to teach and the pupil–teacher ratio—as well as an indicator on education expenditure as a percentage of GDP. Table 10, Command over and allocation of resources, covers several macroeconomic indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP); gross fixed capital formation; taxes on income, profit and capital gain as percentage of total tax revenue; share of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fisheries in GDP; and consumer price index. Gross fixed capital formation is a rough indicator of national income that is invested rather than consumed. In times of economic uncertainty or recession, gross fixed capital formation typically declines. The consumer price index is a measure of inflation. General government final consumption expenditure (presented as a share of GDP and as average annual growth) and research and development expenditure are indicators of public spending. In addition, the table presents three indicators on debt—domestic credit provided by the banking sector, external debt stock and total debt service, all measured as a percentage of GDP—and two indicators related to the price of food—the price level index and the price volatility index. Table 11, Social competencies, contains indicators on three components: employment and related vulnerabilities, social protection and suicide rates by gender. Indicators on vulnerabilities related to employment include vulnerable employment, youth and total unemployment, child labour and working poor as well as length of mandatory paid maternity leave. Social protection is represented by the percentage of children under age 5 with birth registration and the percentage of pension-age population actually receiving an old-age pension. Table 12, Personal insecurity, reflects the extent to which the population is insecure. It presents number of refugees by country of origin and number of internally displaced people. It shows long-term unemployment rates, homicide rates, and the size of the homeless population, prison population and orphaned children population. And it includes the depth of food deficit and a perception-based indicator on justification of wife beating by gender. Table 13, International integration, provides indicators of several aspects of globalization. International trade is captured by measuring the remoteness of world markets and international trade as share of GDP. Capital flows are represented by net inflows of foreign direct investment and private capital, official
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development assistance and inflows of remittances. Human mobility is captured by the net migration rate, the stock of immigrants and the number of international inbound tourists. International communication is represented by the share of population that uses the Internet and international incoming and outgoing telephone traffic. Table 14, Environment, covers environmental vulnerability and effects of environmental threats. The table shows the proportion of fossil fuels and renewable energy sources in the primary energy supply, levels and annual growth of carbon dioxide emissions per capita and measures of ecosystem and natural resources preservation (natural resource depletion as a percentage of GNI, forest area and change in forest area and fresh water withdrawals). The table contains the under-five mortality rates due to outdoor and indoor air pollution and to unsafe water, unimproved sanitation or poor hygiene. The table also presents indicators of the direct impacts of natural disasters (number of deaths and population affected). Table 15, Population trends, contains major population indicators, including total population, median age, dependency ratios and total fertility rates, which can help assess the burden of support that falls on the labour force in a country. Deviations from the natural sex ratio at birth have implications for population replacement levels, suggest possible future social and economic problems and may indicate gender bias. Table 16, Supplementary indicators: perceptions of well- being, includes indicators that reflect individuals’ opinions and self-perceptions about relevant dimensions of human development— quality of education, quality of health care, standard of living and labour market, personal safety and overall satisfaction with freedom of choice and life. The table also contains indicators regarding trust in other people and satisfaction with the community and a set of broader indicators reflecting perceptions about government policies on poverty alleviation and preservation of environment, and overall trust in national government.
Note 1. Aguna and Kovacevic (2011) and Høyland, Moene and Willumsen (2011).