Endnotes UNDESA (2013), World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs, New York. 2 www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/ world-population-prospects-the-2012-revision. html, Last viewed 19/08/2013. 3 UNDESA (2012), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2011 Revision, United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs, New York. 4 McKinsey (2010). Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies, McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey and Company. Page 4. 5 AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 13. 6 Ibid, Page 1; Swilling, M. and Annecke, E. (2012). Rethinking Urbanism, in – Just Transitions: Explorations of Sustainability in an Unfair World (Cape Town, Juta).
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Urban economies, urban livelihoods and natural resource-based economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: the constraints of a liberalized world economy, Local Economy, 28, 2:168 – 185; Satterthwaite, D. (2003). The Millennium Development Goals and urban poverty reduction: great expectations and nonsense statistics. Environment and Urbanization 15(2): 181-90. UN-Habitat (2008). State of the African Cities Report 2008: A Framework for Addressing Urban Challenges in Africa, UN-Habitat, Nairobi. Page 5. In: Swilling, M. (2010). “Africa 2050: Growth, resource productivity and decoupling”, Policy Brief for the 7th meeting of the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management of the United Nations Environment Programme. 26 AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (AfDB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. 27 www.unhabitat.org/pmss/ 28 Pieterse, E. (2011). “Recasting urban sustainability in the south”, Development, 54, 3, 309-316. (RAUS). 29 In this approach resilience encompasses capacity to withstand exogenous shocks e.g. due to climate change, global economic uncertainty, global ecosystem degradation, etc. 30 UN-Habitat (2008). State of the African Cities Report 2008: A Framework for Addressing Urban Challenges in Africa, UN-Habitat, Nairobi. Page 5. In: Swilling, M. (2010). “Africa 2050: Growth, resource productivity and decoupling”, Policy Brief for the 7th meeting of the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management of the United Nations Environment Programme. 31 ADB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. 32 Slums can occur in formal settlements (e.g. in inner cities that have fallen into decay), and are hence not always strictly ‘informal’. However, these terms are used interchangeably in this report, and refer broadly to both phenomena. 33 ADB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 37. 34 City of Johannesburg (2008). State of Environment Report for the City of Johannesburg, City of Johannesburg. 35 ADB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 20. 36 ADB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 27. 37 Pieterse, E. (2011). “Recasting urban sustainability in the south”, Development, 54, 3, 309-316. (RAUS). 38 Swilling, M. (2010). “Africa 2050: Growth, 25
THE STATE OF AFRICAN CITIES 2014
McKinsey (2010). Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies, McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey and Company. Page 2. 8 Swilling, M. (2010). “Africa 2050: Growth, resource productivity and decoupling”, Policy Brief for the 7th meeting of the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management of the United Nations Environment Programme. 9 Ibid, Page 3. 10 AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 13. 11 The African Development Bank (2011) Market Brief specifies that this is “an absolute definition of per capita daily consumption of $2-$20 in 2005 PPP US dollars to characterize the middle class in Africa.” 12 AfDB (African Development Bank). (2011). “The middle of the pyramid: dynamics of the middle class in Africa.”’ Market Brief, April 20, 2011. p. 2. 13 McKinsey (2010). Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies, McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey and Company. Page 4. 14 AfDB (African Development Bank). (2011). “The middle of the pyramid: dynamics of the middle class in Africa.”’ Market Brief, April 20, 2011. p. 1. 15 Africa Progress Report (APR) (2012). Africa Progress Report. Jobs, Justice and Equity. Seizing Opportunities in Times of Global Change, Africa Progress Panel. Page 17. 16 Ibid. 17 Hofmann, A. and Wan, G. (2013) Determinants of Urbanization, ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 355, Asian Development Bank (ADB), July 2013. 18 Ibid, p.21. 19 Pan-Africanism is more important than ever, in The Africa Report, No. 50, May 2013, p.27. 7
Swilling, M. (2010). “Africa 2050: Growth, resource productivity and decoupling”, Policy Brief for the 7th meeting of the International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management of the United Nations Environment Programme; UNCTAD (2012). Economic Development in Africa Report 2012. Structural Transformation and Sustainable Development in Africa, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations. 21 McKinsey (2010). Lions on the Move: The Progress and Potential of African Economies, McKinsey Global Institute, McKinsey and Company. Page 4; AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (ADB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011; UNCTAD (2012). Economic Development in Africa Report 2012. Structural Transformation and Sustainable Development in Africa, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations. 22 AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (AfDB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 20. 23 AfDB (2011). Africa in 50 Years Time. The Road Towards Inclusive Growth, African Development Bank (AfDB) (Tunisia, Tunis), September 2011. Page 27. 24 Beauchemin, C. and Bocquier, P. (2004). ‘Migration and urbanization in Francophone West Africa: a review of the recent empirical evidence’, Urban Studies, 41, 11: 2245-2272; Bryceson, D. and Potts, D. (eds) (2006). African Urban Economies: Viability, Vitality or Vitiation? (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan); Bryceson, D.F. and Jønsson, J. (2010). “Gold Digging Careers in Rural Africa: Small-Scale Miners’ Livelihood Choices” World Development 38(3) 379-392; Jones, G., & Corbridge, S. (2010). The continuing debate about urban bias: the thesis, its critics, its influence and its implications for povertyreduction strategies. Progress in Development Studies, 10(1), 1-18; Mezzini, E. and Lindeboom, W. 2008. The urban transition in Tanzania: building the empirical base for policy dialogue. Washington DC, World Bank; Potts, D. (2005) Counter-urbanization on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and Implications, Urban Studies. 42 4, 583–609; Potts, D. (2010). Circular migration in Zimbabwe and contemporary sub-Saharan Africa (James Currey, Oxford; Cape Town, University of Cape Town Press); Potts, D. (2012a). “Challenging the Myths of Urban Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Evidence from Nigeria.” World Development, 40 (7): 1382–1393; Potts, D. (2012b). Whatever happened to Africa’s rapid urbanisation? London, Africa Research Institute, Counterpoints Series; Potts, D. (2012c). What do we know about urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa and does it matter? International Development Planning Review, 34 (1): v-xxi; Potts, D. (2013). 20
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