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TRANSFORMING WORK FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGE ON THE BOOKS: Collective action brings victory to domestic workers in New York
62 64
IN BRIEF
68
INTRODUCTION
70
UNEVEN PROGRESS IN WOMEN’S LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
74
Women’s labour force participation: regional trends Education: the great equalizer?
TOWARDS SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY IN PAID AND UNPAID WORK Unpaid care and domestic work: the foundation for all economic activity Addressing pervasive occupational segregation Closing gender pay gaps
PRIORITY ARENAS TO PROMOTE SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY AT WORK
75 80
81
83 89 96
101
Women in informal employment Increasing returns to women’s small-scale farming Boosting women’s public sector employment
102 109 114
WOMEN’S ORGANIZING FOR SUBSTANTIVE EQUALITY AT WORK
117
CONCLUSIONS
120
Women workers and the trade union movement Women and informal worker organizing
FIGURES Figure 2.1 Labour force participation rate by sex and region, 1990-2013 Figure 2.2 Gender gaps in labour force participation rates by age group, 1990 and 2013 Figure 2.3 An eye on the gap: the global gender gap in labour force participation Figure 2.4 Average maternal employment rates by number of children in European Union countries, by family policy regime, 2013 Figure 2.5 Typical childcare arrangement for employed women with children under age 6 Figure 2.6 Financing of maternity leave by region, 2013 Figure 2.7 Share of women in total employment in select occupational groups, 2013 Figure 2.8 Change in women’s share of occupations, 2000–2010 Figure 2.9 Unadjusted gender pay gap (GPG), 2000 and 2010 Figure 2.10 Informal employment, as a share of total employment, by type and sex, 2004–2010 Figure 2.11 Segmentation of informal employment by average earnings and sex Figure 2.12 Proportion of women and men in ‘unprotected’ employment over the past decade (as a percentage of total non-agricultural employment), around 2000 and 2010 BOXES Box 2.1 The right to work and rights at work in human rights frameworks Box 2.2 The role of the state in generating decent work in Brazil Box 2.3 Labour force participation, employment and unemployment rates Box 2.4 Accumulating socio-economic disadvantage: Gender gaps in lifetime income Box 2.5 Unpaid work: A note on terminology Box 2.6 Safer marketplaces in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Box 2.7 Unions fight for equal pay for work of equal value Box 2.8 Involving informal workers in local and municipal planning in India Box 2.9 Impacts of land dispossession on women in Indonesia Box 2.10 Outsourcing of public sector jobs at the University of Cape Town Box 2.11 Women informal workers organizing for change
118 118
76 77 78 85 86 88 90 91 96 103 104 105 70 73 75 81 83 94 99 107 110 115 119
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