/3
MAKING SOCIAL POLICY WORK FOR WOMEN
122
MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGE SHAPING A REVOLUTION: Transforming social protection for women in Egypt
124
IN BRIEF
128
INTRODUCTION
130
TOWARDS GENDER EQUALITY IN SOCIAL TRANSFER SYSTEMS
134
INVESTMENT IN SOCIAL SERVICES: A LINCHPIN OF GENDER EQUALITY
156
CONCLUSIONS
184
Social transfers and women’s income security Social transfers for families with children Social transfers for working-age adults Social transfers for older people
Social services and the realization of women’s rights Health services Care services Water and sanitation
MAKING PROGRESS/STORIES OF CHANGE A SEAT AT THE TABLE: Caregivers in Kenya come together to demand a voice
134 137 143 147
156 158 170 178
186
FIGURES Figure 3.1 Chapter structure and terminology Figure 3.2 Women’s personal income as a percentage of men’s before transfers (market income) and after transfers (disposable income), 2000-2010 Figure 3.3 Poverty rates among single mothers before and after transfers, percentage of single mothers, selected countries, 2000-2010 Figure 3.4 Proportion of people above statutory pensionable age receiving an old-age pension by sex, selected countries, 2006-2012 Figure 3.5 Proportion of working-age population contributing to a pension scheme by sex, selected countries, 2007-2012 Figure 3.6 Women’s pension attrition and the gender pension gap Figure 3.7 Percentage of women who reported difficulties in accessing health care, by wealth quintile, 2010-2013 Figure 3.8 Trends in the maternal mortality ratio: Rwanda and sub-Saharan Africa regional average, 1990-2013 Figure 3.9 Proportion of women who say they do not make the final decision on their own health care, 2010-2013 Figure 3.10 Percentage of women who reported difficulties in accessing health care because of the distance to health facility, by location, 2010-2014 Figure 3.11 Net enrolment rates in pre-school and childcare, in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2012 Figure 3.12 Pre-school attendance rates by income quintile in Latin American countries, 2006-2012 Figure 3.13 Percentage distribution of the water collection burden, in sub-Saharan African households without piped water on the premises, 2006-2009
180
TABLES Table 3.1 Cash transfer schemes for families with children in selected developing countries Table 3.2 Selected employment guarantee schemes in Africa, Asia and Latin America Table 3.3 Care arrangements for older people in China, Mexico, Nigeria and Peru
139 144 176
BOXES Box 3.1 Economic and social rights: Interlinked and indivisible Box 3.2 Changing demographic, family and household structures: New challenges for social protection Box 3.3 Transforming conditional cash transfer schemes to empower women in Brazil and Egypt Box 3.4 Ethiopia’s PSNP: Gender-responsive design meets implementation challenges Box 3.5 Redressing women’s socio-economic disadvantage in Chile’s 2008 pension reform Box 3.6 Advocating for social pensions: Civil society strategies in the Philippines Box 3.7 Underinvestment in social services and the gender dimensions of Ebola Box 3.8 The right to health Box 3.9 Rwanda’s rapid decline in maternal mortality Box 3.10 Addressing violence against women through the health system: The case of Kiribati Box 3.11 Care and the rights of people with disabilities Box 3.12 Towards a national care system in Uruguay: The role of women’s agency Box 3.13 Women claiming the right to water at South Africa’s Constitutional Court
130 134 142 146 152 154 157 159 164 169 171 177 182
133 136 137 148 149 151 160 164 166 167 172 173