiry and only the committee could nominate people to be purged. People could not be named and immediately purged at a general assembly meeting,” explained Professor Jose Urbano. Two groups of people were automatically removed: members of the Portuguese Legion, a right-wing para-military group set up under Salazar (membership records of the Legion were discovered after April 25), and those involved in the sacking of a mathematics professor in 1969 who had written a letter to the ministry objecting to the running of the Faculty. These two criteria were enough to exclude 14 of the 19 catadraticos in the Faculty of Science and Technology. All still receive salaries, although they are not permitted to enter the university. Three other staff were excluded later. One was a physics department administrator who “took advantage” of women students, and another was a mathematics teaching assistant who, as a student in 1969, gave the names of three other students to q

LlS

- the PIDE secret police. Finally, just six months ago, 8-10 students were excluded, largely for belonging to pro-fascist organisations. But the purges at Coimbra were controversial, and a letter was sent to the education minister, signed by all but five of the remaining professors, asking him to investigate. Many people argued’that in the new era of popular power, the professors should have raised their objections in the general assembly. So the general assembly, with very few dissenters, voted that anyone who signed the letter could not vote, be elected to a committee, or head a research group. Thus, only five professors -including only one catadratico-now have any say in the Faculty. University standstill Even before April 25, the universities were seriously disrupted by anti-fascist activities. But after April 25, things ground to a complete halt as the students and teachers The 1974-75 discussed restructuring. academic year finally began in January 1975. The 1975-76 year is just beginning, and it is the first since the coup to have first year students. The government had opened the universities to anyone, but the universities could not cope, so all first year students were to do a year of “civic service”, supposedly working side by side with the peasants. In general, the students refused to participate, alleging that in practice civic ser-

january

30, 1976

vice was so poorly organised that it was really just taking jobs away from people at 2 time of high unemployment. One student also noted: “The government said that to do better research for the people, we should first know the people. I think we can make the link better if we know research first and then the people.” A lot of the time last year was spent rede. signing the courses, many of which had noi changed for 20 years. In mathematics al Coimbra, for example, students in the final two years were given a choice of courses fol the first time. Advanced topology and function analysis were added to the pure maths programme-before the April 25 a pure maths student could study no more thar basic topology. But primarily the students pressed for applied courses, and subjects such as operations research, econometrics and advanced statistics were added. Adding courses means that others musl be dropped, and in the Coimbra engineering departments, the students cancelled or GUI down several of the basic courses taught bl the science departments. “I was teaching thermodynamics to en gineers. They found it too hard and half o them were failing. So they tried to get me tc pass them and I refused. So they held 2 meeting and threw the subject out of the curriculum, ’ ’ declared Professor Jose Ur bans. “Absolute nonsense,” countered another professor, knowledgeable about the dis pute. “The students wanted a practical course and Urbano’s thermodynamics wert continued

on page

I S

About one-third of Lisbon’s one million people are estimated to live in makeshift shack neighborhoods, some without electricity, all without running water, and all without insulation from the terrible damp cold that falls on the city every night during winter. Portuguese people call these shacks “barracas” (doghouse) or bairros de lata (tin quarters). And Art Moses, former bureau chief for the Canadian University Press, reports on how the barraca inhabitants countered their poor living conditions by occupying thousands of vacant houses and other buildings in the Lisbon area.

LISBON (CUP)-Portugal’s “doghouse” dwellers have been hard hit by the drastic change in political environment since Nov. 25. That day the entire military strength of the left was crushed, when armed forces chiefs declared a state of emergency in the Lisbon region. Commandeering all communications possibilities, they ended a paratroop rebellion, and moved conservative troops into Lisbon to disarm the local regiments-who hadn’t committed themselves to the rebellion,but who had, for months, been aiding Lisbon’s poor in concrete measures to better their lives. Before Nov. 25, residents of the shanty towns that ring Portugal’s capital city had been organizing for major changes in their living conditions. About one-third of Lisbon’s one million people are estimated to live in these makeshift shack neighbourhoods, some without electricity, all without running water, and all without insulation from the terrible damp cold that falls on the city every night during the winter. ‘The locals call the dwellings ‘ ‘barracas” (doghouses) or bairros de lata (tin quarters). After the fall of fascism in April 1974, barraca inhabitants created ‘ ‘commissaos de moradores”, residents’ commissions. to give direct political expression to their needs.

The commissions-working with similar groups in the inner-city-have occupied thousands of vacant houses and other buildings in the Lisbon region, using them to house the most needy families from the barracas and other poor neighborhoods. Many occupied buildings had been left vacant by speculator-owners demanding inflated rents. Others belonged to rich families who owned houses elsewhere in Portugal, where they lived only part of the year. “We know that for them to have two houses, other people have none, or must live in barracas ,” says the residents’ commission newsletter in one well-organized barraca. In executing occupations the support of the local military regiments was critical. The now-extinct COPCON-the operational command and security force -gathered information on all vacant buildings suitable for occupation. When residents commissions planned occupations, they would usually notify a military unit-COPCON, the extremely politicized Military Police (PM), or the military academy. “We would get five or six calls a night from people making occupations,” a now demobilized Military Police sergeant said in an interview. “The PM’s were always used to defend the people.” Soldiers would often arrive before, during or after occupations to lend support. They would let people use military vehicles for transporting furniture and other equipment. Legally, only occupations made before last April were eligible for governmental recognition. Under a law passed that month by a government dominated by leftist officers and Communist Party members, almost all subsequent occupations were considered illegal unless approved beforehand by municipal authorities. Nevertheless, the rate of occupations increased. The real impetus came last July when the military leadership adopted a document called ‘MFA-POVO’ (the alliance of the Armed Forces Movement with the people).

The document advocated the devolution of real political power to residents’ commissions, workers’ commissions in all workplaces, and democratic plenaries of soldiers and sailors. The idea was known as “poder popular”. But by the next month the military leadership had split, and more conservative elements gained hegemony. They demanded the creation of a new governmen dominated by the Socialist and Popular Democratic parties, both committed to trad. itional electoral democracy for Portugal They wanted political power vested in 2 legislative assembly, not in popular movements. Portugal got its new government, openly hostile to poder popular. The only military element continuing to take the idea seri ously was the increasingly politicized rank and file. Soldiers and sailors, supported by numerous progressive officers, began to as sert themselves actively in the effort to enc exploitation and injustice in Portugal. Now with COPCON dissolved, other progressive regiments demobilized, manJ leftist officers imprisoned, and democratic soldiers’ assemblies replaced by traditiona military discipline following Nov. 25, the fight for decent housing has been stopped Many fear it will be reversed. “There are a few occupations still going on now, but they are very different with the military backing gone,:’ said a member of z downtown Lisbon residents’ commission. “There have been no cases of disoccupa tions yet, but we think in a short time then will be. We are trying to organize defenst groups to help if the owners try to take bacl the houses, but if the government decides tc surround the houses, with police there isn’ much we can do,” he said: (Before Nov. 25 the police -unreconstructed since fascist times-hat been relegated to simple traffic duty. Nov they are flexing their muscles. On Jan. 1 four people died when Republican Nationa Guards opened fire on demonstrators out continued on page 2;

service

to the community,.

or diffusion

knowledge.”

Preferential treatment is to be given t0 subjects which ,directly or indirectly affect agriculture, fishing, energy, public health, etc.” Some of the responses

have been interest-

ing; At Coimbra, the mathematics department, at the request of the city administration, is setting up a programme in the wmputer lab to optimise the bus network. In the Lisbon geology department, a group went to the Anqed Forces Movement (MFA), who suggested hydrology work in the Algarve-the

area most advanced

in de-

cfMralked

planning. professors began the project with 20 civic service students in August. They are doing geological mapping, measuring water variation in existing wells, and testing water quality so as to suggest where wells can be drilled without drawing water away from existing wells-The need was so great Several

that peasants

have

already

drilled

wells

places

revolution continued

from

too theoretical. &ding

page

It had nothing to do Mth him -

his students.”

research,itwasusuallyjusttogogetpaperspublished in internationaljourmls. nefit was only ~SB.the 4zttadraticos,

Thebenot the wmmuni$y, and often they did ndt even tell anyone else.what they 6ere doing,“” dedared professor Mario Rosa 1

“Therewasno.contr&andp&plecould An el45ctrical engineering teaching assisdo as they wanted,“” admitted Dr. Clara tant agreed: “it was a scientists’ course and Sousa Lopes, head of the science research didnot fill the needs of engineers.” But he division of the Institute de A&a Cultura. admitted that “opportunism” was also a problem, espkcially in engineering, because Thusitwasnecessary,shesaid,tostopthe in Portuguese industry “engineersjust look ~ “scan&& we had before”“after the workers and sigu papers”, and IAC ainooum;ed on April 21 that alhl old thus many dude& s&e engineering as a soft research projects would be terminated on job that they hope to get with as little work June 30 .and that everyone would have to as possible. reapply. Rather than grantstoinResearch, too, has been changed. “The dividuals, they.would be given to research catadratiws did little research work and centres which would, in addition to rejust collected the money. And if they did search, also stress “postgraduate research,

suggested by the geologists. “We have .done applied geology before, but this is the first time it has been done with the accordance and desire of the local authorities. Previously, we decided where to go with no interest in the people in the wmmunity and the data just went onto the hm khklves,” explained Professor Alberto Alves. Help for people? Other groupshave not been so successful. At the Coimbra chemistry department, all the catadratico professors were purged and the other professors cannot run research projects because they signed the letter to the ministry. So the research proposal to IAC has been written entirely by teaching assistants. They want to do research to help the people, but admit they have little research expetience and no idea what the people need. Letters sent to local industries, hospitals, etc., plus announcements in the newspaper offering help, produced a disappointing reSponSe.

The assistants alio argue that the professors in the department are unwilling to help because they axes fighting change and defending their own positions. -

Nevertheless, they have put togeth&r a proposal to IAC to set up a tiearch centre to use existing capabilities in new areas -for example, expanding photochemistry research into solar engineering and textiles, and gas chromatography techniques into pollution studies. How applied Portuguese university search will be, really depends on

which has received nearly medicine applications-man

’

reIAC,

100 science and y more than it

expected. - But Lopes

admits that the new p~posals are not substantially different Erom the old research. “Some of them tried to answer the questions we posed, but many try to go on without changing-” And proposals are being considered by committees of university s;Cientistsmore than half of whom served Qn similar i=om-

: mittees‘before April 25. IAC has been criticised for’failing to include any non-scientists or (with one excep tion) any industrial scientists on the committees. The ‘wmmittees am working slowly, and things have been further delayed by a four week strike by IAC staE ” which finally won 3 pounds per month and promotions for several people who had been, in the same posts for up to 30 yearsSo all old research had to be extended from-the original June 30 cutoff date until ‘, the end of the year and the first new grantsare just now being approved. Lopes noted that most applicatiod will be approved, because the 2.5 million pound annual budget is sufficiently large that “there is no point in making choices.” : In some ways, IAC’s radical initiative inApril has turned into a damp squib. But Lopes angues that forcing the formation of research centres instead of basii research on individuals, as well as giving prefence to research which will benefit the country, is already aradicaldeparture. She also notes that although most new research centres will be approved, there will be detailed critiquei and some l&s of research within the centres will be rejectedThis will form the basis, she argues, of continuing.change in the future. “We had to change the systemit could not go on. But it is very difficult to do everything at once-”

a cafe to fight lig$@ces and pmfiteetigin Gnilar establishments nearby. Sina? April 1!F74 it has operated a scti . for children who have comgeted fm years . mnti”~ied fmi page 26 of primary s&o& Most barraca children side a prison, aemanding the release of _ S&ply stoppea formal edtition at that point; now they can improve basic skills military~men jailed after Nov. 25.) ’ and broaden geperal knowled@ at the local Apart. from occupations, other measures schoolEtaffed entirely by vohmteers, and to better living conditions are also in not recog&ed by the statejeopardySome residents’ comn&sions had planThe commissiin has also constructed a

disaster

, :

ned to construct new houses to replace their bamacas;with the cooperation of Lisbon’s camara municipal (municipal government). F”mancing was to have come from the residents’ nominal rental payments over 20 years, along with a promised government subsidy. 3 ? “They’ve sent machines to prepare the ’ land, but they haven’t given us title to the land as they’d promised,” said the chairman of the New Portugal Cooperative, the residents’ commission for three barracas ‘only five minutes walk from one of Lisbon’s most fashionable areas. “Now they may just build new houses we can’t af&d.” “The 25th of November stopped all work on poder popular,” according to the chairman, who “works as a. newspaper truck driver- “Now the &mar-a won’t listen to I us? The commissions, formerly received qmpathetic hearings fi-om both national and municipal ofli&als on such,matters as ,electrification, more outdoor water taps (the barracas’ sole source of water), showers, and basic shack rem. Often requests would be granted, Now the doors are closed. The military

engineers regiment brought to the New Portugal Cooperative Nov. 25 to dig a garbage dump.

equipment

before Other regiments provided trucks for transporting the barracas’ youngsters’ football team outside the city. Now the military refuses any such assistance. Despite the setbacks, the New Portugal Cooperative is continuing its work. It opened a non-profit store selling basic food needs last February, and will soonopen .,. c e .b ‘ *

children’s playground and developed a hb raryForfm unable to r&&he highcost of elect&&y-higher still under the harsh austerity measures inuuduced since Nov2iQthe commission ev families with electricity to impro* w-tions to the$r @orer neighbourq” .&a&s and spGt the rates.’ So far, the ekctricity company

has eescedIn September the residents stopped paying rent to municipaI authorities and transferredit to the codonfor its projectsl Residents commissions outside the barraeas don’t have as much s&ngth or mass support. Many$ner @y ne@hbomkxxk lack the barracas”, class homogeneity; their issues an&t as clear cuL Thus, some neighbomkods sport sevT eral competing -residentsn cknmissions aligned to different political groups ‘neveral on the left; one supporting the interests of the middle classIn the wake of the Nov. 25 disaster, activists in * popular movements are reassessing their work. They are trying to relate more directly to the people% needs,

but, if anything, appear to be exacerbating sectarian dbisionsOne worthwhiIe project involves the direct purchase of food from workercontrolled agricul8rral estates in southern Portugal. ResideMs will buy the food i?om their commissious and avoid middlemen’s profits. But with the~ommunist Party and the smaller leftist parties still bhuning each other for the left’s weakness on Nov: 25, ~Portu&l’s authorities wsdt find it hard to institufionaliz~

Lisbon’s-

the

reverses

they

Member: Canadian university press (CUP). The chevron is typeset by members of the workers union of dumont press graphix (CNTU) and published by the federation of students ]ncorporated, university of Waterloo. Content is the sole responsibilii of the chevron editorial staff. Offices are located in the campus centre; (519) 885-l 660, oruniver$ylocaK2331. I‘\

dealt

poor people tha$ day4r9:moses + ,’

” ,i :

FEE% 2 -7, 1976

Monday

12 noon TUG of WAR in ARTS QUAD 7 pm Duplicate Bridge Tourney MC 3rd FLOOR*Lounge

Tuesday

12 noon Spelling Bee Humanities foyer (first Floor) 8 pm Wine and Cheese MC 5136 $50 sot members $75

Wednesday II:30 pm Slide Rule Contest MC 3rd Floor Lounge (Teams of three using 6 foot slide rules) Red Garter Pub Night Come to the CC Pub FREE Admission Arts-ESS-Math $.74 others

Thursday 12 noon Toboggan Races by Conrad Grebel CoIIege 7 pm Games Night Hockey, Bridge, Euchre, Cribbage beer and liquor served

Friday

II:30 am All Day Broomball Tourney at St. Clements $5 Entry fee MAJOR prizes *b NOTE: to enter any event leave YOUR name in a SOClE OFFICE PRIZES FOR ALL EVENTS

â&#x20AC;&#x2122; SATURDAY

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