Social Justice in an Open World: The Role of the United Nations
Endnotes United Nations, "In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all: report of the Secretary-General" (A/59/2005; 21 March 2005). United Nations, Office of Public Information, Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice (New York); the Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and entered into force on 24 October 1945. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (Ill) of 10 December 1948. See General Assembly resolution 5512 of 8 September 2000. See United Nations, "Report of the World Summit for Social Development", which includes the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development (AlCONF.16619; 19 April 1995). John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, revised edition (Cambridge, Massachusetts, The Belknap PressIHarvard University Press, 1999), p. 13. Chapter V11 focuses on action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression. Ibid.; see, in particular, pp. 4 and 5. For a succinct explanation of the views of Karl Marx on justice, see A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, second edition, Tom Bottomore, ed. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Blackwell, 1991); see, in particular, the entries on justice and on equality. This notion of an "impartial observer" was used by Adam Smith, notably in The Theory of Moral Sentiments, sixth edition (London, A. Millar, 1790). l0
See note 6.
l1
See United Nations, "In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all: report of the Secretary-General" (A/59/2005; 21 March 2005), p. 40, para. 159.
l2
See the World Bank Atlas, 36th edition (Washington, D.C., World Bank, 2004). The other data included in this section were taken from the regional studies prepared for the last meeting of the Forum, held in New York in October 2004. These studies are available upon request from the United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development
l3
The data included in this chapter were also taken from the regional studies mentioned above.
l4
The Gini coefficient is usually used to measure income inequality but can be used to measure any form of uneven distribution. The Gini coefficient is a number between