Table of Contents
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................... List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................................................................................................. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................................................................
1.
2.
Sustainable Development and Transport ........................................................
1
1.1 1.2 1.3
Sustainable Development........................................................................................................................................ Sustainable Transport.................................................................................................................................................. Assessing Sustainable Development ................................................................................................................
1 2 4
General Trends Controlling Transport Growth and Demand .......................
9
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4.
3.
Economic Development........................................................................................................................................... Social and Demographic Trends .......................................................................................................................... Environmental Trends and Implications for Inland Transport ............................................................ Challenges..........................................................................................................................................................................
9 18 23 30
Accessibility ...........................................................................................................
33
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
4.
Transport Accessibility: Individuals and Households .............................................................................. Transport Accessibility: Access to International Markets ...................................................................... Challenges and Best Practices for Transport Accessibility.................................................................... Concluding Remarks....................................................................................................................................................
33 47 52 61
Affordability: Affordable Mobility for Individuals and Societies.................
63
4.1 4.2 4.3
5.
6.
Transport Affordability for Individuals and Households........................................................................ Transport Affordability for Societies................................................................................................................... Challenges and Best Practices ...............................................................................................................................
63 70 76
Transport Safety ...................................................................................................
83
5.1 Road Safety ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5.2 Rail Safety ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5.3 Inland Waterway Safety ...................................................................................................................................................... 5.4 Transport of dangerous goods.............................................................................................................................. 5.5 Cross Sector Safety ........................................................................................................................................................
84 96 104 109 120
Transport Security ................................................................................................ 123 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
7.
III V X XV
Minimizing Terrorism Threats and Preventing Attacks ........................................................................... Criminal Activities.......................................................................................................................................................... Elements of Railway Security – The perspective of the International Union of Railways ..... Security in the Transport of Dangerous Goods...........................................................................................
124 127 131 136
Inland Transport and the Environment ............................................................ 139 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
Energy Use ......................................................................................................................................................................... Transport Effects on the Environment.............................................................................................................. Environmental Effects on Transport................................................................................................................... Challenges and Best Practices ...............................................................................................................................
139 143 148 152
VII