235. Aguirre and Ferrari 2014.
4.
Lim 2000.
42. Takhtamanova and Sierminska 2009.
236. EUROsociAL 2012.
5.
Lee and Cho 2005.
43. Seguino and Heintz 2012.
237. UN General Assembly 2010. Note that this section deals with access to drinking water and not with water for productive use, such as farming, which also has important gender implications.
6.
For a list of reports and resources, see the WBG 2014a.
44. Stiglitz 2000.
7.
WBG 2014b.
8.
WBG 2013.
9.
Darity 2005.
10.
Heintz and Balakrishnan 2012.
11.
UNHCR 2010.
12.
For an overview of this literature, see Kabeer and Natali 2013.
13.
Ibid.; Dollar and Gatti 1999; Esteve-Volart 2000; Klasen and Lamanna 2009.
14.
Per capita income is measured as GDP per capita, measured in constant US dollars and adjusted for purchasing power parity. The natural logarithm of per capita GDP is used.
238. UN 2014a. 239. Ibid. 240. WHO and UNICEF 2012. 241. UN Women 2014d. 242. Ibid. 243. WHO and UNICEF 2012. 244. WHO and UNICEF 2014. 245. UN Human Rights Council 2012a. 246. Ray 2007. 247. UN General Assembly 2012b, paras. 70 and 74. 248. WHO 2014d. 249. Ibid. 250. O’Hanlon 2014. 251. WHO 2014a. 252. O’Hanlon 2014. 253. Amnesty International 2010. 254. UN Human Rights Council 2012b. 255. Johns 2012. 256. UN Human Rights Council 2012b. 257. UN Women 2012b.
15.
Klasen and Lamanna 2009.
16.
Tzannatos 1999.
17.
Agénor et al. 2010.
18.
Seguino 2000.
19.
England 2005.
20. Duflo 2012; Kabeer and Natali 2013. 21.
World Bank 2006.
22. Braunstein 2012. 23. Seguino 2000. 24. Peng 2012.
45. The real exchange rate—which reflects the price of tradable goods and services relative to non-tradable goods and services—is considered to exert an important influence on growth and economic performance. For an analysis of its impact, see Barbosa-Filho 2008; Cottani et al. 1990; Dollar 1992; Frenkel and Rapetti 2010; Frenkel and Taylor 2006; Gala and Lucinda 2006; Galindo and Ros 2008; Ghura and Grennes 1993. 46. Elson et al. 2013. 47. UN Women 2014b. 48. Ortiz and Cummins 2013. 49. Budlender 2014b. 50. Di John 2008. 51.
Keen and Mansour 2009.
52. Di John 2008. Estimates suggest that in low-income countries only 30 cents of every dollar lost to trade tax reductions is recovered through other revenue sources (Baunsgaard and Keen 2005). 53. Di John 2008. 54. In some cases, this can be explained by nontax sources of revenues, such as those derived from natural resources or ODA. 55. UNDP 2005.
25. Razavi 2012.
56. IMF 2013b.
26. On the undervaluation of care work, see England 2005.
57. Roy et al. 2007.
260. UNDP 2006.
58. Seguino 2013a.
261. Wutich and Ragsdale 2008.
27.
59. Delamonica and Mehrotra 2009.
258. Ray 2007. 259. WHO and UNICEF 2012.
262. Cleaver 1998; Antonopoulos and Hirway 2010. 263. Fontana and Elson 2014. 264. UNDP 2006.
Although the collection of water and fuel should in theory be included in SNA calculations of GDP, it rarely is in practice.
28. Suh and Folbre 2014.
266. Collignon and and Vézina 2000, cited in UNDP 2006.
29. The estimates of the value of care work in Figure 4.2 are based on a single hourly rate for unpaid work. For the methodological details, see Budlender 2008.
267. WHO and UNDP 2007.
30. UN DESA 2010.
268. UN General Assembly 2011.
31.
265. WSSCC 2014.
269. Ray 2014. 270. O’Hanlon 2014. 271. UNDP 2013a. 272. Bennett et al. 2008; UNDP 2006. 273. Albuquerque and Roaf 2012. 274. Langford and Russell 2008. 275. Wesson 2011. 276. Albuquerque and Roaf 2012. 277. Ibid. 278. UNDP 2006. 279. UN Human Rights Council 2011b. 280. UN Women 2014d. 281. Ibid. 282. Paul 2014. 283. Plan International 2013.
CHAPTER 4 1.
Sachs 2009.
2.
Duflo 2012; Kabeer and Natali 2013.
3.
Lee and Cho 2005.
Agénor et al. 2010. See Chapter 2 for examples where benefits of infrastructure investment in terms of increased women’s labour force participation have been calculated.
32. Folbre 2013. 33. Ibid. 34. Elson et al. 2013. 35. Folbre 2013. 36. Heintz 2006; Kapsos 2005; Khan 2006. 37. Kannan and Raveendran 2009. 38. Akyüz 2006. 39. Hammouya 1999.
60. Palmer 1991. 61.
Delamonica and Mehrotra 2009.
62. This is the case in Morocco. See Budlender 2014c. Also, see Grown and Valodia 2010. 63. Budlender 2014c. 64. For more discussion of these issues, see Fukuda-Parr et al. 2013. 65. Balakrishnan and Elson 2008. See Chapter 1 for detailed presentation of these two conventions. 66. See Maastricht University and International Commission of Jurists 2011. 67. Heintz 2013a. 68. Di John 2009. 69. OECD et al. 2010. 70. Ibid. 71.
IMF 2005. See also Di John 2009.
72. ILO 2012b. 73. Jolly et al. 2014.
40. A number of countries that were badly affected by the 2008 global crisis changed their approach to monetary policy as part of their response to the downturn. The recession reduced inflationary pressures and interest rates remained low as monetary policy focused on supplying adequate liquidity to the financial markets.
74. ILO 2012b.
41.
80. Roy et al. 2007.
Specifically, episodes of inflation reduction characterized by restrictive monetary stances are more likely to be associated with slower growth of women’s employment relative to men’s, when compared to long-term trends in women’s and men’s employment (Braunstein and Heintz 2008).
75. Ibid. 76. ILO 2014f. 77. ILO 2012b. 78. Claessens et al. 2010. 79. Elson 2014. 81.
ILO 2012b.
82. Heintz and Balakrishnan 2012. 83. Elson 2014. 84. Elson 2006.
313