SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
6.16 Cash for care work
172
Building peace, restoring hope: women’s role in nation building — Leymah Gbowee 40
6.17 Gender policies in Norway
173
6.18 Turkey’s private sector initiative on overcoming skills mismatch at the local level
174
6.19 The “social wage” of work
176
Working towards the elimination of child labour — Kailash Satyarthi
42
Inequality and labour markets — Robert Reich
66
Creative work — Orhan Pamuk
96
Central Asia: emerged region, emerging challenges and opportunities for women — Roza Otunbayeva
116
Community participation for improving rural livelihoods—lessons from the past — Maithripala Sirisena
134
Recyclers: from waste pickers to global agents of sustainable development — Nohra Padilla
138
6.20 Possible measures at the country level for moving towards sustainable work 177 6.21 Flexicurity in Denmark
180
6.22 Four pillars of the Decent Work Agenda
180
FIGURES
Building skills and protecting workers for inclusive growth — Benigno S. Aquino III 158
BOXES
Work engages people all over the world in different ways
2
2
Work and human development are synergistic
3
3
Corrosive and exploitative work shatters human development
6
4
Speed of adoption of new technologies in the United States
5
The 20 jobs most and least likely to be replaced by automation
11
7
1
Human development—a comprehensive approach
2
Measuring human development
3
6
Women’s representation in senior management in business, by region, 2015
12
3
Possible measures at the country level for moving towards sustainable work
21
7
The matrix of sustainable work
14
4
Flexicurity in Denmark
23
8
Policy options for enhancing human development through work
17
5
The four pillars of the Decent Work Agenda
23
9
Number of countries having ratified International Labour Organization conventions, 1990 and 2014
19
1.1 What is work? 1.2 Measures of quality of work 1.3 What brings happiness—having a job or something beyond it?
2
1
30 35
1.1 Work encompasses more than just jobs
36
1.2 Workers from countries with low pension coverage tend to stay in the labour market after age 65, while workers from countries with high pension coverage tend to retire earlier
32
1.3 Work and human development are synergistic
33
1.4 Corrosive and exploitative work shatters human development
41
2.1 Uneven access to the digital revolution
59
2.2 Impact of long-term youth unemployment
64
2.3 Alternative measures of human well-being
72
3.1 An encapsulated history of work
78
3.2 The fourth industrial revolution
82
3.3 Bosnia and Herzegovina—local development through outsourcing
85
3.4 Challenges for start-ups in the Arab States
92
3.5 Initiatives to improve crowdworking
92
4.1 Monetary valuation of unpaid care work
117
4.2 Credits for long-term elder care in Japan
120
4.3 Paid parental leave, including mandatory paternity leave
123
5.1 The Sustainable Development Goals and human development
132
5.2 Transforming ship breaking: promoting sustainable work by implementing standards 140 5.3 Implementing Tajikistan’s National Programme on Application of Renewable Energy Sources
143
5.4 Big data: some applications for work and the Sustainable Development Goals 145 6.1 National employment strategies
152
6.2 Self-employment programme of the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 153 6.3 Labour standard to tackle informal economy—a new milestone
154
6.4 M-Pesa—an innovative approach to financial inclusion
155
6.5 Remaining competitive by improving working conditions
156
6.6 Cambodia—a success story in the globalized world of work
157
6.7 Protecting the rights of sex workers
162
6.8 The Self-Employed Women’s Association—the world’s largest trade union of informal workers
164
6.9 Rural Employment Opportunities for Public Assets in Bangladesh
166
6.10 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India—a milestone
167
6.11 Chile’s reforms to the reform: more solidarity, more contributions
168
6.12 How Montenegrins value tertiary education
169
6.13 Bolsa Família—Brazil’s conditional cash transfer programme
170
6.14 Suggested measures for reducing inequalities
170
6.15 Positive parental leave systems
172
viii | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015
31
1.5 Women and girls account for a larger share of forced labour than men and boys, 2012 41 1.6 Annual profits from forced labour have been highest in Asia and the Pacific since 2006
44
1.7 Over 2007–2010 a substantial number of trafficked victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation
45
2.1 Progress on the Human Development Index since 1990 has been fairly steady over time and across all developing regions
56
2.2 Between 1990 and 2014 the number of people living in countries in higher human development classifications rose, while the number of people living in countries in the low human development classification fell
56
2.3 There is no automatic link between income and human development, 2014
57
2.4 Income poverty in Kyrgyzstan would be much higher without remittances
58
2.5 Disaggregated Human Development Index values can unmask national averages: Ethiopia
58
2.6 Children in South Africa are not only disproportionately poor, but also more concentrated in the poorest households, 2012
60
2.7 Access to basic social services in Moldova is unequal by rural–urban locale, 2014 60 2.8 East Asia and the Pacific had the greatest reduction in Human Development Index shortfall among developing country regions over 1990–2014
60
2.9 Rural areas of China have a higher prevalence of multidimensional poverty than urban areas, 2012
62
2.10 Extent of human deprivations in the world
62
2.11 The youth unemployment rate is highest in the Arab States, 2008–2014
64
2.12 Around 80 percent of the world’s people have just 6 percent of global wealth, 2014
65
2.13 In low human development countries the main driver of a high dependency ratio is a young population, 2014
67
2.14 In 1950 a third of the world’s population lived in cities, in 2000 nearly half were city dwellers and by 2050 more than two-thirds will be
67