State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples
health care services, there is limited information on the impact of these programmes. There are however, encouraging signs that health initiatives provided “by indigenous peoples for indigenous people” is improving access to services. The seventh chapter by Ms. Oksana Buranbaeva outlines indigenous peoples’ access to health in the Russian Federation. Russian federal legislation protects the “numerically small indigenous peoples” or “small-numbered indigenous peoples of Russia”, defined as those who live in territories traditionally inhabited by their ancestors; maintain a traditional way of life and economic activity; number fewer than 50,000; and identify themselves as separate ethnic communities. Ms. Oksana Buranbaeva describes the situation and policies that the Soviet Union adopted vis-à-vis indigenous peoples which had both negative and positive consequences on indigenous peoples’ current access to health services. Ms. Oksana Buranbaeva concludes that a comprehensive strategy is required in order to develop in partnerships and consultation with indigenous peoples that draw on the experiences of other Arctic countries to enhance access to indigenous peoples health services.
Overview of major international responses to indigenous peoples 1957 – ILO Convention 107 on Indigenous and Tribal Populations is adopted (http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm) 1972 – The Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations is launched (also known as the Martínez Cobo study) 1982 – The Working Group on Indigenous Populations is established by the United Nations (http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/groups/groups-01.htm) 1984 – The Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations is submitted to the UN 1985 – The Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations is created 1989 – ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent States is adopted (http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm) 1992 – The Rio Earth Summit adopts the Convention on Biological Diversity (http://www.biodiv.org/convention/default.shtml) 1993 – The World Conference on Human Rights recommends the establishment of a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 1993 – International Year of the World’s Indigenous People 1994 – The first International Decade for Indigenous People is launched (1994-2004) 1994 – The Voluntary Fund to support small-scale projects during the Decade is created 1998 – First Roundtable on Intellectual Property and Indigenous Peoples organized by the World Intellectual Property Organization - WIPO (http://www.wipo.int) 2000 – E stablishment of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) (http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/index). 2001 – The mechanism of a Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People is established by the Commission on Human Rights (http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/rapporteur/).
008 ξ Introduction