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NOTES 1
Total value added is referred to as output in this report and is used as a measure of output instead of GDP to ensure that the shares of the three main economic sectors (services, industry and agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing) in output add up to 100 per cent. The total may not always be 100 per cent due to discrepancies in the original data and rounding (see notes to table 1). 2 Weighted real GDP growth = (share of services in GDP * real growth in services) + (share of industry in GDP * real growth in industry) + (share of agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing in GDP * real growth in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing). The contribution of services to real growth = (share of services in GDP * real growth in services) / weighted real GDP growth. Figures used are averages for the period 2009–2012. All values are at constant 2005 dollars. 3 The Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa is a joint initiative of the African Development Bank, the African Union Commission and the Planning and Coordinating Agency of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, in collaboration with several other African stakeholders, including regional economic communities and member States, and provides a common framework to build the infrastructure necessary for more integrated transport, energy, ICT and transboundary water networks, to boost trade and stimulate growth. 4 Regulatory independence may be considered to consist of the following three elements: an arm’s-length relationship with regulated firms, consumers and other interests; an arm’s-length relationship with political authorities; and the attributes of organizational autonomy (such as dedicated funding and exemptions from restrictive civil service salary rules) necessary to foster the requisite expertise and underpin such relationships. 5 The eight regional economic communities recognized by the African Union are as follows: the Arab Maghreb Union, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), EAC, the Economic Community of Central African States, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and SADC. 6 See box 1 on four modes of service delivery. 7 See COMESA, 2014; EAC, 2009; SADC, 2012. 8 Short-term (less than three years), medium-term (three to seven years) and longterm (more than seven years) targets. 9 For a list of GATS schedules of WTO members , see: http://i-tip.wto.org/services/ Search.aspx (accessed 5 April 2015) 10 In the political economy of trade negotiations, schedules are a result of a multilateral process cross-sectoral request-offer. For example, a country may have prioritized agricultural negotiations and hence has been more willing to give away services in return for higher protection of its agricultural markets at the moment of entry into WTO. In particular, schedules of countries that joined WTO at a later stage may reflect the high entry costs of the accessions process.