HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2014 Sustaining Human Progress Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience
same methodology applied to compute the 2013 HDI. Along with historical HDI values, the table includes the change in HDI rank over the last five years and the average annual HDI growth rates across three different time intervals. Table 3, Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, contains two related measures of inequality—the IHDI and the loss in HDI due to inequality. The IHDI looks beyond the average achievements of a country in health, education and income to show how these achievements are distributed among its residents. The IHDI can be interpreted as the level of human development when inequality is accounted for. The relative difference between the IHDI and HDI is the loss due to inequality in distribution of the HDI within the country. The table also presents a new measure, the coefficient of human inequality, which is an unweighted average of inequalities in three dimensions. In addition, the table shows each country’s difference in rank on the HDI and the IHDI. A negative value means that taking inequality into account lowers a country’s rank in the HDI distribution. The table also presents three standard measures of income inequality: the ratio of the top and the bottom quintiles; the Palma ratio, which is the ratio of income of the top 10 percent and the bottom 40 percent; and the Gini coefficient. Table 4, Gender Inequality Index, presents a composite measure of gender inequality using three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment and labour market participation. Reproductive health is measured by two indicators: the maternal mortality ratio and the adolescent birth rate. Empowerment is measured by the share of parliamentary seats held by women and the share of population with at least some secondary education. And labour market is measured by participation in the labour force. A low GII value indicates low inequality between women and men, and vice-versa. Table 5, Gender Development Index, measures disparities in HDI by gender. The table contains HDI values estimated separately for women and men; the ratio of which is the GDI. The closer the ratio is to 1, the smaller the gap between women and men. Values for the three HDI components—longevity, education (with two indicators) and income—are also presented by gender. Table 6, Multidimensional Poverty Index, captures the multiple deprivations that people face in their education, health and living standards. The MPI shows both the incidence of nonincome multidimensional poverty (a headcount of those in multidimensional poverty) and its intensity (the relative number of deprivations people experience at the same time). Based on intensity thresholds, people are classified as near multidimensional poverty, multidimensionally poor or in severe poverty, respectively. The contributions of deprivations in each dimension to overall poverty are also included. The
table also presents measures of income poverty—population living on less than PPP $1.25 per day and population living below the national poverty line. This year’s MPI includes some modifications to the original set of 10 indicators: height-for-age replaces weight-for-age for children under age 5 because stunting is a better indicator of chronic malnutrition. A child death is considered a health deprivation only if it happened in the five years prior to the survey. The minimum threshold for education deprivation was raised from five years of schooling to six to reflect the standard definition of primary schooling used in the Millennium Development Goals and in international measures of functional literacy, and the indicators for household assets were expanded to better reflect rural as well as urban households. The table also presents MPI estimates obtained under the earlier specifications for comparative purposes. Table 6A, Multidimensional Poverty Index: Changes over time (select countries), presents estimates of MPI and its components for two or more time points for countries for which consistent data were available in 2013. Estimation is based on the revised methodology. Table 7, Health: children and youth, presents indicators of infant health (percentage of infants who are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, percentage of infants who lack immunization for DTP and measles, and infant mortality rate), child health (percentage of children under age 5 who are stunted, percentage of children who are overweight and child mortality rate) and HIV prevalence and prevention (number of children ages 0–14 living with HIV, youth HIV prevalence rate, condom use among young people, and percentage of pregnant women living with HIV not receiving treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission). The table also includes data on antenatal coverage. Table 8, Adult health and health expenditure, contains adult mortality rates by gender, age-standardized mortality rates from alcohol and drug use, and age-standardized obesity rates and HIV prevalence rates among adults. It also includes two indicators on life expectancy—life expectancy at age 60 and health-adjusted life expectancy at birth—and three indicators on quality of health care—number of physicians per 10,000 people, health expenditure as a share of GDP and out of pocket expenditure for health. Table 9, Education, presents standard education indicators along with indicators on education quality, including average test scores on reading, mathematics and science for 15-yearold students. The table provides indicators of educational attainment—adult and youth literacy rates and the share of the adult population with at least some secondary education. Gross enrolment ratios at each level of education are complemented by primary school dropout rates. The table also includes two indicators on education quality—primary school teachers trained Readers guide | 157