85. Elson 1998.
130. Heintz 2009, 2013a.
86. UN Women maintains a website with resources on gender-responsive budgeting. See http://gender-financing.unwomen.org.
93. Lavigne et al. 2014.
131. One way of doing this is through mispricing goods and services that are transferred between different branches of the same company operating in different countries. By setting up a branch in a tax haven and then manipulating the price of imports purchased from and exports shipped to other divisions and affiliates of the same company operating in different countries, corporations can show their profits as accruing to the branch in a tax haven rather than in a country with higher taxes.
94. For a discussion of these issues in the context of sub-Saharan Africa, see Heintz 2013a.
132. Hollingshead 2010; Hutton 2012. 133. Bakker 2014.
95. See, for example, the findings of the U.S. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (Angelides and Thomas 2011).
134. Sinclair 2014.
87. UN Women Forthcoming; Elson 1998. 88. Pollin and Zhu 2006. 89. Elson 2014. 90. Cunha et al. 2011. 91.
Bernanke 2012.
92. Dobbs et al. 2013; Bell et al. 2012.
96. Braunstein 2014; Chant 2008a; UNRISD 2010a. 97. Chang and Grabel 2014. 98. Cordero and Montecino 2010. 99. IMF 2013a; Lim et al. 2011. 100. Alderman 2011; Heckman 1999, 2013; Naudeau et al. 2011. 101. Engle et al. 2007; Irwin et al. 2007. 102. Bornstein et al. 2008. 103. Heckman 2013. 104. Chong-Bum and Seung-Hoon 2006. 105. Bloom, Canning and Sevilla 2003. 106. Jones, Harper et al. 2010, Levine et al. 2008. 107. Field and Ambrus 2008. 108. Conde-Agudelo et al. 2005. 109. White and Holmes 2006. 110. Hardgrove et al. 2014.
135. Ibid.
113. UNESCO 2012a. 114. Hardgrove et al. 2014. 115. Central Bank News 2015.
118. The Open Budget Index (OBI) ranks countries (between 0 and 100) based on the responses to 95 survey questions on the degree of budget transparency and the degree to which budget information is publicly available. The survey also asks questions about public participation and oversight, although these questions are not used to calculate the index.
121. IBP 2011. 122. Mbilinyi 2015; Rusimbi and Mbilinyi 2005; TGNP Mtandao 1999.
10. This is an example of the difference between gender statistics and sex-disaggregated data: while sex-disaggregated data are needed to show the differences between women and men, gender statistics is a broader concept that enables the analysis of gender issues. UN Economic and Social Council 2014; see also UN regional reviews ECA 2014, ECE 2014, ECLAC 2014, ESCAP 2014 and ESCWA 2014.
138. See Künnemann 2004.
13.
UN 2013.
139. Elson et al. 2013.
14. Maetz 2013.
140. Coomans and Kamminga 2004.
15.
The number of maternal deaths in 2013 was estimated to be 289,000. However, based on the range of uncertainty published by the inter-agency monitoring group (WHO, UNPOP, UNICEF, World Bank), the value could be anywhere between 170,000 (40 per cent less) to 500,000 (75 per cent more) deaths. UN Women calculations using data from WHO et al. 2014.
16.
WHO 2014d.
17.
See IHSN 2015 for more details.
18.
UN 2010.
19.
Ibid.
137. Coomans 2011; Coomans and Kamminga 2004; Sepulveda 2006.
141. Bakker 2014. 142. Ibid. 143. Ibid. 144. Cox 1992. 145. Heintz 2013a. 146. See Maastricht University, and International Commission of Jurists 2011. 147. These obligations are only legally binding on States that have ratified the legal instruments on which the Maastricht Principles are based. 148. See De Schutter et al. 2012.
20. Paris21 2011. 21.
MOVING FORWARD: AN AGENDA FOR PUBLIC ACTION 1.
UN General Assembly 2014, para. 4.
MONITORING WOMEN’S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RIGHTS: THE ROLE OF GENDER STATISTICS 1.
UN Statistics Division 2014a.
2.
UN 1995.
3.
UN Economic and Social Council 2013a. At the regional level, various initiatives on gender statistics also exist, including coordination mechanisms such as those under the auspices of regional statistical commissions.
4.
Ibid.; UN Economic and Social Council 2009.
5.
UN Economic and Social Council 2012b.
6.
Following the resolution of the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) in 1993, various efforts have been made to develop guidelines and other tools to assist countries in the production of data on informal employment. These include the Guidelines on Informal Employment adopted by the 17th ICLS in 2003 (ILO 2003) as well as a manual on the measurement of informality (ILO 2013e).
123. Stiglitz 2000. 124. Dowell-Jones 2012. 125. Stiglitz 2000. 126. Ocampo and Vos 2008. 127. IILS 2011. 128. Ocampo 2010. 129. Fukuda-Parr et al. 2013.
Even though the intent is usually to interview the most knowledgeable person, surveyors have to content with the realities on the ground and the person who is available at the time of the survey—who may be a woman—is usually selected for the interview.
UN Economic and Social Council 2012b.
119. IBP 2012. 120. See WBG 2014a.
9.
12.
116. European Central Bank 2015. 117. IBP 2012.
See Deaton and Grosh 2000 for details on the merits and challenges of collecting income and consumption data using household surveys.
11.
136. Ibid.; Bakker 2014.
111. UNICEF 2011b. 112. Adams 2007; Boyden 2013; OECD 2013.
8.
7.
Hirway and Jose 2011.
PARIS21 was founded in November 1999 by the United Nations, the European Commission, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, in response to the United Nations Economic and Social Council resolution on the goals of the United Nations Conference on Development. It set up a global framework of national, regional and international statisticians, analysts, policy makers, development professionals and other users of statistics. It is a forum and network to promote, influence and facilitate statistical capacity development and the better use of statistics. See http://www.paris21.org/ for more information.
22. The Busan Action Plan for Statistics, which was endorsed at the 4th High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, includes several provisions related to gender equality, including the requirement that gender statistics are fully mainstreamed into the national statistical system and including an indicator on the number of countries incorporating specific plans for gender statistics in their NSDS in order to track progress. 23. OPM 2009. 24. See, for example, UN 2010; UN Statistics Division 2013; UNFPA 2014a; UN DESA 2014; UN DESA 2005. 25. UN Statistics Division 2015. 26. See http://data2x.org/.