It is likely that disamenity effects would be higher in countries where waste is managed poorly (as the disamenity effects such as noise, nuisance, vermin, etc are likely to be higher). Most studies have been carried out in countries with high quality waste management. A recent study is the only study found from a country with a lower collection rate (South Africa, where approximately 60% of waste is formally collected).192 When disamenity (adjusted for PPP to adjust for differences in house prices) was plotted against formal waste collection rates, it indicated a negative relationship between percentage of waste formally collected and disamenity cost (see Figure 27 below).
FIGURE 27: DISAMENITY COSTS (PPP ADJUSTED) VERSUS PERCENTAGE OF WASTE COLLECTED
Due to the large number of regions included in this analysis, and the fact that the specific locations are unknown, a disamenity scale was derived from the figures provided in the literature, plotted against formal waste collection rates in each region. The disamenity cost for a tonne of waste in a particular region is then estimated based on the collection rate in the region in question. The resulting figure for each region is then adjusted for PPP to take account of differences in house prices. Adjusting for PPP is a widely used technique, especially for transfers between countries or regions189
ADDITIVES Additives are chemicals added to plastic during the manufacturing process to enhance its properties, such as heat resistance and flexibility. Recently, there has been growing concerns on the leaching of these substances and their impacts on human health and the environment. The impacts additives leachate follows the following framework.
FIGURE 28: quantification of the PLASTIC CHEMICAL IMPACTS FRAMEWORK
QUANTIFICATION OF TOXIC CONSTITUENTS
LEACHING
QUANTIFICATION OF TOXIC IMPACTS
VALUATION OF TOXIC IMPACTS
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